UC-NRLF 


SB    23    ETC 


-\ 


Japanese  I m migration  and 
Colonization 


SKELETON  BRIEF 

BY 

MR.  V.  LATCHY,  REPRESENTATIVE  OF 

Tin:  j  \PA^          xcLUSn  E  OF  CALI- 

LNIA,  ON  "JAPANESE   IMMIGRATE 
COLONIZATION,"  Fll  ITH  THE 

SECRETARY  OF    >T\TE 


PRK-KNTK!)   B1 

.Ii  !.^    27.    1921.     (M 


LETTERS  TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 

JULY  18,  1921.^ 
:  MILKS    i  :IES, 

/  of  State,   Washington,  D.  C. 

DEAR  MR.  SECRETARY:  We  present  herewith  the  attached  skeleton 
brief  of  Mr.  V.  S.  McClatchy,  the  duly  authorized  representative  of 
the  Japanese  Exclusion  League  of  California,  upon  the  subject  of 
Japanese   immigration    and   colonization.     Generally   speaking,    we 
heartily  approve  and  indorse  Mr.  McClatchy's  brief.     The  prob- 
\vith  which  it  deals  is  one  with  which  we  are  personally  and  inti- 
mately familiar;  the  danger  has  been  brought  directly  home  to  us; 
think  we  understand.     Our  position  is  taken  in  no 
spirit  of  animosity,  or  hostility,  or  race  prejudice.     It  has  been  made 

;\ry  for  the  protection  and  preservation  of  our  own. 
The  skeleton  brief  is  filed  at  this  time  with  you  for  the  reasons 
stated  by  Mr.  McClatchy.     The  details  contained  in  it  relating  to  the 
are  matters  of  common  knowledge  there,  and  we  shall  be  very 
glad,  if  you  desire  it,  to  substantiate  any  of  them. 

This  skeleton  brief  will  be  followed  by  one  very  much  amplified  and 
much  more  complete. 

It  is  with  very  great  respect  that  we  submit  the  annexed  document. 
Hiram  W.  Johnson,  United  States  Senator;  Samuel  M. 
Shortridge,  United  States  Senator:  Clarence  F.  Lea; 
first  district,  California:  John  E.  Raker,  second  dis- 
trict, California:  C.  F.  Curry,  third  California  district, 
Julius  Kahn,  fourth  district,  California;  John  I. 
Xolan,  fifth  district,  California;  J.  A.  Elston,  sixth 
California  district;  H.  E.  Barbour,  seventh  California 
district:  A.  M.  Free,  eighth  California  district:  Wal- 
ter F.  Lineberger,  ninth  California  district:  Henry  Z. 
Osborne,  tenth  California  district;  Phil  D.  Swing, 
eleventh  California  district. 


T:i  H  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

If.,  JulyS,  1 

Hox.  CHAIILKS    i  . 

!>.  C. 

LBY:  There  is  ai  hereto  for  your  con- 

'U  brief  in  connection  with  the  subject  of  Japanese 

•lization.  i  to  in  my  letter  of  June  23. 

It  ai  read  the  points  of  this  brief,  even 

for  examination  of  the  references  and  exhibits 

re  held  with  the 

Jap;  •  ;•  on  sub  herein.     This  is  urge 

a  matter  of  rnia.  now  face  to  face  with  the  I 


o 


4  LETTERS  TO  THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE. 

to  other  States  threatened  by  it;  to  the  Nation,  which  must  ultimately 
suffer  from  it;  to  the  Federal  administration,  which  is  called  upon  to 
provide  an  adequate  remedy;  and  to  yourself  who  are  saddled  with 
the  responsibility  of  suggestion  or  preliminary  decision. 

Copies  of  most  of  the  exhibits  referred  to  in  the  brief  are  in  the 
hands  of  the  State  Department  already.  For  convenience  some  of 
these  have  been  duplicated. 

The  brief  proper,  which  will  be  presented  as  soon  as  it  can  be  pre- 
pared, will  contain  an  amplification  of  facts  and  deductions,  making 
it  in  most  cases  unnecessary  to  read  through  the  exhibits,  many  of 
which  are  lengthy,  for  satisfactory  explanation  or  verification. 

Any  suggestions  which  you  may  care  to  offer  as  to  explanation  on 
any  particular  phase  of  the  question  will  receive  prompt  attention. 
Very  sincerely,  yours, 

V.  S.  McCLATCHY, 

Representing  the  Japanese  Exclusion  League  of  California, 


J  \PANESE    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONI- 
ZATION. 


PKKLIMINAKY   SKKLKTON    MHIKF   PREPARED  FOR  THE   DEPARTMENT 
\TK,  AT  WASHINGTON,  I).  C.,  ox  BEHALF  OF  Tin;  JAPANESE 
K.\<  Lisiov   LKAGUK  OF  CALIFORNIA.  IN  SUPPORT  OF  THE  DECLA- 
riox    OF    PRINCIPLES    OF   Srcii    LEAGUE,    APPROVED    BY    THE 
(' \LIFORNIA   LEGISLATURE,  IN  THE  MATTER  OF  THE  MENACE  TO 
THE  XATION  THREATENED  BY  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND  COLO- 
NIZATION .    AND   THE    NECESSARY    REMEDIES. 

1.  This  is  a  skeleton  brief  on  the  subject  of  Japanese  immigration, 

and  national  problems  connected  therewith,  offered  on  behalf  of  the 

Japanese    Kxclusion   League   of   California,   for   information   of   the 

•etary  of  State,  in  accordance  with  letter  to  him  of  June  23,  1921. 

It  is  to  be  considered  in  conjunction  with  letters  to  the  Secretary 

of  State  May  <>.  May  11,  May  31,  and  June  23,  1921 ;  and  to  the  Chief 

of  the  Far  Eastern  Division  of  the  Department  of  State  May  3,  5, 

and  6,  1921;  and  also  with  various  data  and  documents  in  the  hands 

of  the  Chief  of  the  Far  Eastern  Division. 

::>.  It  is  partial  and  preliminary  only,  and  full  explanation  and  sub- 
stantiation of  its  various  statements  will  be  found  in  a  complete 
brief  which  is  to  follow. 

4.  This  brief  and  the  following  one  are  offered  in  support,  expla- 
nation, and  substantiation  of  the  declaration  of  principles  of  the 
Japanese  Kxclusion  League  of  California,  as  unanimously  indorsed 
by  the  Legislature  of  California  April  12  and  13,  1921,  ami  presented 
for  consideration  to  the  State  Department  in  an  interview  had  with 
the  Secretary  of  State  May  fi.  1921. 

Exhibit  I,  accompanying  this  brief,  is  a  certified  copy  of  Senate 
•  lution  No.  20,  unanimously  passed  by  both  houses  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  California,  indorsing  the  principles  of  the  Japanese  Exclusion 
League  of  California,  and  asking  the  Federal  Government  to  adopt  a 
policy  in  harmony  therewith,   as  a  protection  against   the  steadily 
growing  menace  of  Japanese  immigration.     The  resolution,  as  passed. 
unfortunately    omitted    the   words    "and   statutes"    after    the   word 
istitution."  in  the  last  line  of  the  first  paragraph  of  section  third, 
which  words  are  in  the  declaration  of  principles  as  adopted  by  the 
nd  are  necessary  to  a  correct  statement  o/  the  facts. 

<-ond,  and  third  of  the  declaration  deal  with  the 

national  phases  of  the  question,  and  the  policy  which  it  is  claimed 
id  be  followed1  in  regard  thereto.  Section  fourth  treats  of  that 
portion  of  the  problem  which  comes  under  State'-  jurisdiction;  of 
the  manner  in  which  that  problem  has  been  handled  in  California; 
and  of  California's  established  policy  in  reference  thereto. 

•dent  that  California,  and  other  States  of  the  Union, 
of  them  already  threatened,   can   not  be  protected  from  the 


6  JAPANESE   IMMIGKATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

growing  menace  save  through  Federal  action.  They  can  act  only 
along  certain  lines,  and  the  results  obtained  thereby,  in  the  absence 
of  Federal  action,  will  not  afford  permanent  relief  against  a  national 
danger. 

8.  The  question  is  regarded,  and  is  herein  treated,  as  a  national  one, 
and  not  as  either  State  or  sectional,  though  the  evidences  of  the 
menace  are  found  at  present  in  individual  States,  more  particularly 
in  California  and  in  the  Territory  of  Hawaii. 


9.  It  seems  desirable  to  correct,  first,  impressions  more  or  less 
general  as  to  the  attitude  of  California  toward   the  Japanese  now 
here  and  as  to  the  restrictions  imposed  by  the    alien  land   law  as 
passed  by  initiative  in  November,  1920. 

10.  The  fourth  section   of   the   declaration   of  principles,   which 
clearly  outlines  California's  policy  in  this  regard,  reads  as  follows: 

Fourth.  For  the  Japanese  legally  entitled  to  residence  in  California  fair  treatment, 
protection  in  property  rights  legally  acquired,  and  the  privilege  of  engaging  in  any 
business  desired,  except  such  as  may  be  now  or  hereafter  denied  by  law  to  all  aliens, 
or  to  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship;  and  provided  particularly  they  may  not  hereafter 
buy  or  lease  agricultural  lands. 

11.  In  opposition  to  the  plain  understanding  originally  had  with 
Japan,    and   to   the  intent    of    the    "gentlemen's    agreement,"    the 
Japanese  population  of  California  has  increased  four  fold  and   that 
of  continental  United  States  three  fold  since  1906.     (The  "gentle- 
men's agreement"  was  negotiated  in  1907.     See   Our  New  Racial 
Problem,  Exhibit  4.)     This  increase  is  due  only  in  minor  part   to 
surreptitious  entry  over  the  border.     It  is  due  in  main  part  to  the 
grave  error  of  the  Federal  Government  in  countenancing  an  arrange- 
ment under  which  control  of  immigration  from  a  foreign  country  was 
deliberately  surrendered  to  that  country;  to  the  laxness  which  per- 
mitted the  growth  of  practices  opposing  the  intent  of  the  agreement; 
and  to  toleration  of  plain  violations  thereof  in  the  authorized  entry 
of  laborers  officially  classed  as  such,  as  well  as  the  failure  to  realize 
until  within  the  past  few  years  the  conditions  which  had  developed 
in  Hawaii    and    which  are  rapidly  developing,  particularly  in  the 
State  of  California  and  in  a  lesser  degree  in  a  few  other  Pacific  Coast 
States,  therefrom. 

12.  California  realizes  that  the  Federal  Government  thereby  has 
given  official  sanction  to  the  presence  in  the  State  of  a  large  element 
of  Japanese  population  which  it  is  clearly  against  the  interests  of  the 
State   and    of  the  Nation   to  permit.    "She  accepts  that   condition 
regretfully  and  has  not  attempted  and  has  not  suggested  any  unfair 
or  illegal  treatment  of  those  Japanese  who  have  legally  acquired 
residence  or  interests  here.     Under  her  established  policy  she  is, 
however,  using  her  own  legal  powers,  and  is  urging  the  use  of  Federal 
authority,  to  prevent  the  granting  to  the  Japanese  of  further  rights 
or  privileges  which  would  constitute  a  grave  injury  to  the  State  and 
to  the  Nation. 

13.  Section  fourth  of  the  league's  declaration  of  principles  clearly 
expresses  the  intent  to  accord  to  Japanese  legally  entitled  to  residence 
in  California  full  protection  in  all  rights  to  which  they  are  now  en- 
titled and  fair  treatment.     It  announce*  the  State's  objection  to  the 


JAPAN  I-:.-!!    IMMIGRATION    ANI>   COLONIZATION.  7 

grunting  of  further  rights,  m<>re  particularly  in  the  ownership  or  con- 
;ncultural  lands. 

14.  (California's  good  faith  in  the  matter  has  received  convincing 

••n   in   the  fact   that,  notwithstanding  her  very  earnest, 

i  for  exclusion  and  prohibition  of  land  control, 

treated  the  Japanese  in  th  -courtesy   or 

-uilt  or  injury  to  property  or  interference  with 

•ition  of  the  people  of  Japan  has  been  called 

by  Mr.  K.  K.  Kawakami,  the  recognized  agent  for  pub- 

.lapanese  on  the  Pacii:  in  an  article  in  the  New 

.  Nation.  February  '2.  and  by  Mr.  M.  Komatsu.  a  former  diplo- 

, nd  present  journalist  of  Japan,  who  investigated  the  matter 

and  recorded  his  conch  a  an  interview  published 

No-.  .  1920.       Kxhibit  14.) 

15.  That  California's  action  in  this  matter  has  not  been  dictated 
rejudice,  or  inspired  by  political  ambition,  is  sufficiently  indicated 

by  the  following  fac 

(a)  The  Japanese  Exclusion  League  of  California,  which  conducted 

•ampaign  for  the  initiative  alien  land  law,  speaks  for  the  following 

organizations,  which  are  represented  on  the  league's  executive  cpm- 

-<iate   officers   of  such  organizations:  American  Legion, 

^ons  and  Native  Daughters  of  the  Golden  West,  Federation 

of  Labor,  Farm  Bureaus,  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  Veterans 

of  Foreign  Wars,  and  various  patriotic,  civic,  and  fraternal  bodies. 

(6)  Resolutions  indorsing  the  policy  and  action  of  the  league,  both 
as  to  the  alien  land  law  and  as  to  remedial  measures  urged  upon  the 
Federal  Government,  were  passed  without  a  single  dissenting  vote  in 
both  houses  of  the  California  Legislature  in  January  and  in  April  of 
this  year,  and  copies  thereof  transmitted  to  Congress.  (See  Exhibits 

1  2.) 

(c)  The  intelligent,  conservative  element  of  the  State  has  been 
converted  to  its  present  conviction  within  the  past  two  years  by 
public  presentation  and  fullest  discussion  of  the  facts. 


CALIFORNIA'S  ALIEN  LAND  LAW. 


16.  The  alieajand  law  (Exhibit  3),  pjassed  by  initiative  vote  in 
California.  November,  1920,  is  further  proof  of  the  care  which  Califor- 
nia i  <-ised  in  according  to  the  Japanese  full  rights  guaranteed 

.     The  law  provides    (sec.  2)    that  aliens   ineligible 
;av  acquire,  possess,  enjoy,  and  transfer  real  prop* 

or  any  interest  therein,  in  this  State  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent 
and  for  the  purpose  prescribed  by  any  treatv  now  existing  between 
the  Government  of  me  United  States  and  the  nation  or  country  of 
which  such  alien  is  a  citizen  or  subject;  and  not  otherwise.'7 

17.  Construed    in  accordance  with    the  conditions  of  the  treaty 
with  Japan,  this  means  that  hereafter  alien  Japanese  may  not  acquire 
ownership  of  land  in  California  under  any  conditions,  and  may  not 
lease  land  for  other  than  residential  or  commercial  purposes. 

18.  The  California  alien  land  law  of  1920  was  passed  as  a  measure 
of  necessity  to  protect  the  rich  lands  of  the  State  from  inevitable 

!ol,  under  continuance  of  existing  conditions,  by  an  alien,  un- 
assimilable  race,  ineligible  to  citizenship,  which  control  would  involve 
most  grave  economic  injury  to  the  State.  (Japanese,  as  shown  by 


8  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

the  report  of  the  State  board  of  control,  1920,  "  California  and  the 
oriental''  (Exhibit  6),  already  control  one-eighth  of  the  entire  acreage 
of  irrigated  lands  in  the  State  of  California.  These  are  the  richest 
lands  in  the  State.) 

19.  The  law  was  passed  primarily  to  cure   certain  defects  in  the 
alien  land  law  of  1913,  which  defects  were  taken  advantage  of  by  the 
Japanese,  in  evasion  or  violation  of  the  plain  intent  of  the  law. 

20.  Stress  has  been  laid  upon  the  fact  that  this  law  was  passed 
only  by  a  vote  of  3  to  1.     The  vote  would  probably  have  been  10 
to  1  if  short  leases  of  lands   to  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship  had 
been  permitted    under   its    provisions.     The  short   lease,  however, 
was  declared  to  be  in  effect  as  injurious  as  the  long  lease,  since  the 
repeated  renewals  of  short  leases  to  Japanese  would  become  inevitable 
as  the  whites  were  displaced  or  forced  into  other  occupations,  and  such 
renewals  would  amount  in  effect  to  long  leases,  and  this  in  turn  would 
give  practical  control,  with  results  virtually  amounting  to  ownership. 
The  San  Francisco  Chamber  of  Commerce,  for  instance,  which  headed 
the  opposition  to  the  passage  of  the  law,  based  its  opposition  upon  this 
elimination  of  the  short  lease,  but  declared  itself  opposed  to  ownership 
and  in  favor,  also,  of  exclusion. 

21.  The  law  was  adopted  under  the  exclusive  right  granted  by  the 
Federal  Constitution  to  the  individual  States  to  control  the  ownership 
and  use  of  lands  within  their  respective  territories. 

22.  The  law  in  spirit,  or  in  provision,  does  not  violate  any  part  of 
the  Federal  Constitution.     (Conceded  by  the  highest  Japanese  au- 
thorities.    See    Exhibit    8,    quotations    from   Japanese    Review    of 
International  Law.) 

,23.  The  law  does  not  discriminate  against  the  Japanese.  It  is 
inade  applicable  to  all  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship.  The  Japanese 
nation  is  only  one  of  a  number  affected  thereby,  under  provisions  of 
JJnited  States  statutes. 

"*  24.  The  law  does  not  violate  or  oppose  the  intent  of  any  Federal 
statute;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  a  natural  corollary  of  section  2169  of  the 
naturalization  laws  of  the  United  States,  which  in  effect  denies  the 
privilege  of  naturalization  to  all  members  of  the  yellow  or  brown 
races .jLCalifornia,  in  refusing  to  longer  permit  ownership  or  profitable 
use  orner  rich  agricultural  lands  by  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship,  is 
not  only  furnishing  the  necessary  protection  to  her  own  people,  to  her 
own  lands,  and  to  the  Nation,  but  is  acting  in  harmony  with  this  Federal 
statute,  the  framers  of  which  certainly  intended  that  peoples  declared 
by  it  as  unfitted  for  citizenship  should  not  be  encouraged  or  per- 
mitted to  secure  control  of  our  rich  agricultural  lands,  with  the 
benefits  to  them,  and  the  injuries  to  our  own  people,  which  must 
^result  therefromj 

25.  The  law  noTonly  does  not  violate  the  treaty  between  Japan  and 
the  United  States,  but  it  explicitly  guarantees  to  all  aliens  ineligible 
to  citizenship  all   the  rights  and   privileges  in  connection  with  the 
ownership  and  use  of  land  in  California  which  may.be  guaranteed 
them  by  treaty.     This  is  conceded  by  Japanese  authorities.     (See 
Exhibit  8.) 

26.  The  law  was  adopted  under  the  essentially  democratic  method 
of  initiative  by  a  majority  of  three  to  one. 

27.  Its  principle  was  unanimously  indorsed  by  the  representatives 
of  the  people  on  two  occasions,  in  the  State  legislature,  January  7  and 
10,  and  April  12  and  13,  1921.     (Exhibits  1  and  2.) 


!>ANKSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  9 

£.   Tin-  law  was  adopted  only  after  exhaustive  investigation  under 
•  authority,  and  after  a  State-wide  campaign  of  six  months  or 

v.  in  the  course  of  which  all  sides  of  the  question  were  presented  in 
public    print  and    on  the   platform    by  ablest  representatives.     The 
movement  for  the  adoption  of  the  law  wa>  fathered,  not  by  radi 
but   by  the  conservative  elements  of  the  State,   most   of  which  had 

.ken  any  part  in  political  matters.      Labor,  i; 
played  only  a  minor  part  therein. 

.  Within  the  past  few  months  a  number  of  other  States,  after 
:ul  investigation  of  the  facts  in  California,  have  adopted  legisla- 
tion similar  to  California's  law,  or  have  taken  preliminary  steps  look- 
ing to  such  legislation,  or  have  memorialized  Congress,  urging  the 
adoption  of  a  Federal  policy  as  indorsed  by  California.  <See  Alien 
Land  Laws  and  Alien  Rights,  H.  Dor.  X".  s9.  67th  Cong.,  1st  - 
June  2.  1H21.  presented  by  Hon.  C.  F.  Curry.  Kxhihit  7 

I!  OK  MA    THE    FOUNTAIN    OF    INFORMATION. 

30.  It  is  claimed,  and  generally  conceded  by  those  who  have  in- 

•d.  that  no  fair  estimate  of  the  character  and  gravity  of  the 
Japanese  immigration  problem  as  a  national  menace  can  be  secured 
without  comprehensive  first-hand  knowledge  of  the  conditions  in 
ornia.  In  no  other  State  have  these  conditions  developed  to 
such  an  extent  as  to  clearly  and  unmistakably  point  out  the  inevitable 
and  disastrous  results  to  the  Nation  if  these  conditions  are  permitted 
to  further  develop  and  to  extend  over  the  Union. 

31.  In  California   are  located   two-thirds   of   the   entire  Japanese 
population  of  continental  United  States:  that  is  to  say.  twice  as  many 
Japanese  are  found  in  California  as  in  the  other  47  States  combined. 

32.  In  California   are  found,  in  consequence,   the  various  ph. 
and  features  of  the  problem  which  make  it  dangerous.     The  subject 

been  under  most  careful  investigation  for  two  years  past,  first, 

by  the  State  board  of  control   (see  its  report  ''California  and  the 

mder   direct    instructions   from    the    legislature   of    the 

Sta t  by  the  House  Immigration  Commit t  its  i  ranscript 

of  hi  i  July,  1920,  in  four  volumes) ;  and  next  by  civic  organiza- 

-  and  interested  individuals  on  both  sides:  and  such  investiga- 

-  have  been  attended  by  public  diseii-sion.  of  all  material  points, 
resulting  in    the   crystallization   of   an   intelligent   and   conservative 
public  sentiment,  which  is  practically  unanimous  on  the  main  points 
involved.      (Exhibits  .5  and  6.) 

33.  While  there  was  opposition  to  the   passage  of  the  California 
alien  land  law.  primarily  because  of  its  cancellation  of  short  le; 
and  aside  from  that  consideration,  principally  on  the  part  of  selfish 

•  nal  and  business  interests:  interests  affiliated  with  the  Japan 

influencing  church  organizations  under  sympathy:  and 
other  parties  acting  in  good  faith,  but  in  ignorance  of  the  fundamental 

y  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  national 

policy  of  absolute  exclusion,  which  should  be  inaugurated  at  once 
in  protection  the  menace:  and  little,  if  any,  as  to  forbidding 

furt  ;p  df  land  to  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship. 

34.  :ia    have,   by  memorials  to 
Cong1                      '1  by  their  legislatures  within  the  past  few  mo: 
and   by  enacting  legislation   under  authority  granted   to   the  St.- 


10  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

by  the  Federal    Constitution,   clearly  indicated    their  approval  of 
the  policies  outlined  in  this  declaration. 

35.  There  is  a  steady  and  rapid  conversion,  on  the  part  of  indi- 
viduals, civic  organizations,  and  newspapers  and  periodicals  through- 
out the  country,   to   the  propriety  of  California's  stand,   and  the 
Federal  policy  which  she  urges,  as  opportunity  is  offered  for  investiga- 
tion of  conditions  in  California,  with  the  realization  that  Japanese 
settlement  has  commenced  in  States  other  than  California,  and  is 
certain   to   develop   in   time,    throughout   the   Union,    the   dangers 
already  present  in  California  and  in  Hawaii. 

36.  It  is  contended,   therefore,   that  the  State  Department  can 
not  pass  upon  this  subject  intelligently,  or  with  full  justice  to  national 
interests,  unless  and  until  it  shall  have  by  hearings,   and  careful 
investigation,  secured  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  conditions  in 
California,  which  were  made  subject  of  hearings  by  the  congressional 
committee  in  the  summer  of  1920. 

37.  It  is  urged  further  that  careful  consideration  should  be  given 
to  conditions  in  Hawaii,  particularly  to  such  as  were  disclosed  during 
the  recent  sugar  plantation  strike,  as  furnishing  striking  proof  of 
the   inevitable    effects   in    continental   United   States   of   increased 
Japanese  population  in  various  States. 

EXCLUSION    OF   JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION. 

38.  Section  " first"  of  the  league's  declaration  of  principles  reads  as 
follows  : 

First.  Absolute  exclusion  for  the  future  of  all  Japanese  immigration,  not  only  male, 
but  female,  and  not  only  laborers,  skilled  and  unskilled,  but  "farmers"  and  men  of 
small  trades  and  professions,  as  recommended  by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

39.  This  principle  calls  for  absolute  exclusion  in  the  future  of  all 
Japanese  who  may  seek  to  come  here  in  any  capacity  for  permanent 
residence.     This  is  to  prevent  increase  by  direct  immigration  of  an 
element  in  our  population  which,  for  reasons  hereafter  set  forth,  is 
not  only  undesirable   but    dangerous  to  American  interests.     The 
principle  does  not  aim  to  dispossess  or  expel  those  already  legitimately 
here.     Obviously,  the  natural  increase  of  this  element  of  population, 
through  an  extraordinary  birth  rate  among  those  already  located 
here,  can  not  be  prevented. 

40.  The  policy  outlined  is  in  exact  harmony  with  that  advocated  by 
ex-President  Roosevelt,   who,   of   all  our  Presidents,   was  in  more 
intimate  touch  with  the  Japanese  problem  than  any  other.     (See 
his  letter  to  Congressman  William  Kent,  Feb.  4,  1909,  Exhibit  9.) 

4 1 .  The  policy  outlined  is  that  commended  in  formal  resolutions  by 
the  American  Legion  in  its  first  annual  convention,  at  Minneapolis, 
November,  1919,  and  again  in  annual  convention  of  1920,  at  Cleve- 
land.    (See  State  Department  records.) 

42.  The  policy  outlined  was  formally  indorsed  by  the  American 
Federation  of  Labor  in  annual  convention  at  Denver,  Colo.,  June  21, 
1921.     (See  Exhibit  12.) 

43.  The  policy  outlined  has  been  urged  by  farmers'  organizations 
throughout  the  country,  whose  attention  has  been  called  to  the  facts. 
Notable  is   the  action  by  referendum  in  the  Federation  of  Farm 
Bureaus  of  California   (see  Exhibit  *4;  also  Congressional  hearings, 


JA;  IM.MUJRATI'  COLONIZATION.  11 

.hibit  •")).  and  tho  demand  of  the  farm  bureaus  of  Nebraska  that  the 

'•tion,  1921. 

The  policy  has  al-o  been  urged  by  several  States  of  the  Union, 

;:L  legislative  memorials  addressed  to  Congress,   and  through 

'•tment,   or  preliminaries  looking  to  such  enactment. 

-ess.,  June  i> .  1921,  Alien  Land 

La  Hon.  C.  F.  Cur  'bit  7.) 

ii  exclusion  to  prevent  the  rapid  development 

in  i  try  of  an  alien,  unassimilable  race,  unfitted  under  existing 

conditions,  even  when  born  here,  for  the  responsible  duties  of  Amer- 

diip.     (See  subh;  milable  alien  race.") 

46.  Such  exclusion  i  -ary  if  peace  is  to  be  maintained  between 

Japan   and   the    I'niied   States.     Obviously,   the   presence  in   either 
country  of  a  larire  number  of  unassimilable  aliens,  must  lead  to  racial 
:d  international  complications.      (S<  aents  of  Prof. 

i  S.  Kuno.  Exhibit  i:'i.  and  M.  Komatsu,  Exhibit  U,  and  Prof. 
K.  S.  Inui,  hearings  House  Committee  on  Immigration,  Julv,  19'J 
Exhibi: 

-  47.  Th  -i-dinary  birth  rate  of  such  alien,  unassimilable 

mefttr^ts  demonstrated  'sties  in  California,  would  insure,  under 

•nditions  and  within  a  few  generations,  the  inundation  of 
the  white  population  in  this  country  by  the  yellow  race.  (See  sub- 
head "Extraordinary  birth  rate 

48.  The  advantages  possessed  by  the  Japanese  in  economic  compe- 
tiL  -iich  that  the  whites  are  speedily  driven  out  of  communities  1 
and  industries  and  must  in  time  succumb  to  such  competition  in  all 

here  the  Japanese  are  permitted  to  gain  a  foothold.      (S 
subi  Economic  problem.") 

49.  The  results,   inevitable  in  California   and  in  other  States  if 
existing   conditions   continue,    are  foreshadowed   in  Hawaii,   where 
nearly  half  the  population  is  already  Japanese,  where  more  than  half 
of  the  births  and  new  school  registrations  are  Japanese,  ^iiere  Japa- 
ne~  already  economic  control  in  the  Territory,  and  where  th. 
will  rule  by  a  majority  of  votes  within  part  of  a  generation.      (See 

.hibit  16;  also  Exhibit  1 

The  alien,  unassimilable  element  referred  to  comes  here  not  j 
only  with  no  desire  to  be  absorbed  and  assimilated  in  the  American  / 
melting  pot.  but  with  the  determined  and  openly  annoui! 
of  establishing  the  Yamato  race  permanently  on  this  continent.      (S< 
subhead  "A  little  .),• 

; anility  maintains  in  this  country  a  government 

within  a  government,  subject  to  the  dictates  of  a  foreign  power  and 
the  interests  of  that  power  and  adverse  to  those  of   this 
'intry.       See  subhead  "A  government  within  a  government.") 

ion  should  be  absolute,  covering  not  only  labor  t 

but.  President  Roosevelt,  ''men  who  want  to  take  up 

fin  :  who  want  to  go  into  the  small  trades,  or  even  in  professions 

where  the  .international  character,"  because,  regard- 

upation.  they  will  displace  whites  and  increase  so  rapidly 
in  number  through  birth  rate  as  to  overwhelm  the  white  race. 

a  should  be  rigorously  excluded,   as  is  done  with  the 
C!  ise  the  aniioun.-ed  intent  in  bringing  in  females  is  to 

in-  uickly   the  Japanese  population  in   this  country  for  the 

purposes  of  Japan. 


12  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION, 

A    NONASSIMILABLE    ALIEN    RACE. 

/     54.  The  Japanese,  with  a  few  individual  exceptions,  and  even  when 
/  born  in  this  country,  are  for  various  reasons  unassi  mil  able  and   a 
dangerous  element,  either  as  residents  or  citizens. 

55.  Perfect  assimiliation  or  amalgamation  can  be  had  only  through 
intermarriage.     This  is  impracticable  for  several  reasons: 
^   56.   (a)  A  principle  enunciated  by  biologists  is  to  the  effect  that 
"jj    intermarriage  between  races  widely  different  in  characteristics  does 
not  perpetuate  the  good  qualities  of  either  race.     The  differences 
C     between  Japanese  and  American  whites  are  claimed  to  be  so  radical 
\  as  to  bring  them  within  this  category. 

57.  lyenaga,    in    his    Japan    and    the    California  Problem,    and 
Prof.  K.  S.  Iiiui,  in  statement  before  the  House  Immigration  Com- 
mittee, in  July,   1920   (see  p.  997,  vol.  3,  of  hearings),  claim  that 
through  long  residence  in  the  United  States,  and  after  some  genera- 
tions, the  result  of  environment  and  climate  and  occupation  will  be 
such  as  to  induce  biological  changes  in  the  Japanese  and  approxi- 
mate them  to  the  composite  American,   and  that  thereafter  they 
would  be,  perhaps,  naturally  fitted  for  intermarriage. 

58.  The  answer  to  this  is  that  the  possibility  is  too  remote.     Even 
should  it  eventually  happen,  the  American  whites  would  have  been 
swallowed  up  by  the  Japanese  race  before  this  biological  change 
could  have  taken  place. 

59.  (b)  A  natural  pride  of  race  on  each  side,  and  in  a  number  of 
our  States    the   law  as  well,   acts  as  a  bar  against  intermarriage. 
Even  in  Hawaii,  where  there  is  every  encouragement  for  interracial 
admixture,  the  Japanese  have  maintained  racial  purity  far  beyond 
that  of    any  other   nation  and  to  an  extraordinary  degree.     (See 
report    of   survey    commission    to    the    Department    of    Education, 
Washington,  Bulletin  No.  20,  1920,  Exhibit  17.) 

60.  (c)  Another  bar  to  assimilation  by  marriage  is  the 'fact  that 
the  Eurasian  progeny  of  such  intermarriages  are  accorded  no  social 

;  standing,  either  on  this  side  or  on  the  other  side  of  the  Pacific. 

61.  Language,   heredity,   religion,   ideals,   the  law  and  policy   of 
!  Japan,  all  militate  against  and  prevent  even  sociological  assimilation 

of  Japanese. 

62.  There  is  no  apparent  desire,  save  in  a  few  individual  cases,  for 
assimilation  on  the  part  of  the  Japanese  in  this  country.     (See  state- 
ment of  C.   Kondo,   secretary  of  Central  Japanese  Association  of 
Southern  California,   hearings,   House  Committee  on  Immigration, 
Exhibit  5.) 

63. v The  Japanese  pride  of  race  forbids  assimilation.  They  are 
taught  that  theirs  is  the  greatest  nation  on  the  face  of  the  earth; 
the  only  one  which  has  a  god  for  its  ruler;  and  that  it  is  destined  to 
conquer  or  lead  all  nations  on  the  globe.  Naturally,  they  are  unwil- 
ling to  submerge  their  identity  in  that  of  inferior  races.  (See  pp. 
25,  26,  27,  of  H,  Doc.  No.  89,  67th  Cong.,  June  2,  1921,  Alien  Land 
Laws  and  Alien  Rights,  by  Hone  C.  F.  Curry;  also  of  Exhibit  4.) 

64.  The  Government  of  Japan  does  not  encourage  and  does  not 
even  permit  the  assimilation  of  Japanese  by  foreign  races  or  nations. 
(See  subhead  "A  little  Japan.") 


JAl'ANKSK    1M. MIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  13 

T11K    KXTKAOKDIXAIIV    BIRTH    KATE    OF    THE    JAPANESE. 

The  official  reports  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  California 
>rded  to  the  Japanese  in  the  year  1918  a  birth  rate  four  times  as 
urrcat  as  that  of  the  whites  in  the  State.  Such  whites  include  members 
and  descendants  of  the  prolific  races  of  Europe.  (The  percentage  of 
aliens  in  California,  according  to  the  United  States  census  for  the 
year  I'.H'n.  is  19.9  per  cent. 

(>(>.  Similar  records  for '1919  accord  the  Japanese  in  California  a 
birth  rate  three  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  whites,  and  for  the  year 
1920  the  record  shows  a  somewhat  higher  proportionate  birth  rate 
for  tru.  Japanese. 

67.  The  apparent  drop  in  the  Japanese  birth  rate  between  1918  and 
the  two  years  following,  as  indicated  in  these  figures,  is  explained 
by  the  fact  that  for  a  basis  of  computation  the  State  board  of  health 
accepted  in  1918  the  Japanese  estimate  of  the  Japanese  population 
in  the  State,  70,000,  while  for  1919  the  board  used  its  own  estimate 
of  96,000,  based  on  investigations  by  various  official  bodies.     There 
can  be  no  reasonable  doubt  that  the  Japanese  population  of  Cali- 
fornia  is    100,000    or    more,    and    that   the   United    States   census 
estimate  of  .71,952  is  grossly  inaccurate.     (See  Exhibit  18,  Japanese 
population  of  California ;  also  Exhibit  4,  also  Prof.  Kuno,  Exhibit  13.) 

68.  The  Japanese,  while  conceding  the  very  high  Japanese  birth 
rate  in  California,  in  excess  even  of  the  rate  in  Japan,  insist  that  such 
conditions  are  usual  among  immigrants  in  a  new  country,  where 
conditions  of  life  are  very  favorable,  and  that  the  Japanese  birth 
rate  will  gradually  diminish.     It  is  sufficient  answer  to  this  sugges- 
tion to  point  out  that  the  Japanese  birth  rate  of  three  to  one,  in  com- 
parison with  the  whites,  has  been  obtained  in  face  of  the  fact  that 
the  proportion  of  adult  females  among  the  Japanese  in  California 
to  males  is  only  one  to  every  three  and  a  half  or  four,  while  among 
the  whites  it  is  one  to  one;  and  that,   therefore,  if  the  Japanese 
were  to  establish  an  equality  between  the  adult  sexes  they  could 
maintain  their  high  birth  rate  of  three  to  one  in  comparison  with 
the  whites,  even  if  the  maternity  average — that  is  to  say,  the  number 
of  births   per   individual   married   woman — were   reduced    to   one- 
third  of  the  present.     Obviously  the  coming  generations  of  American- 
born  Japanese  will  establish  an  equality  in  number  between  the 
sexes.     (See  Exhibit  4;  also  Exhibit    19,   answer  to  Col.   Irish  in 
Idaho.) 

69.  Some  of  the  results  of  the  high  birth  rate  among  the  Japanese 
in  California  are  thus  indicated:  In  Los  Angeles  County,  the  most 
populous  county  in  the  State,  the  Japanese  births  in  rural  districts, 
outside  of  incorporated  cities,  for  five  years  past,  were  one-third  of 
the  whites,  although  the  whites  outnumbered  the  Japanese  in  popu- 
lation S  to  1.     In  these  districts  the  Japanese  number  13,000  and 
in  the  entire  county  about  2(),i)(){).      (Dr.  J.  L.  Pomeroy.) 

70.  In   Sacramento  County,   outside  of  Sacramento  city,  in   the 
years  1919  and  1920,  the  .Japanese  births  exceeded  the  white  births, 
although   the  white  population  is  ten  times  that  of  the  Japanese 
population. 

71.  From  tables  made  by  Dr.  J.  L.  Pomeroy,  secretary  of  the  Los 
Angeles  Board  of  Health,  it  would  appear  thai  on  the  basis  of  the 

nt  comparative  birth  rates,  with  little  or  no    Japanese  immi- 


J 


14  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

gration,  and  the  present  rate  of  increase  in  white  population,  due 
largely  to  immigration,  the  Japanese  population  in  California  would 
equal  that  of  the  whites  in  104  years.  If,  however,  all  immigration 
of  every  kind  were  to  be  cut  off  from  California,  so  that  increase  of 
population  hereafter  must  come  only  from  the  birth  rate,  the  Japa- 
nese would  exceed  the  whites  in  number  83  years  hence.  (See 
Pomeroy's  statement,  House  Committee  on  Immigration  hearings, 
July,  1920;  Exhibit  5.) 

THE    ECONOMIC    PROBLEM   AND   ITS    RESULTS. 

72.  The  Japanese  possess  superior  advantages  in  economic  compe- 
tition, partly  because  of  racial  characteristics,  thrift,  industry,  low 
standards  of  living,  willingness  to  work  long  hours  without  expensive 
pleasures,  the  women  laboring  as  men,  etc.     Combine  with  these 
characteristics   extraordinary   cooperation   and   solidarity,    and   the 
assistance  of  the  Japanese  Government,  through  associations  acting 
for  it  or  on  its  behalf,   and  the  Japanese,   concentrating  in  com- 
munities or  industries,  are  easily  able  to  supplant  the  whites.     This 
situation  furnishes  an  economic  problem,  which  must  rapidly  de- 
velop into  a  racial  conflict  as  these  conditions  develop  and  spread,, 
since  the  white  race  will  not  tamely  submit  to  be  thus  supplanted. 
(See  Prof.  Kuno,  Exhibit  13.) 

73.  The  general  system  of  peaceful  penetration  followed  by  the 
Japanese  is  to  first  supplant  labor  by  working  for  less  money  or 
longer  hours  than  would  the  whites;  then,  having  driven  out  white 
competitors,  to  raise  the  rate  of  wage  until  it  is  as  high  or  higher  than 
that  asked  for  by  white  labor;  then  to  refuse  to  work  for  the  whites 
under  wage,  and  to  work  only  for  Japanese,  or  by  leasing  land  from 
whites,  and  finally,  where  possible,  to  secure  ownership  of  the  land 
and  allied  business.     (See  Exhibit  4.) 

74.  An  example  of  the  first  step  in  this  system  was  furnished  to  the 
House  Committee  on  Immigration  while  in  California  in  July,  1920, 
when  1,000  Japanese  displaced  whites  in  the  Turlock  cantaloupe  dis- 
trict, among  tne  whites  being  many  ex-service  men,  by  offering  to 
crate  cantaloupes  at  26  cents,  while  the  whites  were  being  paid  35 
cents  per  crate.     (See  Exhibit  20,  labor  article;  also  House  Immi- 
gration Committee  hearings,  Exhibit  5.) 

75.  Another  instance  appears  in  the  action  of  the  Placer  Packing 
Association,   of  Auburn,  Placer  County,  June  28,  in  dismissing  a 
number  of  white  girls  for  the  reason,  assigned  by  the  management, 
that  the  white  girls,  under  the  State  law,  could  work  only  8  hours  a 
day,  while  the  Japanese  could  work  15  hours,  and  the  fruit  had  to  be 
moved,  and  the  accommodations  in  the  plant  did  not  permit  the  use 
of  a  large  force.     (See  Exhibit  21,  extracts  from  Sacramento  Bee, 
June  28  and  29,  1921.) 

*""  76.  In  pursuance  of  their  policy  of  forcing  conditions  under  which 
lease  and  ownership  of  land  could  be  secured  by  them,  the  Japanese 
have  secured  control  of  one-eighth  of  all  the  irrigated  lands  of  Cali- 
fornia, which  are  the  State's  richest  lands.  (See  Report  of  State 
Board  of  Control,  "California  and  the  oriental,"  Exhibit  16.) 

77.  In  four  counties  of  California,  Sacramento,  Placer,  San  Joa- 
quin,  and  Colusa,  the  Japanese  have  secured  control  of  from  50  to 
85  per  cent  of  the  irrigated  lands,  yielding  principally  fruit  and  pro- 
duce. (See  Report  State  Board  of  Control,  Exhibit  16.) 


[MMIGB  15 

Unwed.  and 

a   market     trn<t.  which    they   claim    is    permissible, 
d    from   operation   of   the   antitrust    I 

ion  Commit!  ;igs,  Exhibit 

-    of    this    carefully    planned    system   of   "  peaceful 
prn,  i  displacing  whites  and  in  securing 

•  i  in  various  districts  of  <  in  --Florin,  Imperial 

will  be  found  in  Ex  "Our  new  racial 

nd  the  «  •!!  the  1,'  >f  the  House 

digeBteft; 


-.  351,  and  o.VJ  of  such  hearings. 

80.  Ti  policy  has  enabled  the  Jap;:  ire  practical 
control  of  t:                              in  the  waters  of  southern  California,  in 

i  of  the  .ich  it  is 

•  enforced   1;  lie  law  failed   to  p; 

In   consequence.  ling   fleet    aids    in    surrepti 

from   Mexican  and    more   important  — 

deprives  this  country  of  an  invaluable  auxili  in  time 

In    Alaskan    waters.    President    Roosevelt    stopped    such 

•nee  of  a   Unit'  9  gunboat.     In  Oregon  and 

fishing   by  is  forbidden   by   Slate   law. 

>v  canning  interests,  pi'  passage 

iiar  law  by  the  Californi;  ature  in  1921.      (See  Exhibit 

4.   "Our  nev>  :>.") 

81.  The  policy  of  peaceful  penetration  has  commenced  in   other 

..  In  Washington,  a  large  number  of  Seattle  hotels,  lodging 
houses,  and  cer  of  business  enterprises,  have  gone  into 

control  of  Japanese.  (See  statement  of  Miller  Freeman,  before 
House  Immigration  Committee,  1919;  also  congressional  hearings, 

ibit  5.) 

83.  In  tha  also  Japanese  have  secured  control  of  a  large 
age  in  the  Yakima  Valley,  through  lease  from  Indians  on  the 

Indi  ration.  -t  Wapato  Post,  American  Legion, 

to  t:  -tment  of  the  Interior.)         ^^      ^ 

84.  In  Oregon,  Japanese  have  secur^cKontrol  of  a  Considerable 
portion  of  the  Hood  River  apple  district.     (See  House  Inynigration 

pp.  1479,  1480.) 

.  In  Colorado,  the  Japa  cured  control  of  85  per  cen£ 

of  tl  ;  riot,  an*  Gentle- 

man .  1919;  >  House  i:  'ings,  p. 

'iitrol  of  the  cantaloupe 

•  •(1  in  thi  and  Pec 

>2.) 

lion  in 

exhibit 
at  pages  408  m 

88.  f  such  matters  that  has  induced  defensive 

•n  on  the  part  of  a  number  of  oti  ice  January  1,  1921. 

(See  H.  Doc.  No.  89,  67th  <  1921,  presented 

.  Alien  L  Vlien  Rights,  Exhibit  7.) 


16  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND   COLONIZATION. 

TO    ESTABLISH    HERE    A    LITTLE    JAPAX. 

89.  All  the  utterances  in  speech  or  press  of  the  Japanese  intended 
for  consumption  among  their  own  people  show  conclusively  that 
there  is  neither  the  intention  nor  the  desire  to  merge  their  identity 
in  that  of  assimilated  American  citizens,  but — as  they  themselves 
express  it — to  secure  for  the  Yamato  race  a  permanent  place  on  this 
continent.     For  this  purpose  their  people  are  constantly  urged  to 
beget  children  and  secure  land  as  the  most  effective  means  of  perma- 
nently establishing  their  race  here.     (See  translation,  Sacramento 
Bee,  Oct.  24,  1919;  also  translation  in  House  Immigration  Committee 
hearings,  Exhibit  22;  Exhibit  5.) 

90.  Not  only  among  those  who  come  from  Japan,  but  also  among 
those  born  here  and  accorded  full  privileges  of  American  citizenship, 
is  plain  the  desire  on  the  part  of  individuals  and  the  intent  on  the  part 
of  the  Japanese  Government  that  they  shall  remain  permanently 
loyal  citizens  of  Japan. 

91.  The  children  born  here  are  forced  to  attend  separate  Japanese 
schools,  in  which  they  are  taught  the  religion,  ideals,  loyalty,  and 
duties  of  Japanese,  usually  by  Buddhist  priests.     The  Survey  Com- 
mission, United  States  Department  of  Education,  Bulletin  No.  20, 
1920  (Exhibit  17),  after  investigation  in  Hawaii,  recommended  that 
these  schools  be  abolished  as  "  un-American,  if  not  anti-American." 
Hawaii  and  California  have  placed  such  schools  under  restrictive 
direction  of  the  State  (or  Territorial)  school  department.     (See  Ex- 
hibit 4,  and  Prof.  Kuno,  Exhibit  13.) 

92.  In  addition,  many  children  born  here  are  sent  to  Japan  for 
their  education  and  do  not  return  until  they  are  from  17  to  20  years 
of  age,  when  they  are  thoroughly  Japanese  and  can  never  be  changed 
into  material  for  American  citizenship.     There   are   at  least  5,000 
California-born  Japanese  in  Japan  to-day  receiving  such  education, 
while  there  are  between  13,000  and  20,000  Hawaiian-born  Japanese 
similarly  engaged  there.     They  will  return  to  Hawaii  and  California 
as  loyal  Japanese  citizens  and  will  use  the  opportunities  presented  by 
their  American  citizenship  as  the  Japanese  Government  may  direct. 
(See  Exhibit  4;  also  House  Immigration  Committee  hearing,  Exhibit 
5;  also  Joseph  Timmons's  articles,  Exhibit  15.) 

93.  The  Japanese  Government  claims  as  its  own  citizens  all  Japa- 
nese, no  matter  where  born,  and  even  if  their  fathers  and  forefathers 
for  generations  have  been  accorded  citizenship  by  a  foreign  nation. 
(See  Report  Board  of  Control,  Exhibit  16.) 

94.  No  Japanese  can  expatriate  without  permission  of  his  Govern- 
ment.    Such  permission  can  not  be .  secured  under  any  conditions 
after  he  has  prnssed  his  seventeenth  year.     Of  more  than  30,000 
Japanese  born  in  California  only  21  have  been  permitted  to  expatri- 
ate.    Of  the  very  much  larger  number  born  in  Hawaii  only  22  have 
been  permitted  to  expatriate.     (See  congressional  committee  hearings, 
Exhibit  5;   also  Exhibit  23,  official  statement  on  behalf  of  Japan.) 

95.  In  Hawaii  and  continental  United  States,  Japanese  births  have 
boon  not  less  than  75,000,  and  perhaps  much  more.     Of  this  entire 
number  registered  for  the  rights  of  American  citizenship,  only  73 
have  applied  for  expatriation  from  Japan.      (Statement  of  Y.  Mat- 
suoka  to  Associated  Press  correspondent  at  Tokyo,  Sept.   15,  1920, 
Exhibit  23.)     That  means   (a)   either  the  children  did  not  wish  to 
relinquish  Japan.  u-^hip,  or  (1)  the  Japanese  parents  would  not 


JAPANKSK    IMMK'.HATIOX    AND    COLONIZATION.  17 

consent,  'he  parents  feared  to  prefer  the  py  request   to 

the  •  'vernmi'iit.     In  either  event,  what  kind  of  an  Amer- 

;  citizen  could  he  made  of  a  .Japanese  developed  and  held  under 
inilnen 

\  KENT   WITHIN   A   <;OVKRNMI:NT. 

Through  publications  in  Japanese  new>pap-  n  Franc; 

and  otherwise,  it  lias  beer,  conclusively  established  that  the  Japanese 
in  California  ;\\'>  all  held  together  for  solidarity  of  action,  lirst.  by 

.  next,  by  a  main  agricultural  association  and    the  Jap- 
:utioii  of  America,  located  in  San  Francisco,  with  which 
the    local    associations    are   affiliated :  and.  finally,    by   the   Japanese 
consul   at    San    Francisco,   who  dictates  the  action  of  the  Jap; 

"ciation  of  America,  and  who  is  enabled.  be<  his  position, 

to  punish  individual  Japanese  who  fail  to  obey  the  orders  of  their 
"•iations.      Action  taken  thus  by  the  Japanese  is  for  the  benefit 
of  them-  Dan.  and  usually  directly  opposed  to  the 

intt  thjs  country  Exhibit  4:  also  Prof.  Kuno.  Exhibit 

editorials  from  Nichi  Bei.  San  Francisco  Japanese  newspaper, 
pp  392-394,  part  1,  House  Immigration  Committee  hearings:  also  Ex- 
hibit 24.  clipping  from  Sacramento  Bee.  in  answer  to  secretary  of 

;ation.  in  re  Col.  Irish.) 

97.  Striking  proof  of  this  solidarity  of  action  was  offered  in  the 

•rike  in  Hawaii  of  Japanese  laborers  on  the  sugar  plantations. 

With  a  few  exceptions,  so  rare  as  to  demonstrate  the  rule,   every 

Japanese  in  the  Territory,  whether  born  in  Hawaii  or  in  Japan,  and 

rdless  of  affiliations  and   association-,   was  forced  to  assist   and 

the  pin  the  strike,  either  actively  or  tacitly.     They  were 

threatened  with  posting  in  the  native  prefectures  of  themselves  or 

their  parents,  as  traitors,  and  with  other  penalties  in  the  event  of 

ref  1 1 

The  strike  was.  in  effect,  a  race  strike,  part,  it  is  claimed,  of  a 
deliberate  plan  to  force  ultimate  control  of  the  plantations  into  the 
hands  of  Japanese,  as  the  control  of  agricultural  lands  in  California  is 

SOUL 

99.  The  remarkable  racial  solidarity  shown  in  this  strike  has  fright- 
;  the  natives  and  whites  in  Hawaii.     To-day  the  intelligent  white 
business  and  professional  and  laboring  elements,  which  up  to  some 
months  ago  derided  my  warnings  as  to  the  Japanese  peril,  are  openly 
or  s«  :,nd  either  directly  or  through  commi-  -nt  to  Wash- 

ington by  the  Territorial  legislature,  asking  Congress  for  passage  of 
abiiitation  act,"  and  of  an  immigration  measure  the  acknowl- 
d  purposes  of  which  are  to  protect  Hawaii  from  immediate  and 
ultimate  political  and  racial  control  by  the  Japai 

;.   Existing  conditions  forbid  the  granting  of  statehood  to  Hawaii 
and  would  necessitate  in  time  the  inauguration  of  a  commission  form 
nnient.  Mtements  of  two  Hawaiian   commissions  be- 

nse    Immigration    Committee;   also    Joseph    Timm 

Kxamincr:   also  consult  with  Walter 
F.  Dillingham,  chairman  of  the  Hawaiian  commission  now  in  Wash- 

r-i — 2 


18  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND   COLONIZATION. 

101.  If  continuance   of  friendly  relations  between   this   country 
and  Japan  is  to  be  assured,  there  is  practically  no  difference  of  opinion 
among  those  conversant  with  the  subject  as  to  the  desirability  and 
even  necessity  of  rigidly  excluding  Japanese  immigration.     That  is 
conceded  even  by  many  of  the  leading  Japanese  wiio  have  spoken 
on  the  subject.     (K.   it.   Kawakami,  in  interview  for  Nippu  Jiji, 
Honolulu,  June  8,  1921;  M.  Komatsu  in  interview,  Exhibit  14;  Prof. 

\  Yoshi  S.  Kuno,  Exhibit  13.) 

102.  The  questions  which  arise  are  not  so  much,  then,  with  the 
first  of  the  league's  four  principles,  which  calls  for  exclusion,  as  with 
the  second,  which  relates  to  the  manner  in  which  such  exclusion  shall 
be  secured. 

HOW    SHALL   EXCLUSION    BE    SECURED? 

103.  Section  second  of  the  league's  declaration  of  principles  reads 
as  follows : 

Second.  Such  exclusion  to  be  enforced  by  United  States  officials,  under  United 
States  laws  and  regulations,  as  done  with  immigration,  admitted  or  excluded,  from  all 
other  countries;  and  not,  as  at  present,  under  an  arrangement  whereby  control  and 
regulation  is  surrendered  by  us  to  Japan. 

104.  This  section,  in  effect,  calls  for  the  cancellation  of  the  present 
" gentlemen's    agreement,"    under  which  Japanese   immigration   is 
now  regulated,  and  the  substitution  therefor  of  a  plan  whereby  such 
immigration  shall  be  restricted  under  our  own  laws  and  department 
regulations,  enforced  by  our  own  officials.     Such  is  the  plan  followed 
by  us  with  immigration  from  all  other  countries,  and  such  is  the 
plan  followed  by  Japan  and  other  foreign  nations  in  the  admission 
of  immigrants  to  their  respective  countries. 

105.  The  present  agreement  forces  us  to  admit  such  Japanese  as 
come  to  these  shores  with  a  passport  from  the  Japanese  Government 
indicating  that  they  are  entitled  to  permanent  residence  here.     We 
have  thereby  surrendered  to  a  foreign  power  our  inalienable  right  to 
pass  upon  the  number  and  eligibility  of  those  who  enter  to  become 
part  of  the  Nation,  and  upon  whose  children  are  conferred  the  rights 
of  citizenship.     We  have  surrendered  that  right  to  no  other  nation; 
and  no  foreign  nation  has  surrendered  its  right  in  similar  matters  to 
any  other  power.     That  statement  alone  is  sufficient  to  condemn  the 
present  arrangement  and  justify  its  immediate  cancellation. 

106.  The  " gentlemen's  agreement"  was  made  originally  under  the 
administration  of  Theodore  Roosevelt.     It  was   coupled  with  the 
condition  that  should  the  Japanese  Government  fail  to  observe  its 
conditions   and  keep   out  Japanese  labor  the  United  States  itself 
reserved   the    right   to    compel   exclusion  by  its   own  laws.     That 
reservation  was  afterwards  withdrawn,  under  the  administration  of 
President  Roosevelt's  successor,  in  negotiating  with  Japan  the  com- 
mercial treaty  of  1911.     (See  autobiography  of  President  Theodore 
Roosevelt,  p.  414.) 

107.  No  self-respecting  world  power  should  have  made  such  an 
agreement,  even  with  the  reservation  referred  to,  and  certainly  the 
present  absence  of  such  reservation  justifies  immediate  cancellation 
of  the  agreement. 

108.  The  agreement  should  be  canceled,  because,  even  assuming 
that  Japan  has  lived  up  to  its  intent  in  good  faith,  it  has  failed  utterly 


.TAPAXKSK    I! M "MI  (III  ATI  OX    ANI>    ( '<  >LOXIZATK)X.  19 

iplish  ti.  [or  which  it  was  avowedly  entered  into. 

tion   Commi  also 

SJoardoi  ,  report.  Exhibit  16;   als<  it  4.) 

!()'.•  iiU'rcd  into  at  tlie  request  of  Japan  to 

herprir-  .ibstitute  fora  prop.--  .usion  act  against 

,;it  in   f<  :inst   the  Chinese.     The 

,ich  demand  an  exclusion  a 

i  v  results  would  he  had 

^reemen  t  specified  clearly  thai  it  was  to 

iabor,   skilled   and   unskilled,   from    continental 

•quently  Japan,  of  her  own  motion,  made  it 

Hawaii. 

1 10.  The  plan  was  in  effect  for  Japan  to  assume  responsibility  for 

•>f  the  terms  of  the  agreement  by  refusing  passports  to 

titled  to  enter  continental  United  States  under 

•nding.  while  the  United  St.-.  -  to  admit  only  such 

—even  from  Hawaii — as  presented  the  necessary  passport. 

-port,  under  the  circumstances,  became  Japan's  guarantee 

that  the  immigrant  did  not  come  as  a  laborer  or  to  lab 

111.  The  failure  of  the  plan  is  sufficiently  indicated  by  comparison 
of  t  -'cured  under  its  operation,   and  under  that  of  an 

D  act.  for  which  it  was  a  substitute.     In  less  than  10  years — 

April  15,  1910,  to  December  31,  1919 — there  was  a  net  increase 

of  Chinese  immigrants  in  California,  under  the  exclusion  act,  of  789. 

During  the  same  period  there  was  a  net  increase  of  Japanese  immi- 

i  the  State,  under  the  "gentlemen's  agreement,"  of  25,086. 

ilemen's  agreement ''  admitted  32  Japanese  for  every 

:uman  admitted  by  the  exclusion  act.     (See  report.  State  Boarcl 

of  Control,  pp.  25-57.) 

112.  The   Chinese   population   of   continental  United  States  has 
eased  over  50  per  cent  under  the  exclusion  act.     The  Japanese 

population  has  nearly  trebled  since  1906.     (The  ''  gentlemen's  agree- 

negotiated  early  in  1907.)     Allowing  35,000  for  births, 

there  has  been  an  increase  of  Japanese  population  in 

nental  United  States  in  the  period  named  of  62.000  from  imtni- 

most  of  whom  are  in  the  ranks  of  labor.     Each  one  of  that 

.   furnishes  a  clear  violation  of  the  intent  of  the  agreement. 

ibit  4 :  also  hearings,  House  Immigration  Committee,  p.  227.) 

.lifornia.   while   exclusion  has  similarly  decreased   the 

Chinese  population  over  50  per  cent,  the  " gentlemen's  agreement'' 

•led  the  Japanese  to  increase  fourfold  since  1906.     Making 

v  allowance  for  births,  there  have  come  into  the  State 

nmigration,  since  1906,  47,000  Japanese,  and  nearly  all  of  these 

anks  of-  labor.      (See  Exhibit  4:    also  hearings,  House 

Immigration  Committee,  p.  '2. 

114.  Not  all  the  Japanese  immigration  referred  to  in  the  two  pre- 
ame  here  with  Japan's  passport,   certifying  in 
did  not  come  to  labor,  but  most  of  them  had  such 
passports.     The  uine  in  surreptitiously  over  the  border,  but 

furnish  equalK  arguments  against  the  agreement,  since 

under  it  and   tl,  -,g  conditions  this  country  can  not 

provide  I'ilieient  rd  against  surreptitious  entry  or  for  detec- 

tion of  those  who  get  in. 


20  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION"  AND  COLONIZATION. 

115.  The  well-established  increase  of  Japanese  population  in  con- 
tinental United  States,  and  in  California,  in  excess  of  increase  due 
to  births,  furnishes  the  best  answer  to  the  repeated  claims,  supported 
by  apparent  statistics,  that  the  number  of  Japanese  departing  from 
the  United  States  have  nearly,  if  not  quite,  equaled  the  number 
arriving. 

116.  That  increase  also  answers  the  claim  that  those  coming  in 
were  almost  entirely  former  residents  entitled  to  return. 

117.  Aside  from  the  failure  of  the  " gentlemen's  agreement"  to 
fulfill  the  objects  for  which  it  was  adopted,  as  shown  above,  there  is 
ample  proof  that  its  intent  has  been  deliberately  violated  by  Japan 
in  some  cases,  and  that  she  has  had  official  knowledge  of  violation  in 
other  cases.     (See  Exhibit  4;  also  hearings,  House  Immigration  Com- 
mittee, pp.  225-228;  also  Board  of  Control  report,  pp.  161-170.) 

118.  While    the    agreement    explicitly    bound    Japan    "to    keep 
Japanese  labor,   skilled   and   unskilled,   out   of   continental  United 
States/'  the  annual  reports  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of 
Immigration  show  that  every  year  thousands  were  admitted  who 
were  laborers. 

1.19.  They  were  classed  as  "laborers,"  "farm  laborers,"  "barbers," 
"carpenters,"  "tailors,"  "other  artisans,"  "cooks,"  "gardeners," 
"servants,"  and  "other  occupations  included  under  head  of  laborers 
by  rule  21  (j)."  Admission  of  new  immigrants  under  said  classifi- 
cation is  a  clear  violation  of  subdivision  5  of  the  President's  proclama- 
tion, February  24,  1913.  (See  p.  166,  Board  of  Control  report.)  Some 
of  these  admissions  were  entitled  to  entry  because  of  prior  residence, 
but  the  multiplication  of  the  laboring  population  proves  that  onlv 
a  portion  had  that  right.  The  number  admitted  under  these  classi- 
fications ran  as  high  as  3,013  in  1916.  (See  State  Board  of  Control 
report,  p.  170.) 

120.  The  picture-bride  plan  was  a  clear  violation  of  the  intent  of 
the  agreement  in  two  ways:   (1)   It  imported  forbidden  labor,  since 
most  of  the  picture  brides  performed  a  man's  work  in  field  or  shop; 
(2)  it  brought  over  a  woman  from  Japan  to  act  as  wife  for  a  Japanese 
already  admitted  who  had  no  wife,  and  who  was  presumed,  under 
the  general  acceptation  of  the  intent  of  the  agreement,  to  be  entitled 
to  bring  over  a  wife  only  if  he  had  left  one  behind  him.      (See  Board 
of  Control  report,  pp.  141-143.) 

121.  Disclosures    as   to  picture-bride   methods   produced  general 
criticism,  even  from  missionary  and  church  friends  of  the  Japanese, 
with  the  result  that  the  Japanese  Government  discontinued   the 
practice,  so  far  as    continental    United    States  was    concerned,  in 
August,  1920,  but  continued  to  send  the  picture  brides  to  Hawaii. 

122.  To  take  the  place  of  this  system,  and  still  insure  the  Japanese 
here  wives,  and  the  opportunity  to  beget  children  in  pursuance  of 
the  general  plan  of  peaceful  penetration,  Japanese  returning  from 
the  United  States  are  now  permitted  to  remain  in  Japan  for  90 
days  (instead  of  30  as  called  for  by  law)  without  being  subjected 
to  conscription  call,  the  extra  time  being  allowed  to  secure  a  wife. 

Within  the  past  few  months,  the  Japanese  Government  has  offered 
to  pay  the  expenses,  both  ways,  of  Japanese  in  the  United  States 
who  will  come  to  Japan  to  meet  their  conscription  obligations. 
In  returning  to  this  country  they  will  be  permitted  to  bring  wives 
whom  they  may  have  secured  in  Japan.  These  measures  confirm 


.FAI'ANKSK    IM  MK.KATIOX    AND    COLONIZATION.  21 

the  apparent  belief  of  the  board  of  control  (see  report,  bottom  of 
p.  143)  that   the  Japanese  would  circumvent  the  new  restriction. 

123.  This  entire  procedure  is  opposed  to  the  intent  this  country 
had   in   formulating   the   "gentlemen's   agreement,  "which  was   to 
prevent    the  development  here  of  an  alien  unassimilable  Japanese 
population.     The    exclusion    act    prevented    any    such    results    by 
forbidding  this  importation  of  Chinese  wTomen  who  were  not  already 
wi\ 

POSSIBLE    CONFLICT    BETWEEN    STATE    LAW    AND    TREATY. 

124.  Section  3  of   the   declaration   of  principles  of   the  Japanese 
Exclusion  League  of  California  reads  as  follows: 

:'».  Compliance  on  the  part  of  all  departments  of  the  Federal  Government 

with  the  Constitution  and  statutes,  and  the  abandonment  of  the  threat  or  attempt 

ke  advantage  of  certain  phrasing  of  that  document  as  to  treaties,  which  it  is 

claimed  gives  the  treaty-making  power  authority  to  violate  plain  provisions  of  the 

titution  in  the  following  matters: 

To  nullify  State  rights  and  State  laws  for  control  of  lands  and  other  matters 
plainly  within  the  State's  jurisdiction. 

To  grant  American  citizenship  to  races  of  yellow  color,  which  are  made  in- 
eligible for  stieh  citizenship. 

125.  The  principle  thus  enunciated  received  indorsement,  with- 
out a  dissenting  vote,  in  both  houses  of  the  California  Legislature 
when  the  entire  declaration  was  approved  and  commended  to  the 
President,  Department  of  State,  and  Congress,  for  adoption  of  the 
policy    therein    stated.     (Exhibit    1.)      (The    legislative    resolution 
omitted   by  error,   as  before  explained,   the  words  "and  statutes" 
in  this  section.) 

126.  The  principle  was  also  unanimously  indorsed  in  both  houses 
of  the  California  Legislature  in  January,  1921,  by  resolutions  trans- 
mitted to  the  President,  Secretary  of  State,  to  Senators  and  Repre- 
sentatives from  California,  and  to  members  of  the  Senate  Committee 
on  Foreign  Relations  protesting  against  any  action,  if  contemplated, 
whereby   an   attempt   would   be   made   to   set   aside   the  California 
land  law  or  to  confer  citizenship  on  the  Japanese  by  treaty.     (See 
Exhibit  2.) 

127.  The  principle  thus  enunciated  and  the  protest  thus  voiced  by 
the  California  Legislature  were  against  action  apparently  contem- 
plated  by  the  previous  national  administration  in  connection  with 
this  subject.     There  has  not  been  evidence  so  far  that   the  present 
administration   contemplates  such   action,    though  it  is   apparently 
being  urged  thereto  by  representatives  of  the  Japanese  Government. 
The  representations  made  in  this  brief  on  the  subject  have  therefore 
only  the  justification  that  a  policy  apparently  foreshadowed  by  the 
preceding  administration  lias  not  yet  been  condemned  or  abandoned. 
M>  far  a<  known,  by  the  present  administration. 

I'J.V    In    authorized    statements   made   at   Tokyo   and   responsible 
man  a  ting  from  Washington  in  November,    1920.  and  Jan- 
uary. HUM.  and  in  public  utterances  of  Roland  S.  Morris,  then  Assist- 
ant'Secretary  of  State,  made  at  Philadelphia  January   11.   1921,  it 
declared  that  Japan  had  demanded  and  the  State  Department 
•••riously  considering  the  invasion  of  State  rights  referred 
to  in  matters  of  exclusive  State  jurisdiction,  wherein  the  State  had 
violated    no   treaty   rights,   and    the  setting  aside  of  United   States 


22  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

-statutes  by  conferring  citizenship  upon  aliens  ineligible  thereto. 
These  uncontradicted  statements  furnished  justification  for  the  pro- 
test telegraphed  November  26,  1920,  by  the  Japanese  Exclusion 
League  of  California  to  Acting  Secretary  of  State  Norman  H.  Davis 
(Exhibit  25),  also  for  resolutions  of  protest  passed  by  the  California 
Legislature  in  January,  1921  (Exhibit  2),  and,  finally,  for  the  answers 
telegraphed  to  Assistant  Secretary  Moms  January  24  by  Gov. 
William  D.  Stephens  and  by  the  Japanese  Exclusion  League  of 
California,  separately  (Exhibit  26) . 

129.  It  must  be  remembered,  as  hereinbefore  clearly  expressed, 
that  the  alien  land  law  of  California  does  not  violate  any  treaty  rights 
of  the  Japanese  or  other  aliens  and  that  the  law  in  expressed  terms 
provides  that  all  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship  under  the  laws  of  the 
United  States  "may  acquire,  possess,  enjoy,  and  transfer  real  prop- 
erty, or  any  interest  therein,  in  this  State  in  the  manner  and  to  the 
extent  and  for  the  purpose  prescribed  by  any  treaty  now  existing 
between  the  Government  of  the  United  States  and  the  nation  or 
country  of  wrhich  such  alien  is  a  citizen  or  subject,  and  not  other- 
wise." 

130.  California  claims,  however,  that  the  Federal  Government  has 
not  the  constitutional  right  to  set  aside  by  treaty  the  provisions  of  a 
State  law  enacted  under  the  State's  exclusive  constitutional  rights  in 
matters  solely  within  her  jurisdiction.     California  suggests  also  that 
an  attempt  of  that  character  to  nullify  a  law  enacted  under  her  con- 
stitutional right  in  the  exercise  of  powers  reserved  to  the  State  in 
harmony  with  the  principles  of  United  States  statutes  (naturaliza- 
tion law,  sec.  2169)  and  for  the  protection  of  American  citizens  and 
American  interests  is  unwise  in  policy. 

131.  California  questions  also  the  right  of  the  treaty-making  power 
(the  President,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  Senate)  to 
set  aside  provisions  of  the  United  States  statutes  which  require  for 
enactment  a  majority  vote  of  both  Houses  of  Congress  plus  the 
approval  of  the  President. 

132.  California  submits  also  that  any  interpretation  orf  the  particu- 
lar part  of  the  Constitution  which  would  thus  place  in  the  hands  of 
the  President  and  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  the  power  to  set  aside 
arbitrarily  the  constitutional  rights  granted  the  individual  States  to 
have  exclusive  jurisdiction  over  certain  matters  in  their  own  terri- 
tory, or  to  nullify  an  act  of  Congress  which  requires  the  approval  not 
only  of  the  President  and  Senate  but  also  of  the  House  01  JRepresen- 
tatives,  is  certainly  illogical  and  not  in  harmony  with  the  intent  of 
the  Constitution. 

133.  Thus  far  the  issue  indicated  above  has  not  been  raised  by 
any  act  of  California,  since  she  does  not  propose  to  violate  rights 
already  granted  to  aliens  by  treaty.     So  far  as  California  has  knowl- 
edge, there  is  as  yet  no  act  or  intent  on  the  part  of  the  present  State 
Department  to  raise  this  issue  by  attempting,  through  treaty  pro- 
visions, to  set  aside  State  laws  claimed  to  be  wise  and  necessary  in 
protection  of  American  citizens  and  the  American  Nation. 

134.  It  develops  that  a  general  alien  poll  tax  law,  passed  by  the 
California  Legislature  at  its  recent  session,  is  a  plain  violation  of  the 
treaty  with  Japan,  and  perhaps  of  treaties  with  other  nations.     That 
there  was  no  intent  on  the  part  of  California  as  a  State,  or  those 
interested  in  Japanese  exclusion,  to  suggest  any  violation  of  treaty 


JAPANKSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  23 

-ted  by  the  fact  that  the  Japanese  Exclusion 
ias  disclaimed  any   responsibility  for  such  enactment,   and 
it-  improoriety  has  bce<  owled^ed  since  the  ' 

-nown.      In  view  of  public  sentiment,  it  is  probable  that  the 
:it  referred   to  will  not  I  d  as  to  occasion  embar 

i   or  inj'  alien  nationals. 

introduction  by  Sen.  %  of 

Mini  -nate  bill    '-943,   authorizing   the   President 

•  Federal  courts  and  to  u-e  the  I'nited  S. 
hals   and   the  forces  of   the   Army   and    X.-ivy  whenever,   in  his 

v   -u. -ii  case,  the  treaty  rights  guaranteed   ; 
•d   under  operation  of  State   law.     The  inference  from 
introduction  of  the  bill  referred  to  is  that  Californi. 
•inch  h.;ve  a  similar  land  1:  ore  like! 

iider.  when   the 
guarantee-  aliens  all  ri^h  la.nd  which  a  theiii  1> 

136.  It  is  hoped  tl  is  not  exist  in  th  Department  the 

as  to  tii«'  facts  which  alone  would  have  ju.-t 
introduction  of  the  bill  referred  to. 

137.  It   is  believed   that   the  points  made  in   this  skeleton  brief, 
the  IT- f  furnish  full  justification  for  the  action 

;i  by  tlu1  State  of  California,  and  the  people  thereof,  in  connection 
with   this  subject,   and   in   particular  for  the  urgent  call  upon  the 

•ral    Government    for    immediate    adoption    of    certain    poi 

sssarv  a-  protection  against  the  national  danger  herein 
outli: 

138.  The  points   made  herein  will  be  made  quite  plain,  without 

voluminous  exhibits,  in  the  brief  proper  which  will  be 
-  it  can  be  prepared.     If,  in  the  meanwhile,  the 
•    Department    desires  further   confirmation,   it  will   be   gladly 
furnished  on  request. 

Respectfully    submitted    on    behalf    of    the    Japanese    Exclusion 
M  California  and  with  its  authority. 

V.  S. 


EXHIBITS. 

LIST   OF   EXHIBITS   WITH   SKELETON  BRIEF  BY  JAPANESE  EXCLUSION 
LEAGUE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

[NOTE.— Exhibits  listed  but  not  attached  hereto  will  be  found  among  those  already  left  with  the  State 

Department.] 

Exhibit  1.  Resolutions  of  California  Legislature,  April,  1921. 

Exhibit  2.  Resolutions  of  California  Legislature,  January,  1921. 

Exhibit  3.  California  alien  land  law,  November,  1920. 

Exhibit  4.  "Our  New  Racial  Problem"  (a  digest,  made  for  convenience,  of  testi- 
mony given  before  the  House  Immigration  Committee  and  accompanied  by  numerous 
exhibits). 

Exhibit  5.  Printed  transcript  of  hearings  before  House  Immigration  Committee  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  July,  1920.  (4  vols.) 

Exhibit  6.  Report  of  California  State  Board  of  Control,  1920  ("California  and  the 
oriental"). 

Exhibit  7.  Alien  land  laws  of  various  States,  House  Document  No.  89. 

Exhibit  8.  Japanese  indorse  legality  of  California  land  law. 

Exhibit  9.  President  Roosevelt's  attitude. 

Exhibit  10.  Resolutions  of  national  convention  of  American  Legion,  1919. 

Exhibit  11.  Resolutions  of  national  convention  of  American  Legion,  1920. 

Exhibit  12.  Resolutions  of  annual  convention  American  Federation  of  Labor,  1921. 

Exhibit  13.  Statement  of  Prof.  Y.  S.  Kuno. 

Exhibit  14.  Statement  of  Mr.  M.  Komatsu. 

Exhibit  15.  Conditions  in  Hawaii.  Twelve  articles  by  Joseph  Timmons  (filed  as 
exhibit  with  House  Immigration  Committee,  April,  1921). 

Exhibit  16.  "The  Germany  of  Asia." 

Exhibit  17.  Conditions  in  Hawaii.  Report  of  survey  commission,  National  Depart- 
ment of  Education,  Bulletin  No.  20,  1920. 

Exhibit  18.  Facts  as  to  Japanese  population  of  California. 

Exhibit  19.  Extract  from  Boise  Statesman  of  February  1,  1921,  answer  to  claims 
made  by  Japanese. 

Exhibit  20.  Article  from  Organized  Labor  of  September  6,  1920,  "How  Japanese 
problem  concerns  labor." 

Exhibit  21.  Extracts  from  the  Sacramento  Bee  of  June  28  and  29,  1921,  Japanese 
labor  displacing  white  girls. 

Exhibit  22.  Extracts  from  the  Sacramento  Bee  of  October  24,  1919,  translation 
from  Japanese  newspaper. 

Exhibit  23.  Official  statement  on  behalf  of  Japanese  Government  as  to  expatriation. 

Exhibit  24.  Extract  from  the,  Sacramento  Bee  of  June  13,  1921,  methods  of  organi- 
zation of  Japanese  in  California. 

Exhibit  25.  Protest  to  Acting  Secretary  of  State  Davis,  November  26,  1920. 

Exhibit  26.  Extract  from  the  Sacramento  Bee  of  January  24,  1921 ,  answers  to 
statements  made  bv  Assistant  Secretary  of  State  Morris. 


EXHIBIT  1. 

LEGISLATIVE  DEPARTMENT, 
STATE  or  CALIFORNIA,  FORTY-FOURTH  SESSION, 

Senate  Chamber,  April  .'7,  1921. 

To  the  President  of  the  United  States,  the  Honorable  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  each  of  California's  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress: 
Pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  Senate  joint  resolution  No. ,26,  adopted  by  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  State  of  California  at  the  forty-fourth  session,  I  am  sending  you  herewith 
a  copy  thereof,  reading  as  follows: 

CHAPTER    36,    SENATE     JOINT    RESOLUTION     NO.     26,     BY    SENATOR    WILL     R.     SHARKEY, 
RELATIVE    TO    IMMIGRATION. 

"Whereas,  The  Japanese  Exclusion  League  of  California,  representing  officially 
such  organizations  as  the  American  Legion,  War  Veterans,  Native  Sons  and  Native 
Daughters  of  the  Golden  West,  State  Federation  of  Women's  Clubs,  State  Federation 

24 


JAPAN  HSi:    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  25 

and  various  other  patriotic,  civic  and  fraternal  bodies,  have  adopted  a  state- 
men*  for  adoption  by  the  Government  of  the  Uni 
as  urgently  required  in  protection  of  the  Nation's  inter.  the  growing  menace 

muLTi-ation  and  colonization:  and 

"Whereas  said  declaration  of  principles  has  been  approved   by  the  organizations 
.vith   ihe  te    1."-   Alible-  t'l.unty  Anti-Asiatic   Association  and 

Exclusion  League  of  Washington;  and 

"\\'hereas  said  declaration  of  principles  is  in  words  and  inures  as  follows,  to  wit: 

"First.  Absolute  exclusion  for  the  future  of  all  Japanese  immigration,  not  only 

male,  but  female,  and  not  only  laborers,  skilled  and  unskilled,  but  'farmers,'  and 

recommended  by  Theodore  Roosevelt. 

Miporary  resides  c  only  for  tourist-,  students,  artists,  commercial 
men 

1.  Such  exclusion  to  be  enforced  by  United  States  officials,  under  United 
-  laws  and  regulations,  as  done  with  immigration,  admitted  or  excluded,  from 
all  other  countries:  and  not.  as  at   present,  under  an  arrangement  whereby  control 
and  iviriilatinn  is  surrendered  by  us  to  Japan. 

••  Third.  ( 'ompliam  e  on  the  part  of  all  departments  of  the  Federal  Government  with 

i:ution.  and  the  abandonment  of  the  threat  or  attempt  to  take  advantage 

:tain  phrasing  of  that  document  as  to  treaties,  which  it  is  claimed  gives  the 

treaty-ma1  •  authority  to  violate  plain  provisions  of  the  Constitution  in  the 

bate  riuhr>  and  State  lavs  for  control  of  lands  and  other  matters 
plainly  within  the  State's  jurisdiction. 

_rant  American  citizenship  to  '  color,  which  are  made  ineli- 

<  h  citizenship. 

;rth.  For  the  Japa'.  y  entitled   to  residence   in  California  fair  treat- 

•  n  in  pro]..  ,'.\\-  acquired,  and  the  privilege  of  engaging  in 

any  i  us  may  lie  now  or  hereafter  denied  by  law  to  all 

aliens,  or  to  alien-  ineligible  to  (  itizenship:  and  prodded  particularly  they  may  not 

buy  or  lease  aLTicultural  lands:  Now.  therefore,  be  it 

;.  Thut  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of 
'ii  of  principles  and  urges  that  the  President, 
and  the  j,t  and  observe 

and  be  it  further 
rotary  of  the  senate  be,  and  si; 

lent  and  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the 
li  of  California's  Senators  and  .Representatives  in  Coi;_ 

"< '.  C.  You- 

*  ate. 
••HENRY  W.  WRIGHT, 

bit/. 
«N, 

' 'FRANK    C.   J<>Ki> 

April 

( ;  K 

•ctary  of  tl 

KXHIHIT  '2. 
.JOINT  Ri  '      .  4. 

NATl   RAI.I/.ATION    AND    PROPERTY    RIGHTS    OF    ALIi 

at  the  general  election  held  on  the  2d  day  of  November.  1020.  the  people 

of  th<  :iia.  in  the  .;'  their  right  reserved  under  the  Constitution, 

overwhelming  majority,  adopted  the     alien  land  law."  which,  among  other 

that  all  aliens  iru'li.  "izenship  under  the  laws  of  the  United 

possess,  enjoy,  and  transfer  real  property  or  any  interest  therein 

in  thi-  'he  mani!--  tent  and  for  the  purpose-  any 

\  ernment  of  the  United  S  1  the  nation  or 

a  citizen  or  subject  and  not  otherwise:  and 


26  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

Whereas  the  present  treaty  of  commerce  arid  navigation  between  the  United  States 
and  Japan,  proclaimed  on  the  5th  day  of  April,  1911,  in  fixing  the  rights  of  the  nationals 
of  both  contracting  parties,  provides  that — 

•'The  citizens  or  subjects  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  shall  have  liberty 
.  and  reside  in  the  territories  of  the  other  to  carry  on  trade,  wholesale 
and  retail,  to  own  or  lease  and  occupy  houses,  manufactories,  warehouses,  and  shops, 
to  employ  agents  of  their  choice,  to  lease  land  for  residential  and  commercial  purposes, 
and  geb.eri.iHy,  to  do  anything  incident  to  or  necessary  for  trade,  upon  the  same  terms 
as  native  citizens  or  subjects  submitting  themselves  to  the  laws  and  regulations 
there  established'';  and 

Whereas,  notwithstanding  the  aforesaid  provision  of  the  treaty  limiting  the  purposes 
for  which  the  subjects  of  Japan  may  enter,  travel,  and  reside  in  the  United  States, 
approximately  100,000  Japanese  are  now  residing  in  California,  comparatively  few  of 
whom  are  engaged  in  trade,  while  the  great  majority  are  engaged  in  agriculture, 
an-!  f,TEiing  lands,  and  now  control  one-eighth  of  the  entire  acreage 
of  ri'  '.he  State,  <°s  shown  by  the  official  report  of  the  State  board 

of  control:  and 

Whereas  Japanese,  as  well  as  American  authorities  concede  the  unassirnilability 
of  the  tv,ro  races,  and  grant  that  a  continuance  of  existing  conditions  may  develop  a 
racial  question  and  grave  international  complications  out  of  the  present  economic 
problem;  and 

Whereas  the  evidence  before  the  House  Immigration  Committee,  in  hearings  held 
on  the  Pacific  coast  in  July  and  August,  1920,  clearly  indicates  the  impracticability 
of  making  homogeneous  American  citizenship  out  of  the  material  coming  to  us  from 
Japan,  and  the  impossibility  of  a  white  community  holding  its  own  either  in  increase 
of  numbers  or  in  economic  competition  against  the  racial  advantages  and  birth  rate 
of  the  Japanese;  and 

Whereas  preliminary  negotiations  are  now  pending  between  the  State  Department 
at  Washington  and  representatives  of  the  Empire  of  Japan  with  a  view  of  entering 
into  a  treaty  doalr-g  with  the  subject  of  immigration;  and  . 

"Whereas  reports  have  come  to  us  from  our  Representatives  in  Congress  that  Japan 
insists  that  the  proposed  treaty  shall  grant  the  right  of  citizenship  to  the  subjects  of 
Japan  now  in  the  United  States,  and  shall,  in  effect,  nullify  the  aforesaid  "alien  land 
law":  Now,  therefore,  be  it 

y  jovntty.  That  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia protests  against  any  treaty  being  made  between  the  United  States  ancj,  Japan 
whereby  the  right  to  citizenship  shall  be  extended  to  the  subjects  of  Japan;  arid  be  it 
further v 

Resolved,  That  any  attempt  by  the  treaty-making  power  of  the  United  States  to 
nullify^he  aforesaid  -'alien  land  law"  or  to  confer  upon  the  subjects  of  Japan  the  right 
to  acquire,  own,  or  possess  lands  within  this  State,  in  violation  of  our  State  laws, 
should  be  opposed  as  destructive  of  State's  rights  reserved  under  the  Constitution  of 
the  United  States;  and  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  in  any  treaty  hereafter  made  by  the  United  States  and  Japan,  said 
"alien  land  law"  be  held  inviolate  and  that  the  rights  of  the  States  of  the  Union  to 
enact  legislation  respecting  the  acquisition  and  ownership  of  land  by  aliens  within 
their  respective  borders  be  properly  safeguarded;  and  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  in  any  such  treaty,  provision  be  made  prohibiting  the  further  immi- 
gration of  the  subjects  of  Japan  to  the  United  States,  save  and  except  merchants, 
students,  and  teachers,  their  servants  and  employees;  and  be  it  further 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  forthwith  dispatched  to  the  President 
of  the  United  States,  the  Secretary  of  State  of  the  United  States,  to  each  of  our  Sena- 
tors and  Representatives  in  Congress,  and  to  each  member  of  the  Committee  on 
Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States  Senate. 


ALIEN  LAND  LAW. 

Initiative  act.    Permits  acquisition  and  transfer  of  real  property  by  aliens  eligible  to 
citizenship,  to  same  extent  as  citizens  except  as  otherwise  provided  bv  lav/;  permits 
other  aliens,  and  companies,  associations  and  corporations  in  which  they  hold  majority 
interest,  TO  acquire  and  transfer  real  property  only  as  prescribed  by  treaty,  but  pro- 
hibiting appointment,  thereof  as  guardians  of  estates  of  minors  consisting  wholly  or 
partially  of  real  property  or  shares  in  such  corporations;  provides  for  escheats  in  cer- 
tain cases;  requires  reports  of  property  holdings  to  facilitate  enforcement  of  act;  pre- 
scribes penalties  and  repeals  conflicting  acts. 

YES 

NO 

•x.  27 

>r  rejection,  at 

isions  of  present  laws  are  printed  in  italic  type.) 

all  ac-ts  or  incon- 

:  nia  do  enact  as  fol!<> 

citizen-hip  under  the  L 
-mil.  and   inh<>rit  1 

citizens  of  the 

lian  those  mentioned  in  section  one  of  this  ac  .nire, 

any  interest  therein,  in  this  State,  in 

!  to  the  exl  v  ex- 

•rninent  of  the  i  or  count] 

t  citizen  or  subject,  and  not  other  v 

•n  organized  under  tl  f  this 

'he  members  are  aliens  other 
:ic  of  thi:-  act,  or  in  which  a  majorit' 


-ivev  real 

Ti  the  manner  and  to  the  extent  and  for 
:ig  between  the  Government  of  the 

:id  the  n  hich  such  members  or  stockholders  are 

citizi  •enfler.att  aliens  otl>< 

'tubers  of 

j  ossessy  en 
•   purpose* 

>n  three  hereof,  may  be  appoint 

y,  as- 
•ss&sing,  • 

frator  of  the  proper  co 

or  df  .  may  be  appointed  guardian  of  the  estate 

•ns  of 
» 

''rirs  to  thf  -/i  of  the  c< 

•  file  the  r>  ,  td  by  the  provisions  of  section 

or 

•it  Icing  administered  ^.ith  due 

"J:e  the  n  digible  to  appointment  in  the 

first 

other  lega> 

•>y  person,  corn 

other  .'//,  or  soi  '/i,  be- 

'  file 
>f  each 
Ing: 

'.  held  by  r  of  such  a 

of  such  property  came  into  his  pos- 


23  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION  AND   COLONIZATION. 

(3)  An  itemized  account  of  all  expenditures,  investments,  rents,  issues,  and  profits  In 
respect  to  the  administration  and  control  of  such  property  with  particular  reference  to 
holdings  of  corporate  stock  and  leases,  cropping  contracts  and  other  agreements  in  /v.s-y^  r/ 
to  land  and  the  handling  or  sale  of  products  thereof. 

(c)  Any  person,  company,  association  or  corporation  that  violates  any  provision  of' 
this  section  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  one 
thousand  dollars  or  by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by  both 
such  fine  and  imprisonment. 

(d)  The  provisions  of  this  section  are  cumulative  and  arc  not  intended  to  change  the 
jurisdiction  or  the  rules  of  practice  of  courts  of  justice. 

SEC.  6.  Whenever  it  appears  to  the  court  in  any  probate  proceeding  that  by  reason 
of  the  provisions  of  this  act  any  heir  or  devisee  can  not  take  real  property  in  this  State 
or  membership  or  shares  of  stock  in  a  company,  association  or  corporation  which,  but  for 
said  provisions,  said  heir  or  devisee  would  take  as  such,  the  court,  instead  of  ordering: 
a  distribution  of  such  property  to  such  heir  or  devisee,  shall  order  a  sale  of  said  property 
to  be  made  in  the  manner  provided  by  law  for  probate  sales  of  property  and  the  pro- 
ceeds of  such  sale  shall  be  distributed  to  such  heir  or  devisee  in  lieu  of  such  property. 

SEC.  7.  Any  real  property  hereafter  acquired  in  fee  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act  by  any  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  of  this  act,  or  by  any  company,  asso- 
ciation, or  corporation  mentioned  in  section  three  of  this  act,  shall  escheat  to,  and  be- 
come and  remain  the  property  of  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  general  or 
district  attorney  of  the  proper  county  shall  institute  proceedings  to  have  the  escheat  of 
such  real  property  adjudged  and  enforced  in  the  manner  provided  by  section  four 
hundred  seventy-four  of  the  Political  Code,  and  title  eight,  part  three,  of  the  Code  of 
Civil  Procedure.  Upon  the  entry  of  final  judgment  in  such  proceedings,  the  title  to 
such  real  property  shall  pass  to  the  State  of  California.  The  provisions  of  this  section 
and  of  sections  two  and  three  of  this  act  shall  not  apply  to  any  real  property  hereafter 
acquired  in  the  enforcement  or  in  satisfaction  of  any 'lien  now  existing  upon,  or  in- 
terest in  such  property,  so  long  as  such  real  property  so  acquired  shall  remain  the  prop- 
erty of  the  alien,  company,  association  or  corporation  acquiring  the  same  in  such 
manner.  No  alien,  company,  association  or  corporation  mentioned  in  section  two  or 
section  three  hereof  shall  hold  for  a  longer  period  than  two  years  the  possession  of  any  agri- 
cultural land  acquired  in  the  enforcement  of  or  in  satisfaction  of  a  mortgage  or  other  lien 
hereafter  made  or  acquired  in  good  faith  to  secure  a  debt. 

SEC.  8.  Any  leasehold  or  other  interest  in  real  property  less  than  the  fee,  hereafter 
acquired  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  by  any  alien  mentioned  in  section 
two  of  this  act,  or  by  any  company,  association,  or  corporation  mentioned  in  sec- 
tion three  of  this  act' shall  escheat 'to  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  general 
or  district  attorney  of  the  proper  county  shall  institute  proceedings  to  have  such  escheat 
adjudged  and  enforced  as  provided  in  section  seven  of  this  act.  In  such  proceedings 
the  court  shall  determine  and  adjudge  the  value  of  such  leasehold  or  other  interest 
in  such  real  property,  and  enter  judgment  for  the  State  for  the  amount  thereof  together 
with  costs.  Thereupon  the  court  shall  order  a  sale  of  the  real  property  covered  by 
such  leasehold,  or  other  interest,  in  the  manner  provided  by  section  twelve  hundred 
seventy-one  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Irocedure.  Out  of  the  proceeds  arising  from  such 
sale,  the  amount  of  the  judgment  rendered  for  the  State  shall  be  paid  into  the  State 
treasury  and  the  balance  shall  be  deposited  with  and  distributed  by  the  court  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  interest  of  the  parties  therein.  Any  share  of  stock  or  the  interest  of 
any  member  in  a  company,  association,  or  corporation  hereafter  acquired  in  violation  of 
the  provisions  of  section  three  of  this  act  shall  escheat  to  the  State  of  California.  Such 
escheat  shall  be  adjudged  and  enforced  in  the  same  manner  as  provided  in  this  section  for 
the  escheat  of  a  leasehold  or  other  interest  in  real  property  less  than  the  fee. 

SEC.  9.  Every  transfer  of  real  property,  or  of  an  interest  therein,  though  colorable  in 
form,  shall  be  void  as  to  the  State  and  the  interest  thereby  conveyed  or  sought  to  be  conveyed 
shall  escheat  to  the  State  if  the  property  interest  involved  is  of  such  a  character  that  an  alien 
mentioned  in  section  two  hereof  is  inhibited  from  acquiring,  possessing,  en  joying,  or  irins- 
f erring  it,  and  if  the  conveyance  is  made  with  intent  to  prevent,  evade,  or' avoid  escheat  as 
provided  for  herein.  . 

A  prima  facie  presumption  that  the  conveyance  is  made  with  such  intent  shall  arise  upon 
proof  of  any  of  the  folio  icing  groups  of  facts: 

(a)  The  taking  of  the  property  in  the  name  of  a  person  other  than  the  persons  mentioned 
in  section  two  hereof  if  the  consideration  is  paid  or  agreed  or  understood  to  be  paid  by  fin 
alien  mentioned  in  section  two  hereof; 

(b)  The  taking  of  the  property  in  the  name  of  a  company,  association,  or  corporation,  if 
the  memberships  or  shares  of  stock  therein  held  by  aliens  mentioned  in  section  two  here  >/\ 
together  with  the  memberships  or  shares  of  stock  held  by  others  but  paid  for  or  agreed  or 
understood  to  be  paid  for  by  such  aliens,  would  amount  to  a  majority  of  the  membership 
or  the  issued  capital  stock  of  such  company,  association  or  corporation: 


JAPANESE    !.MMi<;n.\T[<>X    AND    COLnXIZATIOX.  29 


I'n  i-ni-  of  mi.  »///<•//  im/ifi'on<'<I  in  sfi-ti'rm  fun  hereof  if 
<iinn  [HI*  1ml,  or  management  of  iht  pro, 

thai  I  not   hi  so  conttrmd  as  to 
•  ;dc  nt  to  the  e.ristence 
dedfor  hert 

10.  ff  tiro  or  mo//  ii  transfer  of  red  I  nropertii.  or  of  an 

n  of  (In    /,  .;hlc  hi/  tin  />ris>.: 

-it  It. 

11.  Xothiiii:  in  This  ad  shall  he  construed  as  a  liniilation  upon  the  power  of 

:  cquisitipn,  holding,  or  disposal  by  aliens 
•  1  properly  in  ibis  Stale. 

I  L*.   All  act.-  and  ;  or  in  conflict  with  the  provisions 

•  hereby  repealed;  provided, 

''••'//  not  affn-t  p(  'on&  or  proceedings.  hut  /' 

irru  f'J/'n-f  nt  if  this  nc!  had  not  been  adopted; 

i  hin-  of  this  Stuff  s/._all  he  a  /!'«•/(  ({  h>/  reason  of 

'Ho,,  or  f>.  Stituted  thereon,  at  the 

i/nil/  he  hronr;/.  'ses  in 

if  this 
act  hnd  not   be,  n    ado 

'  udd  to,  f  <>,(•<•  from,  or  a!1'  '  •mi  lair  shall  be 

!:i.    Th<  '  'litate 

'>"!/  not  atj'ti't  the  r/i/id/fi/  oj'  I/,,  g  ,>of- 

«f  tlus  art  .  .,/:  hurbi/  dn-larc  that  they  iri,uJ<l  hurt    passed  this  a<  ' 

>'  the  fact  that  any  one 

EXISTING    PROVISIONS. 


The  alien  hind  act  of  1!)13.  v.-hich  will  be  superseded  by  the  proposed  initiative 
alien  land  lav.  follows: 

visions  proposed  to  be  repealed  are  printed  in  italics.) 

AN  ACT  Relating  to  the  rights,  powers,  and  disabilities  of  aliens  and  of  certain  companies,  associations, 
orporations  with  respect  to  proper)  y  in  l  his  State,  providing  for  escheats  in  certain  cases,  prescrib- 
re  therein,  and  repealing  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  herewith. 

The  people  of  the  .'•'late  of  California  do  enact  as  follows: 

'i(>.\  1.  All  aliens  eligible  to  citizenship  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  may 
acqni'  'lit,  and  inherit  real  property,  or  any  interest  therein, 

in  this  State,  in  the  sunn-  manner  and  to  the  same  extent  as  citizens  of  th"  United 
is  other  .vise  provided  by  the  laws  of  this  State. 

EXHIBIT  3. 

:her  than  those  mentioned  in  section  one  of  this  act  may  acquire, 

possess,  enjoy,  and  transfer  real  properly,  or  any  interest  therein,  in  this  State,  in  the 

manner  and  'to  the  extent  and  lor  !he  purposes  'prescribed  by  any  treaty  now  existing 

•  •n  the  Government  of  the  United  States  and  the  nation  or  country  of  which 

such  alien  is  a  citi/en  or  subject,  and  not  otherwise,  ami  mau  in  addition  thereto  lease 

•  Unra1  i>ur  posit  for  a  hrm  not  <  j-c<"rdintj  three  years. 

\nv  '-omj  ;  i;;tii  n,  or  corporation  organized  under  the  laws  of  this 

or  any  oth  nation,  of  which  a  majority  of  the  members  are  aliens  other  than 

in  section  one  di  this  act.  or  in  which  a  majority  of  the  issued  capital 

may  acquire,  possess,  enjoy,  and  convey  leal  property, 

«r  an>  in,  in  this  Stale,  in  the  manner  and  to  the  extent  and  for  the 

purp'  ifiting  leuveen  the  Government  of  the 

nd  the  nation  or  country  of  which  such  members  or  stockholders  are 

citizen.-  or  subjects,   and   not   ,)ther\s'i.-e.   nml  nn;;/   iii   addition   thereto  It  a  ;>   this 

1.   Whenever  it  appeals  to  the  court  in  any  probate  proceeding  that  by  r< 
provisions  of  tliis  act  any  heir  or  devisee  can  not  take  real   property  in  this 
vhich,  but  for  said  i  -aid  heir  or  do\  isee  would  take  as  such,  the  court, 


30  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

• 

instead  of  ordering  a  distribution  of  such  real  property  to  such  heir  or  devisee,  shall 
order  a  sale  of  said  real  property  to  be  made  in  the  manner  provided  by  law  for  probate 
sales  of  real  property,  and  the  proceeds  of  such  sale  shall  "be  distributed  to  such  heir 
or  devisee  in  lieu  of  such  real  property. 

SEC.  5.  Any  real  property  hereafter  acquired  in  fee  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of 
this  act  by  any  alien  mentioned  in  section  two  of  this  act,  or  by  any  company,  assofia- 
tion,  or  corporation  mentioned  in  section  three  of  this  act,  shall  escheat  to  and  become 
and  remain  the  property  of  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  general  shall  insti- 
tute proceedings  to  have  the  escheat  of  sue  h  real  property  adjud'ged  and  enforced  in 
the  manner  provided  by  se"tion  four  hundred  seventy-four  of  the  Political  Code 
and  title  eight,  part  three,  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Procedure.  Upon  the  entry  of  final 
judgment  in  such  proceedings,  the  title  to  such  real  property  shall  pass  to  the  State 
of  California.  The  provisions  of  this  section  and  of  sections  two  and  three  of  this  act 
shall  not  apply  to  any  real  property  hereafter  acquired  in  the  enforcement  or  in  satis- 
faction of  any  lien  now  existing  upon,  or  interest  in  such  property,  so  long  as  such 
real  property  so  acquired  shall  remain  the  property  of  the  alien  company,  association, 
or  corporation  acquiring  the  same  in  such  manner. 

SEC.  6.  Any  leasehold  or  other  interest  in  real  property  less  than  the  fee,  hereafter 
acquired  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  by  any  alien  mentioned  in  section  two 
of  this  act,  or  by  any  company,  association,  or  corporation  mentioned  in  section  three 
of  this  act,  shall  escheat  to  the  State  of  California.  The  attorney  general  shall  insti- 
tute proceedings  to  have  such  escheat  adjudged  and  enforced  as  provided  in  section  five 
of  this  act.  In  such  proceedings  the  court  shall  determine  and  adjudge  the  value  of 
such  leasehold,  or  other  interest  in  such  real  property,  and  enter  judgment  for  the 
State  for  the  amount  thereof  together  with  costs.  Thereupon  the  court  shall  order  a 
sale  of  the  real  property  coA'ered  by  such  leasehold  or  other  interest,  in  the  manner 
provided  by  section  one  thousand  two  hundred  seventy-one  of  the  Code  of  Civil  Pro- 
cedure. Out  of  the  proceeds  arising  from  such  sale,  the  amcunt  of  the  judgment  ren- 
dered for  the  State  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  treasury  and  the  balance  shall  be 
deposited  with  and  distributed  by  the  court  in  accordance  with  the  interest  of  the 
parties  therein. 

SEC.  7.  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  as  a  limitation  upon  the  power  of  the 
State  to  enact  laws  with  respect  to  the  acquisition,  holding,  or  disposal  by  aliens  of 
real  property  in  this  State. 

SEC.  8.  All  a^ts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  or  in  conflict  with  the  provisions  of 
this  act  are  hereby  repealed. 

ARGUMENT   IN    FAVOR    OF   PROPOSED    ALIEN    LAND    LAW. 

Opponents  of  this  initiative  measure  must  assume  that  California  is  bound  for  some 
reason  to  give  to  Japanese  in  the  State — to  our  ultimate  undoing — privileges  not  con- 
templated by  the  treaty  with  Japan,  and  such  as  have  always  been  denied  to  Americans 
in  Japan. 

Through  the  measure  California  seeks,  as  is  her  inherent  right,  to  preserve  her  lands 
for  Americans,  precisely  as  Japan  preserves  her  lands  for  the  Japanese.  Its  primary 
purpose  is  to  prohibit  Orientals  who  can  not  become  American  citizens  from  controlling 
our  rich  agricultural  lands. 

By  what  right  does  Japan  object  to  California  extending  to  her  own  citizens  and 
lands  the  same  protection  given  by  Japan  to  the  Japanese  and  their  lands? 

Our  present  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation  with  Japan  deliberately  omits,  from 
the  privileges  granted  Japanese  in  this  country,  either  ownership  or  lease  of  agricul- 
tural lands.  Japan  has  always  prohibited  ownership,  or  lease,  or  use  of  agricultural 
lands  in  Japan  by  Americans  or  other  foreigners. 

Orientals,  and  more  particularly  Japanese,  having  commenced  to  secure  control  of 
agricultural  lands  in  California,  there  was  enacted  in  1913,  the  alien  land  law,  which 
prohibited  ownership — or  lease  beyond  three  years — of  agricultural  lands  by  aliens 
ineligible  to  citizenship. 

In  defiance  of  that  law,  through  various  subterfuges,  including  use  of  dummy  cor- 
porations and  minor  native-born  children,  Orientals,  largely  Japanese,  are  fast  securing 
control  of  the  richest  irrigated  lands  in  the  State,  through  lease  or  ownership,  the 
proportion  already  controlled  in  some  counties  being  from  50  per  cent  to  75  per  cent. 

The  initiative  measure  simply  closr-s  the  loopholes  in  the  1913  law  which  permit 
violation  and  evasion  thereof.  In  addition,  it  forbids  even  short  leaser. 

Long  lease  of  these  lands  by  Japanese  is  as  injurious  in  effect  as  ownership;  and  the 
short  lease  becomes  long  lease  through  repeated  renewal,  and  because  once  the  land 
is  occupied  by  Japanese,  the  whites  move  away,  and  cease  to  be  prospective  lessees. 

Control  of  these  rich  lands  means  in  time  control  of  the  products,  and  control  of  the 
markets.  Control  of  the  products  of  the  soil  by  a  unified  interest  such  as  the  Japanese 


,TA:  IMMIGRATION  AND  COT  x.  31 

will  !•-.  'hcfe.umry.     Th:H  vill  1  •  ;acal 

I  by  the  heavy  birth  ran-.     That  condition  is 
-ail 

landl;- 

or,  it  is  i;  cur- 

.cnt.  ^ 

:  aided  and  <  iti/enship  of 
I.     All  J;r,  in  indefir  ; 

,n,  and  will    1  .  ights 

•.borers  in   '  in  much 

'luui  in  any  occupation  in  i!:oir  own  land.     The  birth  rate  v\'ill  impure  inc  r< 

•|>uUi!im  in  \\ 

iiK'liLnblf  to  citize]  "ire,  use, 

in  real  property  to  the  extent  and  for  the  purpose, 
v.'ith  his  respective  nation,  and  not 

tifence,  are  provided,  and  CP-  dties 

for  deliberate  violation  or  evasion.     The  equities 
of  innocent  holders  are  fully  ] 

refnllv  prcp.ir  •  ^Mto  L^i-luti 

d  provisions  had  b<-.>u  criti-i/.ed  by  various  leading  legal  and  civic  organi- 

i  should  vote  d  for  the  measure,  for  the  additional  reason 

that  her  polled  v  of  the  problem  will  influence  the  Nation  in 

ion. 

V.   S  '-  HY. 

ARGUMENT   AGAINST    PROPOSED    ALIEN    LAND    LAW. 

This  initiative'  raises  questions  of  cold  law,  to  which  I  invite  the  very  thoughtful 

rion  of  the  voi> 

(  )ur  nvaty  with  Japan  provides  that  the  Japanese  here  •'may  own  or  hire  and  occupy 

-hops,  and  premises  and  lease  land  for  residential 

and  commercial  purposes."     In  its  economic  definition  commerce  consists  ot'  pro- 
duction. tr  m.  and  exchange;  production  is  the  ranking  element,  because 

withouti'  MO  commerce. 

reaty  protects  the  right  of  Japanese  to  hire  or  own  manufactories,  for  transmu- 
tation, warehouse^.  \\  ::ange.  and  to  lea-e  land  for  commercial  pur: 

Land  employed  in  agricultural  production  is  employed  in  a  commercial  purpose. 
The  treat}'  is  intended,  th  e  the  Japanese  privilege  to  enter  upon  complete 

commerce,  and  therefore  protects  their  right  to  lease  land  for  production.     Any  other 
pretation  twists  the  plain  language  of  the  treaty  into  vain  repetition. 

light  of  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
•11  deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction 

tion  of  the  la  rid  the  initiative  in  conflict  with  our  o\vn 

const  itutio  [\  proposes  a  discriminatory  classification  of  ali«  rring 

upon  01  ion  of  the  law  which  it  denies  to  another  class. 

i  imination  applies  also  to  the  leasing  of  land  denied  to  Japanese  and  per- 
1  to  other  aliens.     It  also  applies  to  th^  feature  of  the  initiative  -which  subjects 
Japanese  minors  who  own  land  to  the  guardianship  of  the  public  administrator,  but 
exempts  other  alien  minors  who  own  land  from  such  guardianship. 

•riminatio!.  >e  people 

ofanor  '•>•  thi'iniuatr.  •  led  by  the  United  St  •  'ourt 

as  unconstitutional.     That  court  held  that  "<?qual  protection  of  the  laws  is  B 
to  all  ;o  any  dii'feren^s  of  ra^e,  color,  or  nationality,"  and 

••promoting-tn^  health,  safety,  morals,  and 
utional.  and  d<  te  vejpy  ess/n<  -e  of  ])ersonal  freedom  and 

opportunity  it  was  the  purpose  of  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  s'yure."     And  "if 
•ii  co-lid  '  jrounVof  r;  lie  prohibition 

d  to  any  person  of  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws  wo-!  nvn  form 

Of  Wo1 

In  ti.  -tripped  the  initiative  of  its  cryptic  and  involved  language 


of  land  to  Japanese  and  Chinee  landowning  minors  of  those 

races  from  the  natural  guardianship  of  tie  .aid  commit  them  to  the  control  of 

the  public  administrators. 


32  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    AXI)    COI.OXrZATIOX. 

All  the  other  confusing  propositions  of  the  initiative,  respecting  holdings  in  cor- 
porations, etc.,  are  subordinate  to  these  two. 

Considered  in  its  effect  upon  the  landowners  in  the  State,  the  initiative,  under 
penalty  of  confiscation,  prohibits  them  from  leasing  land  to  a  certain  class  of  persons. 
If  the  State  can  do  that  it  can  also  compel  landowners,  tinder  penalty  of  confiscation, 
to  lease  their  land  to  a  certain  class  of  persons.  It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  the  claim 
of  such  power  in  the  State  is  a  destructive  blow  at  the  liberty  of  American  citizens. 

JOHN  P.  IRISH. 
EXHIBIT  4. 

OUR  NEW  RACIAL  PROBLEM. 
JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION  AND  ITS  MENACE — STARTLING  RESULTS  OF  CONGRESSIONAL 

INQUIRY — WHY  JAPAN'S  "PEACEFUL  PENETRATION"  OP  CONTINENTAL  UNITED 
STATES? — USING  AMERICAN  CITIZENSHIP  TO  FOSTER  JAPAN'S  PLANS—THE  BIRTH 
RATE  AS  AN  AGENCY  FOR  COLONIZATION — CONTROL  OF  LANDS  AyN  D  LOCALITIES  IN 
CALIFORNIA — COLONIZATION  IN  OTHER  STATES. 

In  the  statement  made  by  V.  S.  McClatchy  before  the  House  Committee  on  Immigra- 
tion and  Naturalization  during  its  hearings  in  California  in  July,  1920,  in  connection 
with  the  subject  of  Japanese  immigration,  was  included  much  interesting  and  startling 
and  therefore  unpublished  matter  casting  light  on  various  phases  of  the  problem 
which  is  now  receiving  not  only  State  but  national  attention. 

From  a  digest  of  that  statement  it  appears  that  the  economic  question  of  to-day  will 
develop  into  a  grave  racial  problem,  unless  the  proper  remedy  be  at  once  applied; 
that  the  Japanese  have  determined  to  colonize  favorable  sections  of  the  United  States, 
and  permanently  establish  their  race  in  this  country;  that  they  openly  preach  their 
plans  of  peaceful  penetration,  "get  more  land  and  beget  many  .children,"  as  the 
most  certain  method  of  accomplishing  the  purpose;  that  in  so  doing  they  do  not  con- 
template assimilating  as  American  citizens,  loyal  to  the  country  of  their  birth  or  adop- 
tion, but  plan  to  serve  the  ambition  of  Japan  in  world  subjection  as  taught  in  her 
religion  and  in  her  schools;  that  American-born  Japanese  on  whom  we  confer  citizen- 
ship are  being  trained  here  and  in  Japan  to  use  their  American  citizenship  for  the  glory 
of  the  Mikado  and  the  benefit  of  the  Japanese  race;  that  through  violations  of  the 
"gentlemen's  agreement,"  the  Japanese  have  increased  many  fold  in  this  country, 
while  the  declared  intent  of  the  agreement  was  to  restrict  Japanese  immigration  as 
the  exclusion  act  restricted  Chinese  immigration;  that  the  Japanese  birth  rate  per 
thousand  in  California,  now  three  times  that  of  the  whites,  exists  in  face  of  the  fact 
that  the  proportion  of  adult  females  among  the  Japanese  is  less  than  one-third  as  great 
as  among  the  whites;  that  such  birth  rate  will  be  very  greatly  increased  if  success 
attends  the  efforts  of  the  Japanese  to  bring  in  a  large  number  of  females;  that  orientals, 
largely  Japanese,  already  control,  through  ownership  or  lease,  one-sixth  of  the  rich 
irrigated  lands  of  the  State,  and,  in  some  of  the  larger  counties,  have  control  of  a 
majority  acreage  of  such  lands;  that  the  results  as  to  Japanese  control  already  secured 
in  Hawaii,  and  fast  developing  in  California,  are  contemplated  in  other  States  as  shown 
by  preliminary  colonization;  and  that  American  missionary  and  church  influence 
is  being  exerted  in  belief  of  Japanese  propaganda  and  this  Japanese  program,  in  the 
mistaken  behalf  that  Japan  in  return  will  aid  or  encourage  Christian  evangelization 
of  the  Japanese  here  and  in  Japan. 

The  statement,  of  which  the  following  is  a  digest,  supplements  other  statements  on 
the  subject  made  during  the  year  preceding  by  V.  S.  McClatchy,  before  the  com- 
mittees of  Congress  and  in  public  print,  and  generally  avoids  repetition  of  matter 
contained  in  such  previous  statements. 

THE    JAPANESE    PROBLEM    BEFORE    THE    HOUSE    IMMIGRATION    COMMITTEE. 

The  following  article  contains  the  important  parts  of  a  statement  made  before  the 
House  Committee  on  Immigration  and  Naturalization  in  connection  with  the  subject 
of  Japanese  immigration  by  V.  S.  McClatchy,  publisher  of  the  Sacramento  Bee,  at 
hearings  held  by  the  committee  in  Sacramento,  Calif.,  on  July  13  and  14,  1920.  In 
preparation  of  the  article  from  the  original  transcript  of  the  hearing  there  have  been 
omitted  repetition  of  facts  and  deductions,  and,  so  far  as  seemed  desirable,  the  dia- 
logue with  members  of  the  committee  which  elicited  the  facts.  In  this  way  brevity 
has  been  served  without  impairing  the  value  of  the  article. 

Mr.  Chairman,  and. members  of  the  House  Committee  on  Immigration  and  Naturali- 
zation, my  first  appearance  before  the  House  Immigration  Committee  in  connection 
with  the  subject  of  Japanese  immigration  was  in  June,  1919 — not  in  person,  but  by  a 


JAPANKSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    r<  >L<  >X  I/ATI-  33 

writt-  nt  hurriedly  prepared  and  mailed  at  the  telegraphed  suggestion  of 

hairman.     Tin-  statement  was  in  answer  to  the  claims  of  iSidney  L.  Gulick,  the 

most  prominent  opponent  of  Japanese  exclusion,   who  asked  your  committee  to 

appr<  uin  measure  (fathered  by  his  League  for  Constructive  Immigration 

atiom.  which  proposes  to  regulate  immigration  on  a  percentage  basis,  and  to 

1  to  all  Asiatics  the  same  privileges  as  immigrants  and  citizens  as  are  accorded 

••I ember,   !  Beared  before  the  committee  personally  and 

ii  more  comprehensive  showing  ot  the  grave  danger  to  the  Nation  threatened  by 

.ration  even  under  existing  conditions. 

•its  made  by  me  at  that  time  have  been  severely  criticised  both  as  to  facte 

and  deductions  bv  advocates  of  the  Japanese,  and  particularly  by  Mr.  Gulick,  who 

has  issued  ly  circulated,  under  the  authority  of  the  federal  Council  of  the 

rist  in  America,  two  leaflets  devoted  largely  to  an  attempt  to  discredit 

My  .1  rement  b.-fnre  \  mir  committee  is  supplemental  to.  and  should  be  con- 

•••1  in  conjunction  with,  that  previous  statement,  since  it  avoids,  so  far  as  possible, 

ition  of  matter  contained  in  the  other.     It  is  intended  to  answer  conclusively 

nt?  and  statt -iiu-nts  since  put  forth  by  Mr.  Gulick  and  other  proponents  of 

Japanese  immigration,  and  contains  in  addition  a  mass  of  valuable  and  unpublished 

ured,  in  large  part,  from  Japanese  sources.     In  the  preparation  of  this 

to  secure  authenticated  facts  and  to  draw  deductions 

which  can  not  be  assailed  with  justice. 

I  view  the  Japanese  themselves  without  prejudice,  and  do  not  even  suggest  that  there 

is  involved  in  the  present  problem  any  question  of  racial  inferiority.     The  problem 

at  present.  I  insist,  is  an  economic  one,  due  to  certain  advantages  possessed  by  the 

Japanese  in  economic  competition,  and  to  their  determined  utilization  of  those  advan- 

in  securing  permanent  place  for  their  race  in  this  country  through  their  systema- 

plan  of  peaceful  penetration. 

But  I  insist  also  that  continuance  of  existing  conditions  is  developing,  and  will  in 
time  make  certain  a  racial  problem  of  most  grave  character. 

THE  PAST  YEAR'S  INVESTIGATION. 

appearance  before  the  committee,  nearly  a  year  ago,  the  Pacific  coast 

ally  has  awakened  to  a  realization  of  the  gravity  of  the  situation,  and  there  has 

been  a  deal  of  investigation,  some  of  it  on  the  part  of  eastern  newspapers  and 

Meals.     I  misht  mention,  in  that  connection.  The  Country  Gentleman,  which 

sent  !  Tilden.  a  New  England  writer,  to  the  Pacific  coast  to  make  a  special 

problem.     In  the  issues  of  that  periodical  of  May  1 .  S.  15.  and  29, 

on  will  find  the  result  of  those  observations. 

/iment  on  the  coast  has  crystallized.     The  California  State  Board  of  Control, 
under  instructions  from  the  State  legislature,  has  been  securing  data  for  a  year  past, 
and  has  prepared  a  preliminary  report  for  the  governor.     That  report  has  gone  to  the 
>f  State  at  Washinsrton  and  to  the  public,  with  a  very  strong  letter  from 
Gov.  E  '-ailing  attention  to  the  facts,  to  the  urgency  of  the' menace  which  they 

indicate  and  ursine:  that  the  matter  be  taken  up  with  our  friend,  Japan,  in  order  that 
a  speedy  adjustment ,  which  will  preserve  the  country  for  the  white  race  and  maintain 
our  friendly  relations  with  Japan,  may  be  had. 

a  report  of  the  board  of  control,  with  its  introductory  letter  by  Gov.  Stephens. 
furnishes  a  conprehensive  review  of  the  Japanese  problem  as  presented  in  California, 
and  is  the  most  convincing  document  which  has  been  offered,  partly  because  of  its 
official  character,  and  partly  because  of  the  fair  manner  in  which  the  presentation 
has  boen  made.  I  can  not  too  stronglv  indorse  and  praise  the  manner  in  which  that 
work  has  been  done.  That  report,  as  I  understand,  is  before  your  committee,  and  I 
shall  refer  to  it  onlv  in  instances  where  it  corroborates  and  substantiates  the  various 
matters  which  I  shall  place  before  you. 

'•ation  to  me.  who  am  in  certain  phases  of  this  question  a  pioneer, 

to  see  that  the  various  investigations  made,  official  and  nonofficial.  not  onlv  fully 
confirm  the  statements  which  I  had  the  honor  to  make  to  your  committee  in  Se] 

how  that  the  danger  is,  if  anything,  greater  and  more  immediate  than 
•"d  then. 

POI  -1I.ISHED    BV    EVIDENCE. 

May  I  ask  you  to  c  -.irefully.  as  the  facts  are  developed,  hmv  conclusively 

«tabli-h  these  points: 

1.  T%e  practical  impossibility  of  a^-inrilating  the  Japanese,  or  making  good  and 
lerican  ci<  .f  ihem. 

S.  Doc. 


34  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

2.  The  determination  with  which  they  are  bent  on  making  a  permanent  place  for 
themselves  in  this  country  through  their  methods  of  peaceful  penetration,  and  not- 
withstanding any  objection  we  may  have  thereto. 

3.  The  hopelessness  of  any  attempt  by  Americans  to  meet  them  in  economic  com- 
petition or  in  birth  rate. 

4.  The  certainty  that,  unless  protective  measures  are  at  once  adopted,  they  will 
secure  control  of  the  country,  first  through  economic  competition  and  finally  through 
force  of  numbers. 

5.  The  criminal  unwisdom  of  permitting  any  foreign  nation,  however  friendly,  to 
be  the  sole  judge  of  what  immigration  shall  be  admitted  to  our  land.     That  is  our 
present  policy  with  Japan. 

6.  The  absolute  necessity,  along  the  line  of  self-preservation,  of  applying  the  same 
exclusion  policy  as  to  Japanese  that  has  been  effective  for  years  in  regard  to  Chinese. 

7.  The  imperative  necessity  of  applying  the  remedy  now,  while  we  can. 

DETERMINED   TO    COLONIZE. 

As  to  the  second  point,  the  determination  of  the  Japanese  to  secure  a  footing  in 
this  country,  through  peaceful  penetration,  regardless  of  our  objections  thereto,  let 
me  ask  careful  consideration  by  the  committee  of  Exhibit  Z,  extract  from  the  Sacra- 
mento Bee  of  October  22,  1919,  in  which  appears  a  translation  of  an  article  published 
a  few  days  before  in  Shin  Sekai,  The  New  World,  a  Japanese  newspaper  of  San 
Francisco.  The  article  is  called  forth  by  the  opposition  in  California  to  Japanese 
immigration,  and  increase  of  Japanese  population  through  "picture  brides,"  etc. 
Following  are  a  few  sentences  quoted  from  the  article: 

"When  we  of  the  Yamato  race  arise  with  a  mighty  resolve,  their  (the  Americans') 
opposition  will  be  as  futile  as  an  attempt  to  sweep  the  sea  with  a  broom." 

"We  should  advance,  and  not  recede.  To  stop  is  to  retreat,  While  we  push 
forward  boldly  the  enemy  has  no  chance  to  form  plans  '  *.  These  maxims  are 

suitable  for  the  present  situation." 

"Even  if  photograph  marriages  should  be  prohibited,  we  can  not  be  stopped  from 
leaving  our  descendants  on  this  American  Continent.  Even  if  not  a  single  Japanese^ 
woman  comes,  it  is  not  possible  to  prevent  the  seed  of  our  great  Yamato  race  from 
being  sown  in  this  American  Continent  by  marriages  with  Americans,  with  French, 
with  Indians,  and  with  Negroes;  especially  since  there  already  are  100,000  Japanese 
here,  and  5,000  children  are  born  annually." 

"Supposing  we  Japanese  were  prohibited  from  owning  or  cultivating  the  land. 
*  *  *  If  we  can  not  conveniently  do  so  in  California,  we  shall  go  to  other  States 
and  devise  some  plan.  Even  the  laws  of  California  are  not  forever  unchangeable." 

"The  day  will  come  when  the  strength  of  the  Japanese  will  make  a  clean  sweep, 
of  all  laws." 

"Even  the  Kaiser's  empire  was  destroyed  when  its  time  came." 

"What  can  Phelan  and  Inman  (leaders  of  the  anti-Japanese  movement)  *  *  * 
do  to  stop  the  forward  movement  of  our  Yamato  race?  " 

THE  "CONSTRUCTIVE  IMMIGRATION"  BILL. 

Let  me  call  to  your  attention  briefly  the  claims  of  Sidney  Gulick  and  other  friends 
and  proponents  of  the  Japanese,  as  presented  to  the  American  public. 

Mr.  Gulick,  since  I  first  opposed  his  demands  on  behalf  of  Japanese  immigration, 
in  June,  1919,  has  been  steadily  giving  ground,  when  he  found  that  ground  absolutely 
untenable.  He  withdrew  from  his  proposed  constructiove  immigration  bill,  one  by 
one,  several  ridiculous  provisions  to  which  attention  had  been  called — the  grand- 
father clause,  which,  by  the  importation  of  a  few  thousand  octogenarians  who  could 
send  for  all  their  blood  relatives  would  have  opened  our  gates  to  an  unlimited  number 
of  Japanese;  the  student  provision,  under  which  any  number  of  laborers  could  have 
come  over  as  students,  and  gone  to  work  at  once  in  our  fields,  without  any  power  on 
the  part  of  our  Government  under  the  bill  to  prevent  it,  the  religious  persecutee  clause, 
which  opened  our  gates  to  any  one  claiming  religious  persecution.  Let  me  add  that 
these  provisions  are  also  in  the  bill  introduced  in  the  Senate  by  Senator  Dillingham. 

These  are  a  few  of  the  "jokers"  in  the  original  immigration  bill  under  which  Mr. 
Gulick  insisted  that  Japanese  immigration  would  be  materially  cut  down.  Under 
the  circumstances,  it  is  not  strange  that  I  am  forced  to  question  either  his  good  faith 
or  his  intelligence.  He  is  still  on  the  retreat,  as  noticed  in  his  recent  leaflets,  but  he 
persists  in  fighting  for  what  has  always  been  his  real  objective,  though  camouflaged 
carefully  in  the  beginning.  I  refer  to  that  because  it  is  the  objective  of  all  the  pro- 
ponents of  the  "constructive"  immigration  bill,  and  all  the  opponents  of  the  views 
which  I  present — the  passage  of  an  act  which  will  approve  Mr.  Gulick 's  so-called 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  35 

oriental  policy,''  placing  Asiatics  on  the  same  plane  as  to  immigration  and 
American  citizen/ship  as  European  races,  and  which,  under  his  percentage  basis  plan, 
will  admit  ten  times  as  many  Japanese  as  Chinese,  and  a  still  greater  number  of 
Japanese  as  compared  with  other  Asiat 

It  would  also  compel  us.  for  each  immigrant  admitted  from  France,  Holland,  Wales, 
or  Mexio ,.  i  ,  admit  the  following  number  from  each  of  the  respective  countries  named : 
Germany,  60;  Ireland,  30;  England,  15;  Canada,  15;  Russia,  10;  Austria,  8;  Sweden, 
7;  Norway,  (i;  Scotland.  4;  Denmark,  Hungary  and  Switzerland,  each  2. 

"CRITICISM  OF  PREVIOUS  STATEMENTS." 

Mr.  Gulick  says  that  I  use  unscientific  statistics  and  sensational  exaggerations,  and 
that  my  statements  are  so  far  from  the  facts  that  the  "argument  for  the  legislative 
program  (against  Japanese  immigration)  falls  entirely  to  pieces."  He  makes  that 
general  charge  against  my  estimate  of  the  Japanese  population  in  California,  which 
becomes  an  important  factor  in  various  phases  of  the  problem.  The  population  cuts 
a  figure  in  the  Japanese  birth  rate  in  California  and  is  of  importance  in  connection 
with  statements  as  to  nonassimilability  of  the  Japanese  and  as  to  violations  of  the 
"gentlemen's  agreement/' 

Insists  that  Japanese  own  but  little  land  in  California;  that  there  is  no  evidence 
that  Japanese  fail  to  make  good  citizens;  that  increase  of  Japanese  population  under 
the  'gentlemen's  agreement  "  has  been  only  55  per  cent;  that  picture  brides  are  not 
as  efficient  reproduction  as  I  have  represented,  and  that  I  have  exaggerated 

the  proportion  of  Japanese  school  children  in  certain  Florin  districts. 

He  attacks  the  five  planks  of  the  anti-Japanese  platform  as  first  proposed  by  me  in 
June,  1919,  and  since  generallv  adopted  by  all  enlisted  in  the  movement,  and  bases 
_Mimetits  against  them,  directly  or  indirectly,  on  his  insistence  that  my  state- 
ment of  facts  and  statistics  are  untrustworthy. 

h  and  all  of  these  matters  there  is  now  evidence  so  complete  and  so  unques- 
tionable in  its  character  as  to  readily  convince  anv  jury  of  intelligent  and  unpreju- 
diced and  competent  investigators.  So  much  of  that  evidence  as  may  be  necessary 
for  the  purpose  will  be  laid  before  your  committee. 

h  the  proof  now  available  that  the  Japanese  population  of  California  is  about 
100,000,  it  is  evident  that  such  population  has  been  increased  about  50,000,  most  of 
them  laborers,  since  Japan  asked  for  and  secured  a  "gentlemen's  agreement,"  because 
the  population  prior  thereto  was  less  than  30,000,  and  births  less  deaths  up  to  last  year, 
when  my  statement  was  made,  were  about  20,000,  as  stated  by  Mr.  Gulick.  It  is 
true  that  the  Japanese  population  of  continental  United  States  is  about  150,000  (since 
Mr.  Gulick  concedes  50,000  outside  of  California),  and  it  is  true  that  the  Japanese 
population  of  the  United  States  has  increased  sixfold  since  1900,  nearly  all  under  the 
protection  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement";  all  of  which  statements  of  mine  were 
earnestly  denied  by  Mr.  Gulick  and  apparently  disproved  by  a  skillfully  selected 
and  plausibly  arranged  lot  of  statistics. 

With  these  suggestions  and  the  evidence  and  statistics  which  are  to  follow,  I  feel 
that  those  who  have  attacked  my  statements,  including  Mr.  Gulick,  are  completely 
answered. 


INCREASE  OF  JAPANESE  POPULATION. 

HAWAII  ALREADY  INUNDATED — SIXFOLD  INCREASE  IN  CONTINENTAL- UNITED  STATES 
IN  20  YEARS — IN   C>  LIFOKNIA,  WITH  LESS  THAN  ONE-THIRD  PROPORTION  OF  ADULT 

FEMA1.KS,  THE  JAPANESE  HAVE  THREE  TIMES  THE  BIRTHRATE  OF  WHITES WHITES 

FORCED  OUT  OF  SELECTED  DISTRICTS — RESULTS  IN  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

Population  is  a  very  important  factor  in  the  problem  you  are  to  consider.  First, 
as  to  total  Japanese  population.  The  number  in  Hawaii  is  conceded  to  be  between 
112,00"  iind  iLn.nno,  out  of  a  total  population  of  all  races,  say.  of  _>:><;. 000.  I  haven't 
seen  the  census  figures.  These  are  estimates  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  and 
the  Hawaiian  Board  of  Education  and  other  official  sources,  lint  more  than  50  per 
cent  of  births  and  more  than  50  per  cent  of  new  school  registrations  in  Hawaii  are 
Japai 

The  Japanese  have  already  in  Hawaii  four  times  as  many  as  the  Chinese  or  Hawaiians 
or  Portuguese  or  other  wihtes,  and  within  20  years  will  cast  more  votes,  as  American- 
born  citi/ens,  than  all  other  races  combined. 

In  continental  1  i  .tside  of  California,  Sidney  Gulick  concedes  that 

my  estimate  of  50,000  Japanese  is  correct.  In  California,  where  I  have  estimated 


36  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

100,000— say,  25,000  children,  60,000  adult  males,  and  15,000  adult  females— Gulick 
insists  that  there  are  not  more  than  72,000  or  73,000,  and  on  that  difference  of  30,000 
he  hangs  his  argument  through  several  pages  of  his  pamphlets  as  to  a  number  of  differ- 
ent points.  These  arguments  all  fall  to  the  ground  if  I  am  right  and  he  is  wrong, 
and  that  has  been  demonstrated. 

Mr.  Gulick  and  others  have  based  their  demonstration  as  to  the  number  of  Japa- 
nese in  California  on  the  theory  that  there  are  none  in  the  State  who  had  not  entered 
legally,  and  that  the  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1910,  with  allowance  for 
arrivals  and  departures  and  births  and  deaths  since,  as  furnished  bv  the  official  sta- 
tistics, would  give  the  present  population.  The  State  board  of  control  in  its  report, 
estimating  in  this  same  manner,  places  the  total  at  87,279,  but  explains  that  this 
estimate  makes  no  allowance  for  the  number  who  have  entered  the  State  surrepti- 
tiously. The  Japanese  Association  of  America  advises  the  board  of  control  that  a 
census  recently  undertaken  by  the  Japanese  shows  78,628  in  the  State  and  says  there 
are,  in  addition,  about  5,090  California-born  Japanese  in  Japan  who  will  return  here. 

It  is  not  generally  known  that  a  census  taken  in  California  in  1910,  by  order  of  the 
Japanese  Government,  showed  53,000  Japanese  in  this  State,  while  the  United  States 
census  enumerated  only  41,000.  This  shortage  of  12,000  in  the  data  used  by  the  State 
board  of  control  (for  it  took  the  United  States  census  of  1910  as  basis  and  added  births 
and  legal  recorded  entries,  and  subtracted  deaths  and  departures,  to  give  the  pres- 
ent population)  would  raise  its  estimate  of  the  present  population  to  99,000  without 
illegal  entries.  From  this  it  would  appear  that  an  estimate  of  the  actual  Japanese 
population  (including  illegal  entries)  based  on  mortuary  tables  as  hereinafter  referred 
to — of  109.000 — -is  probably  not  far  from  correct. 

100,000  JAPANESE   IN    CALIFORNIA. 

In  view  of  the  apparent  present  desire  of  the  Japanese  to  conceal  their  real  num- 
bers, the  Japanese  census  of  this  year  can  not  be  accepted  as  of  much  value.  In 
San  Diego  County,  for  instance,  where  the  Japanese  originally  reported  800  residents, 
a  recount  by  the  United  States  census  enumerators  disclosed  1,200,  as  published  a 
few  month's  ago.  Too  much  reliance  can  not  be  placed  even  upon  the  final  figures 
of  the  United  States  census  of  1920,  so  far  as  they  may  indicate  the  actual  Japanese 
population  of  California,  in  view  of  the  apparent  and  determined  effort  to  conceal 
their  real  numbers,  and  the  ease  with  which,  under  present  conditions  and  methods, 
enumeration  may  be  avoided,  and  the  great  error  conceded  in  the  1910  census. 

Mr.  L.  E.  Ross,  registrar  of  the  bureau  of  vital  statistics  of  the  State  board  of  health, 
gave  out  on  June  7,  1920,  his  latest  figures  on  population  and  birth  rate  in  California, 
which  appeared  in  the  Sacramento  Bee  of  that  date.  (Exhibit  A.)  Mr.  Ross's  esti- 
mate of  the  total  population  of  the  State  in  1919  is  3,234,204,  and  of  that  number  he 
estimates  96,000  Japanese.  He  states  that  this  estimate  of  the  Japanese  population 
is  based  on  data  secured  by  the  board  of  control  and  from  the  United  States  census 
and  the  Japanese  census,  a'nd  includes  those  who  have  illegally  entered  the  State. 

Yvliile  Mr.  Ross  has  thus  used  96,000  as  his  official  estimate  of  the  State's  Japanese 
population,  he  evidently  believes  the  total  to  be  much  higher.  In  the  current  num- 
ber of  the  State's  monthly  Health  Bulletin  appears  an  article  by  him  explaining  a 
method  which  he  has  developed  for  estimating  the  population  from  the  known  ratio 
of  males  and  females  and  from  the  established  death  rate  in  each  sex.  Applying  this 
ratio  to  determine  the  present  percentage  of  race  distribution  in  the  State,  on  the 
assumption  that  the  entire  population  is  3.234,299  (his  estimate  for  1919),  he  finds 
that  it  gives  results  as  to  decrease  of  Chinese,  slight  increase  of  Indians,  and  material 
increase  of  Negroes,  in  accordance  with  the  known  facts.  The  same  process  indicates 
a  Japanese  population  in  the  State  of  109,000. 

With  the  Japanese  population  of  the  State  thus  fixed  conservatively  at,  say,  100,000, 
all  the  estimates  which  I  have  made  as  to  present  and  future  conditions  in  this  State 
and  in  this  Nation  receive  final  verification,  for  this  was  the  only  factor  assailed  by 
Mr.  Gulick  which  1  was  not  in  position  to  establish  beyond  question. 

ESTIMATES    OF    FUTURE    JAPANESE    POPULATION. 

The  tables  heretofore  presented  by  me  to  this  committee  indicating  the  increase 
of  Japanese  population  in  the  United  States  in  the  future  if  existing  conditions  con- 
tinue are  now  placed  beyond  criticism.  My  estimate  of  the  present  population, 
which  was  one  of  the  factors,  has  been  verified  by  official  authority.  The  birth  rate, 
as  will  be  found  later,  has  also  been  verified  officially;  but  it  is  to  be  remembered  that 
in  those  tables  as  a  factor  indicating  natural  increase  due  to  births  less  deaths  is  used 
a  number  one-half  as  large  as  what  was  then  indicated  by  known  instances  in  certain 
communities,  and  apparently  confirmed  by  the  birth  rate  as  published  by  the  State 


JAPANKSK    IMMIGRATION    AND   COLONIZATION.  37 

board  of  health.     T:  "ard  of  health  published  for  1918  a  birth  rate  of  62  for 

Japanese  and  i ')  and  •-.  but  that  was  based  on  the  population  which 

id  they  had  in  this  State— 70,000.     The  board  of  health  ha?  proved 

ii  that  the* Japanese  were  mistaken:  that  their  population  was  then  a 

.  and  That  their  birth  rate  was  therefore  proportionately  smaller.     It 

1  in  connection  with  the  Japanese  birth  rate  in  California  that 

•  ion  01  m;i  ies  is  four  to  one,  while  the  proportion  of  males  to  females 

amonu'  'he  whites  is  on«-  to  one.     If  the  Japanese  population  included  females  in  the 

same  proportion  as  the  whites  have,  their  binh  rate  would  be  multiplied  by  three  or 

'hat  my  factor  of  natural  increase  under  conditions  outlined  is  well  below 

xpected. 

hat  if  the  (nilick  plan  of  percentage  immigration 

ind  admissions  ecu  intely  to  "allotmeir  mating  all 

true  of  the  Diliingham  bill — the  Japanese  poptila- 

I'nited  Stale,  ;n  -Hi  yean  would  be  2.000.000,  in  80  years  10.000.000,  and  in 
•10,000.000. 

Vii,  eement"  thein<  population  indicated 

in  th  just  as  inevitable,  hut  would  be  accomplished  in  greater  or 

to  the  character  and  •  xienr  of  the  violations  of  the  agreement 

THF.    KI.ORIX    SCHOOL    DISTRl* 

YV]  committee  in  8  :'.».  attention  was  called  to  the 

in  the  Florin  distri< -t.     I  said  "that  in  certain  sections  the  Japanese  had 

iy  displaced  the  whites  in  some  strawberry  and  grape  fields,  and  that  the 

liildren  were  rapidly  supplanting  the  white  children  in  the  schools.     Mr. 

red  to  throw  discredit  upon  my  statement  by  publishing  total  attend- 

\  school  districts  around  Florin.     In  these  six  districts  he  stated 

that  the  white  children  numbered  517,  of  whom  209  were  under  0  y.  .  and 

that  tin  re  were  530  Japanese,  of  whom  292  were  under  6. 

M\  otions  of  the  area,  which  Mr.  (iiilick  th  iates, 

if  the  school  districts  in  this  section  are  named,  respect  • 
rra.  and  Florin.     The  Sacramento  County  grand  jury,  in  its  report 
published  May  a  that  in  the  Enterprise  district  out  of  40  pupils  17  are 

Japanese.  In  the  Sierra  district  out  of  <;4  pupils  40  are  Japanese.  The  report  adds, 
': There  is  evidence  here  of  rapid  increase  of  Japanese  to  the  extension  of  the  whites.'' 
In  the  Florin  district,  out  of  135  pupils,  85  are  Japanese.  The  report  adds.  "So 
rapidly  is  the  Japanese  population  growing  to  the  exclusion  of  the  whites  that  in  a 
year  or  two  all  children  in  school  will  consist  of  Japanese.  The  upper  and  outgoing 
grades  have  the  only  white  enrollment. ' ' 

The  county  school  superintendent  of  Sacramento  County  reports  that  in  the  Florin 
district  there  were  in  the  fourth  grade  in  1918,  5  Japanese  and  9  whites,  and  in  1920, 
13  Japanese  and  no  whites;  in  the  fifth  grade  there  were  in  1918,  6  Japanese  and  4 
whites,  and  in  1920,  14  Japanese  and  3  whites.  At  present  there  are  in  the  first  and 
second  grades  in  this  district  41  Japanese  and  15  whites;  in  the  third  and  fourth  grades, 
35  Japanese  and  10  whites:  in  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  grades,  15  Japanese  and 
18  whites.  It  is  only  in  the  higher  grades  that  at  present  the  whites  predominate. 
All  the  lower  grades  in  the  three  districts  show  a  rapid  increase  in  Japanese  and  an 
equally  rapid  decrease  in  white  attendance.  >. 

Even  the  statistics  quoted  by  Mr.  Gulick  show  that  in  aSmuch  larger  area — in  six 
districts  about  Florin — the  number  of  Japanese  under  21  already  exceed  the  whites, 
while  among  children  under  6  years  the  Japanese  exceed  the  whites  nearly  50  per  cent. 
These  figures  themselves  prove  the  rapid  displacement  of  the  whites,  the  great  excess 
of  very  young  children  being  peculiarly  significant.  V 

THE    JAPANESE    BIRTH    RATE. 

The  comparative  birth  rate  per  1,000  of  the  Japanese  becomes  a  vital  factor  in  this 
problem;  for,  if  it  be  true  that  though  they  constitute  to-day  less  than  one-thirtieth 
of  the  population  of  the  State,  their  birth  rate,  notwithstanding  the  small  proportion 
of  females  among  them,  is  three  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  whites,  then  it  is  only  a 
question  of  time  when  they  will  outnumber  the  whites.  That  would  be  true  even  if 
immigration  were  to  cease  entirely.  Continue  to  admit  immigration,  or  increase  the 
proportion  of  Japanese  females,  and  the  day  when  the  white  race  in  California  will 
DC  in  the  minority  will  be  brought  much  closer.  In  Hawaii  it  is  now  at  hand.  A 
continuance  of  existing  conditions  will  produce  in  all  other  States  of  the  Union  the 
result  which  is  looming  above  the  horizon  in  California. 


38  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND  COLONIZATION. 

When  it  is  remembered  that  this  prolific  race  is  unassimilable  in  the  great  American 
melting  pot,  and  invincible  in  economic  competition  with  our  people,  the  gravity  of 
the  problem  is  apparent. 

The  birth  rate  of  the  Japanese  per  1,000  of  population  in  California,  as  given  by 
the  State  board  of  health  for  the  year  1918,  was  nearly  four  times  that  of  the  whites; 
that  is  to  say,  62  and  a  fraction  as  against  16  and  a  fraction.  These  figures  were  based, 
as  I  explained,  however,  on  the  population  then  claimed  by  the  Japanese  of  only 
70,000.  If  we  take  the  official  estimate  of  the  board  of  health  of  the  Japanese  popula- 
tion of  96,000  in  the  State,  the  Japanese  birth  rate  per  1,000  for  1919  becomes,  as 
announced  by  the  board,  46.44  as  against  16.59  for  all  other  races  in  the  State,  including 
all  whites — that  is,  nearly  3  to  1. 

The  total  births  in  the  State  in  1919  were  56,521,  and  the  whites  were  51,316;  sc 
that  there  were,  other  than  whites,  5,205.  Of  that  5,205,  4,458  were  Japanese,  and 
included  in  the  balance  of  747  were  all  the  other  races  except  the  whites  and  the 
Japanese — the  Negroes,  the  Indians  and  the  Chinese.  The  Japanese  had  over  six 
times  the  number  of  births  of  all  other  races,  aside  from  whites,  in  the  State  of  California 
in  1919. 

Mr.  TAYLOR.  The  Japanese  that  you  have  in  California  are  middle-age,  or  below, 
are  they  not? 

.Mr.  MCCLATCHY.  The  figures  show,  Mr.  Taylor,  that  of  all  the  Japanese  that  came 
over  here  in  20  years  past,  90  per  cent  were  between  14  and  44  years  of  age;  that  is  to 
say,  of  the  mature,  of  the  prolific  age. 

In  Sacramento  City  the  Japanese  a  year  or  so  ago  claimed  2,580  population,  and  the 
census  of  the  total  population  now  shows  66^000.  I  am  assuming  that  no  less  than  60,000 
are  white.  If  that  is  so,  the  recorded  births  in  1918  and  1919  would  indicate  that  the 
Japanese  birth  rate  in  Sacramento  City  is  four  times  that  of  the  whites,  provided  they 
have  only  2,500  population.  If  they  have  3,000  population,  then  the  birth  rate  of 
the  Japanese  in  Sacramento  City  would  be  three  and  a  third  times  that  of  the  whites. 

The  suggestion  is  made  that  this  is  an  unfair  comparison,  because  the  Japanese  are 
in  the  prolific  period  and  we  are  comparing  them  with  whites  who  are  not  all  pro- 
ductive. It  you  will  turn  to  the  report  of  the  State  board  of  control,  page  34,  the 
census  of  1910  shows  in  California,  313.281  married  white  women  under  45  years  of  age. 
The  number  of  white  births  was  30,893,  therefore  the  parentage  percentage  among 
white  women  of  this  age  was  9.9.  In  contrast ,  the  board 's  report  q  uotes  figures  secured 
in  the  special  census  of  the  Japanese  Association  of  America,  made  in  1919,  as  follows: 
Total  married  Japanese  women  in  California,  15,211;  number  of  births,  4,378;  parent- 
age percentage  28.8,  which  is  three  times  the  parentage  percentage  of  the  whites  in 
the  corresponding  period  of  life. 

The  Japanese  have  been  in  control  in  Hawaii  for  a  long  time,  and  their  birth  rate, 
as  shown  by  the  official  figures,  is  45  or  50  or  more  in  the  1.000,  and  that  includes, 
you  must  remember,  a  number  of  old  men  and  women.  This,  taken  with  the  proba- 
bility that  the  proportion  of  females  will  increase,  is  the  most  practical  answer  to  the 
suggestion  that  the  Japanese  birth  rate  in  California  will  soon  decrease. 

WHY   JAPANESE    PREFER    CALIFORNIA. 

Mr.  SIEGEL.  Have  you  given  any  thought  to  the  fact  that  before  long  Japan  will 
have  a  large  part  of  Siberia,  aftd  that,  therefore,  the  drift  will  be  over  there  instead  of 
over  here? 

Mr.  MCCLATCHY.  The  drift  will  never  be  to  Siberia  as  long  as  the  Japanese  are 
encouraged  or  permitted  to  come  here.  California  is  the  paradise  of  the  Japanese, 
and  they  settle  here  in  preference  to  any  part  of  the  United  States,  and  in  preference 
to  any  part  of  the  world.  They  can  make  more  money,  under  more  favorable  condi- 
tions, and  with  less  effort,  in  California  than  anywhere  else,  and  naturally  they  come 
here.  And,  even  if  there  were  a  great  drift  over  toward  Siberia,  it  must  be  remembered 
that  the  net  increase  of  population  in  Japan  each  year  is  said  to  be  600,000  or  700,000. 
It  would  take  but  a  very  small  proportion  of  that  net  increase,  if  permitted  to  come 
in  here,  to  inundate  us  in  a  comparatively  short  time.  When  they  have  occupied 
the  most  desirable  portions  of  California,  they  will  follow  a  similar  policy  as  to  other 
States.  They  have  already  commenced. 

NUMBER   AND    OCCUPATION    OF    IMMIGRANTS. 

Mr.  SIEGEL.  What  about  the  report  introduced  yesterday,  showing  that  a  number 
of  Japanese  had  left  this  country,  from  July  1  to  June  30,  greater  than  those  that  came 
here? 

Mr.  MCCLATCHY.  I  have  this  suggestion  to  offer  in  regard  to  that  phase  of  the  subject: 
Let  me  say  of  arrivals  and  departures,  that  we  are  interested  in  what  is  designated  in 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  39 

official  reports  as  "immigrant"  arrivals  and  departures;  we  are  not  interested  in  the 
"nonimmigrant,"  arrivals  and  departures,  since  they  do  not  stay  here;  they  are 
supposed  to  be  tourists,  travelers,  students,  and  they  come  and  go.  The ' '  immigrant " 
arrivals  are  permanent^  that  settle  and  become  a  part  oi  the  population;  it  is  those  in 
which  \vt»  are  interested. 

In  view  oi  the  enormous  increase  of  Japanese  population  in  continental  United 
States  since  1900,  and  particularly  since  the  "gentlemen's  agreement"  was  nego- 
tiated, it  is  absurd  to  make  a  claim  as  to  departures  exceeding  arrivals  in  the  aggregate. 

Mr.  RAKER.  Mr.  McOatchy,  can  you  segregate  these  arrivals  as  to  occupation? 

Mr.  McC-LATCHY.  You  will  find  in  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Immigration 
for  each  year  a  segregation  by  occupation  of  all  the  Japanese  and  Chinese,  and  perhaps 
other  races  which  have  entered.  May  I  direct  the  attention  of  the  committee  to 
the  fact  that,  in  every  one  of  those  enumerations,  will  be  found  a  large  number  of 
immigrants  classed  as  laborers.  Each  year  since  1908,  according  to  the  official  reports, 
you  will  find  from  1,000  to  3,000  Japanese  laborers  have  been  admitted,  which  is  in 
direct  violation  of  the  gentlemen's  agreement,  unless  those  laborers  were  previous 
residents  of  the  United  States — and  all  of  them  could  not  have  been. 

STARTLING    INCREASE    OF   JAPANESE    BIRTHS. 

In  the  report  of  the  board  of  control  at  page  34  you  will  find  a  very  striking  diagram- 
matic illustration,  chart  4.  That  chart,  interpreted,  shows  the  high  number  of 
Japanese  births  per  100  registered  births  in  18  of  the  rich  agricultural  counties  of  the 
State  for  the  years  from  1910  to  1919,  that  number  being  nowhere  below  10,  and  being 
in  certain  years  above  15  in  11  of  the  counties,  above  20  in  7,  above  25  in  2.  and  above 
30  in  1.  That  is  to  say,  of  the  entire  number  of  births  in  those  counties,  in  some 
counties,  in  some  years,  the  Japanese  furnished  nearly  a  third,  and  nowhere  less  than  a 
tenth,  and  from  a  tenth  it  ran  up  to  a  third.  And  this  notwithstanding  the  great 
disparity  in  population  between  whites  and  Japanese. 

In  these  18  counties  the  average  births  of  Japanese  have  risen  from  3.2  per  cent  of 
the  total  births  in  1910.  to  12.3  per  cent  in  1919;  that  is  to  say,  their  average  propor- 
tion of  the  total  has  quadrupled  in  the  past  nine  years. 

In  1910,  the  Japanese  births  represented  1  out  of  even-  44  children  born  in  the 
State.  In  1919,  nine  years  later,  the  Japanese  had  1  out  of  every  13  born  in  the  State. 
In  the  18  agricultural  counties  used  by  the  board  of  control  in  its  chart,  which  has 
just  been  considered,  the  Japanese  had  1  out  of  every  8  children  in  1919.  In  Sacra- 
mento County,  outside  of  Sacramento  City,  the  Japanese  births  in  1919  were  49.7 
per  cent  of  the  total  births — more,  therefore,  than  the  whites,  since  there  were 
Chinese.  Indians,  and  Negroes  included  in  the  total. 

According  to  the  California  school  census,  the  number  of  Japanese  minors  in  the 
State  in  1919  was  21,611,  an  increase  in  the  past  years  of  252  per  cent.  The  Chinese 
minors  numbered  4,805.  showing  a  decrease  in 'the  same  period  of  17.6  per  cent 
The  white  minors  in  that  same  period  increased  18.5  per  cent;  so  that  the  percentage 
of  increase  among  the  Japanese  minors  in  California  during  the  past  nine  years  is  14 
times  as  great  as  the  percentage  of  increase  among  the  whites. 

Permit  me  to  commend  to  your  careful  consideration  what  has  happened  in  Tunisia, 
in  North  Africa.  Tunisia  is'a  French  protectorate.  France,  many,  many  years  ago, 
tried  to  make  it  a  French  colony,  and  through  force  of  special  inducements  to  French 
emigrants  in  time  was  gratified  to  find  that  the  French  in  the  colony  exceeded  all 
other  Europeans  in  number.  Then,  the  French  Government  rested,  thinking  that 
its  work  was  well  done.  It  committed,  however,  a  grave  blunder.  It  admitted  a 
number  of  Italian  immigrants.  The  number  was  small,  and  cut  no  figure  as  compared 
with  the  resident  French  population.  Possibly  the  Italians  were  admitted  to  do 
some  of  the  labor  which  the  French  preferred  not  to  do.  The  stork  labored  for  the 
Italians,  and  did  not  labor  for  the  French,  with  the  result  that  the  Italians  very 
steadily  and  rapidly  increased  in  number,  while  the  French  slowly  decreased.  To- 
day. Tunisia,  though  still  a  French  protectorate,  is  an  Italian  colony,  in  which  the 
French  population  cuts  very  little  figure.  Let  us  remember,  however,  in  applying 
this  lesson  to  our  own  case,  if  the  time  should  ever  come  when  this  country,  because 
of  the  number  of  immigrants  absorbed,  and  because  of  their  superior  birth  rate,  has 
become  a  Japanese  colony,  it  is  certain  that  the  United  States  will  no  longer  be  able 
to  exercise  a  protectorate  over  it. 


40  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

A  GENTLEMAN'S  AGREEMENT. 

JAPANESE  LABOR  ADMITTED  IN  QUANTITY  AND  OUR  JAPANESE  POPULATION  MULTIPLIED 
NOTWITHSTANDING   THE    ANNOUNCED   INTENT    OF   THE    AGREEMENT — JAPAN    DECIDES 

WHAT    IMMIGRANTS    SHALL    BE    ADMITTED     BY    US EVASIONS'.     LABORERS,     PICTURE 

BRIDES,    "YOSHI,  "    SURREPTITIOUS    ENTRIES JAPAN'S    KNOWLEDGE     OF     ACTS     FOR 

WHICH  SHE    DISCLAIMS    RESPONSIBILITY. 

The  "gentlemen's  agreement"  is  at  the  bottom  of  all  the  present  trouble.  Mr. 
Gulick  and  the  Japanese  insist  that  it  is  a  very  excellent  arrangement,  and  that  its 
terms  have  been  faithfully  kept.  The  facts,  on  the  contrary,  demonstrate  that,  so 
far  as  concerns  the  interests  of  this  Nation  and  the  declared  intent  of  the  agreement, 
it  is  an  iniquitous  arrangement,  and  its  terms  have  been  constantly  violated,  in  letter 
and  in  spirit,  by  Japan,  and  not  properly  enforced  by  this  country. 

The  agreement  was  made  at  Japan's  request,  rather  than  have  the  exclusion  act 
made  to  include  the  Japanese.  It  was  supposed  to  secure,  so  far  as  concerns  Japanese 
immigration,  and  through  the  acts  of  Japan  herself,  results  similar  to  those  which 
were  secured  by  the  exclusion  act  against  the  Chinese.  Its  terms  provided  that 
Japan  was  to  prevent  the  importation  into  continental  United  States  of  Japanese 
labor,  skilled  and  unskilled,  and  she  afterwards  voluntaiily  agreed  to  maintain  the 
same  policy  as  to  immigration  into  Hawaii.  The  plan  adopted  was  to  admit  into 
continental  United  States,  even  from  Hawaii,  no  Japanese  who  did  not  bear  Japan's 
passport,  her  word  as  a  gentleman,  certifying  in  effect  that  his  entrance  did  not  mean 
the  entrance  of  a  laborer. 

Gulick,  says  at  page  4  of  his  pamphlet,  "The  New  Japanese  Agitation — 1920:" 
"  Calif ornians  were  demanding  that  the  Chinese  exclusion  laws  be  applied  to  Japanese. 
Japan  wished  to  avoid  the  humiliation  of  such  an  action,  and  accordingly  made  an 
arrangement  with  the  United  States  to  stop  all  new  labor  immigration.  This  is  known 
as  the  gentlemen's  agreement.  Her  faithful  observance  of  that  agreement  has  been 
sufficiently  shown  by  the  writer  in  another  paper. " 

SURRENDERING    OUR   POWERS   TO   JAPANESE. 

The  basic  difference  between  the  policies  of  the  United  States  as  to  Chinese  and 
Japanese  immigration,  respectively?  is  that,  in  the  one  case,  we  retained  absolutely  the 
right  to  decide  the  admissibility  of  the  applicant;  in  the  other  case,  we  surrendered 
that  right  entirely  to  the  other  nation,  a  blunder  on  the  part  of  a  first-class  power  for 
which  there  can  be  no  possible  excuse. 

The  following  language  is  from  the  report  of  the  State  board  of  control:  <(The  'gentle- 
men's agreement, '  intended  to  stop  the  indirect  route  of  immigrant  labor  to  conti- 
nental United  States  through  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  Philippines,  Mexico,  Canada, 
etc.,  opened,  however,  the  direct  route  from  Japan  to  the  United  States  by  giving 
Japan  exclusive  power  to  determine  who  is  eligible  for  a  passport.  A  Japanese  bear- 
ing a  passport  as  a  farmer  probably  cultivates  in  his  own  country  an  area  not  exceeding 
the  size  of  a  city  lot  in  America.  When  he  comes  here  he  at  once  goes  to  labor  on  a 
farm. " 

EXCLUSION  AND  AGREEMENT  COMPARED. 

The  result  of  the  two  methods  adopted  by  the  United  States  for  the  purpose  of 
excluding  the  Chinese  and  Japanese,  respectively,  is  shown  by  the  following  facts: 
According  to  the  board  of  control  report  during  a  period  of  a  little  less  than  10  years — 
that  is,  from  April  15,  1910,  to  December  31, 1919 — the  number  of  Chinese  immigrants 
admitted  to  the  State  of  California  under  the  exclusion  act  was  11,914,  and  the  number 
of  emigrants  departed  was  125,  a  net  increase  in  Chinese  immigration  of  789  in  those 
nine  years.  During  the  same  period  under  the  "gentlemen's  agreement,"  Japanese 
immigrants  admitted  to  the  State  were  32,196,  and  the  departures  7,110,  a  net  increase 
in  Japanese  immigration  of  25,086.  That  is  to  say,  for  every  Chinaman  admitted 
under  the  exclusion  act  there  were  32  Japanese  admitted  under  the  ''gentlemen's 
agreement, "  which,  it  was  understood,  would  accomplish  in  the  matter  of  Japanese 
immigration  the  same  result  as  the  exclusion  act  does  for  the  Chinese. 

Under  the  exclusion  act,  the  Chinese  population  of  continental  United  States 
decreased  50  per  cent  in  the  20  years  between  1890  and  1910;  that  is  to  say,  from  72,422 
to  36,248.  Since  1910  it  is  estimated  there  has  been  a  further  decnease  of  10  per  cent. 
The  Japanese,  in  the  same  territory,  have  multiplied  sixfold  in  the  20  years  from 
1900  to  date;  that  is,  from  24,326  to  150,000,  which  is  the  present  estimated  popu- 
lation. 


JAPANESE    IMMIUKATIOX    AND    C(  >L<  )X  IZATK  »N.  41 

It  is  true.  as  Mr.  (iulirk  savs.  that  all  of  this  increase  has  not  been  under  operation 

of  th<  -Rent,  but  that  which  is  not  properly    changeable   to   the 

gent!>  --lit  was  induced  bv  the  threatened  closing  of  the  gates  against 

.-at ion  on  the  demand  of  the  Pacific  The  agreement  was 


1900  v  i  in  19  IM  was  -li  .W>.  quadruple,  an  increase  of  31,205.     The  total 

Japanese  immigrant  admissions  to  the  I'nited  States,  including  Hawaii,  for  the  10 

inclusive,  were,  in  round  figures,  129,000,  while  the  admissions 

190(1.  iip  absence  of  exact  data  on 

the  Japanese  population  in  1906,  I  have  estimated  that  if   129.<i(,o  total  admissions 

in  th'  e  an  added  population  in  continental  !  tes  of  48.000  in 

vhich  a  little  over  five-eighths  came  to  California,  then  the  total 

and  1906  would  have  given  an  added  population 

itinental  ;  In  round  numbers,  oi  f  which  California  would 

I;  so  that  it  is  fair  to  assume  that  the  Japanese  population  of  Cali- 
fornia in  1906  was  approximately  28,000,  and  of  continental  I'nited  States  was,  say, 
53,000. 

THE    AGREEMENT    HAS    FAII.i- 

trly.  then  -rreement. ''  which  was  ii:  nt  furthei 

•r  in  this  country,  has  really  permitted  the  increase  of  our 

Japan  lation  threefold  in  continental  United  States  and  fourfold  in  the  State 

of  California — this  on  the  assumption  that  the  Japanese  population  of  California  is  over 
100.000,  as  I  have  already  established.  And  most  of  the  increase  is  in  the  ranks  of 
labor. 

•  hen.  the  asrr<'<  ment.  whether  its  terms  have  been  carried  out  in  good  faith  or  not, 

!  Clearly  defined  purpose,  and,  on  the  contrary,  has  done,  or  per- 
mitted, the  very  thine  which  it  was  intended  to  prevent.    Therefore,  it  should  be 
uted  at  once,  while  at  the  same  time  there  should  be  put  into  force  a  plan  which 
will  accomplish  the  purpose  desired. 

VIOLATIONS    OF    THE    AGREEMENT. 

The  agreement,  however,  has  been  constantly  and  willfully  violated  and  evaded, 
sometimes  on  a  large  scale.    The  agreement  was  framed  in  1907)  following  lengthy 
iations,  and  these  were  induced  on  Japan's  part  by  an  agitation  in  this  country 
"ovious.  for  exclusion  of  Japanese  as  well  as  <  'hinose.     While  the  agree"- 
ment  was  madi-  in  1907.  Japan  postponed  putting  it  into  effect  for  a  year,  until  July, 
wo  fiscal  years  1907  and  1908,  while  Japan  was  negotiating  the  agree- 
ment, and  after  it  had  been  made  but  while  she  deferred  putting  it  into  effect,  she 

mmigrants,  nearly  all  laborers,  of  which  number  • 
entered  continental  United  States. 

In  other  words  Japan  asked  that  our  '.rates  be  not  forcibly  closed  against  her  people, 

promising  that  she  would  herself  keep  them  closed.     But  after  she  had  obtained  the 

held  the  gates  open  for  another  year:  and  while,  under  her 

plea  durii  we  had  failed  to  close  the  gates,  and  while  she  herself  held 

them  open  for  :itions  had  been  closed,  she  rushed  through  those 

"i  of  h.-r  people,  the  Beater  portion  of  whom  were  of  that  class  which 
she  had  told  us  would  not  be  permitted  to  pass  through  the  gates;  and  nearly  20,000 
of  th  into  continental  United  States,  for  whose  particular  protection  the 

agre-  framed. 

Pol:  -lit  term  that  act  on  the  part  of  Japan  an  evasion,  and  not  a  violation 

of  a  gentleman's  word.     Mr.  Gulick  claims  it  was  a  legitimate  procedure  under  the 

ment,  and  that  these  46,000  coming  in  in  1907  and  1908, 

or  the  net  increase  which  d  to  the  population,  should  not  be  charged  against 

•ntlemen'  nt.  *  (>n  the  contrary,  I  can  not  see  in  this  action  of  Japan 

anything  but  a  p;rcc  of  sharp  practice,  and  insist  that  the  46.000  are  properly  charge- 
able airain  -mem.  This  is  a  question  of  international  ethics,  which  may 

•  for  decision  to  any  fair-minded  individual. 

In  1909  and  1910,  immediately  after  Japan  put  the  agreement  into  operation,  the 
immigrants  admitted,  including  Hawaii,  were  3.100  and  2,730,  respectively. 

lily  increased  until  the  admissions  for  continental 
United  States  alone  o\-r-f.od  10.000  annually. 


42  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

For  the  fiscal  year  ending  July  1,  1920.  I  have  figures  from  commissioners  of  immi- 
gration at  San  Francisco  up  to  June  12,  1920,  and  at  Seattle  up  to  May  31,  each  for  less 
than  the  year,  showing  a  total  Japanese  immigration  into  continental  United  States  of 
10,823.  I  have  here  in  the  shape  of  an  exhibit  the  distribution  of  these:  Received  at 
the  port  of  San  Francisco,  Angel  Island;  that  is,  from  July  1,  1919,  to  June  12,  1920: 
From  Japan,  males,  2,944;  females,  2,541;  from  Hawaii,  males.  89;  females,  37.  At 
Seattle:  Arrivals  of  the  Japanese  from  July  1,  1919,  to  May  31,  1920,  say  11  months, 
from  Japan,  males,  3,175;  females,  1,988.  From  Canada,  males,  25;  females,  14. 
From  Hawaii,  no  record,  insignificant  number.  These  figures,  I  understand,  do  not 
include  tourists,  students,  merchants,  etc. 

ADMISSION    OF   LABORERS. 

The  agreement  was  violated  next  by  Japan  sending  over  a  large  number  of  laborers, 
and  numbers  of  others  not  classed  as  laborers,  but  who  came  to  labor,  and  who  were  not 
prior  residents  of  the  United  States.  In  the  years  1918  and  1919,  the  official  reports, 
segregated  by  occupations,  show  each  year  as  high  as  3,000  laborers  admitted,  all  of 
whom  certainly  were  not  prior  residents. 

The  board  of  control,  in  its  report,  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  during  the  years 
1910  to  1919,  there  applied  for  admission  to  this  country  610  Japanese  laborers  not 
entitled  to  passports,  and  of  these  all  but  25  were  admitted.  There  were  also  825 
admitted  who  were  without  proper  passports.  The  board  asks,  "Why  the  admission 
of  those  not  entitled  to  passports,  and  those  without  proper  passports?"  This  is  an 
illustration  of  the  suggestion  which  I  have  made  earlier,  that  even  within  the  limited 
area  in  which  we  could  restrict  immigration,  apparently,  our  Government  has  been 
derelict. 

As  has  been  shown  already,  the  Japanese  population  of  continental  United  States 
has  increased  96,000  since  1906,  and  that  of  California  72,000.  Of  this  increase,  a  cer- 
tain portion  is  due  to  births  less  deaths,  while  the  balance  is  due  to  those  who  have 
entered  the  country  from  Japan  or  Hawaii,  legitimately  or  surreptitiously.  The  great 
majority  of  this  increase  who  have  thus  entered  in  the  period  named  are  laborers,  as 
anyone  knows  who  is  familiar  with  the  occupations  of  the  Japanese  now  in  this  country; 
and  every  Japanese  laborer  within  this  category  marks  a  violation  of  the  "gentlemen's 
agreement."  In  California  alone  the  population  of  the  State  has  been  increased 
within  the  period  named  by  admissions  about  50,000,  and  most  of  these  were  or  are 
laborers. 

Ichihashi,  a  Japanese  member  of  the  faculty  of  Stanford  University,  published  in 
1915  a  book  on  immigration,  in  which  he  claimed  that  the  total  Japanese  population 
of  California,  including  women  and  children,  was  then  55,000;  and  that  of  this  number 
25,000  were  farm  hands.  The  greater  portion  of  this  25,000  must  have  come  in  from 
Japan  in  violation  of  the  terms  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement,  "  since  the  total  Japanese 
population  in  California  in  1906  was  only  28,000. 

Mr.  SIEGEL.  I  understand  that  a  great  many  aliens  enter  illegally  as  sailors,  whether 
from  Japan  or  otherwise,  and  we  have  not  been  successful  in  getting  any  of  these 
people  back,  or  shipping  them  out  of  the  country. 

Mr.  McCLATCHY.  Let  me  offer  this  suggestion:  It  is  a  very  difficult  thing  to  appre- 
hend the  Japanese,  while  it  is  not  so  difficult  to  apprehend  the  Chinese.  A  Chinese 
must  have  a  certificate  showing  that  he  is  entitled  to  be  here;  the  Japanese  need  not; 
and,  after  three  and  five  years,  the  Japanese  are  permitted  to  remain  here,  even  though 
not  legally  admitted.  So  there  ought  to  be  a  system  of  registration  for  Japanese; 
and  any  Japanese  who  can  not  show  a  certificate  entitling  him  to  residence  here, 
should  be  at  once  deported.  At  present,  the  Japanese  may  exchange  papers,  or  they 
may  claim  three  or  five  years'  residence. 

"PICTURE  BRIDES." 

The  original  Japanese  immigrants  as  a  rule  did  not  bring  wives  with  them.  Very 
few  of  them  had  wives.  In  1900,  according  to  the  United  States  census,  the  propor- 
tion of  Japanese  females  to  males  in  this  country  was  one  to  twenty-five.  Wives  were 
needed  in  order  that  Japanese  colonies  in  this  country  might  rapidly  increase,  so 
Japan  utilized  the  plan  of  the  picture  marriage,  and  recognized  it  officially  in  order 
that  each  Japanese  in  America  who  had  no  wife  could  acquire  one  by  the  simple  expe- 
dient of  sending  his  photograph  over  to  Japan  and  having  a  complaisant  maiden  found 
who  would  wed  him.  The  "gentlemen's  agreement"  recognized  the  right  of  each 
Japanese  in  this  country  to  bring  his  wife  over  from  Japan,  and  his  picture  bride  was 
given  a  passport  identifying  her  as  his  wife,  armed  with  which  she  entered  this  country. 

In  1910,  the  proportion  of  adult  females  to  males  in  this  country  among  the  Japanese 
had  increased  to  one  to  seven  and  thereafter  nearly  every  year  the  number  of  females 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  43 

shipped  o\vr  wa<  in  excess  of  the  males,  sometimes  two  to  one.     They  were  more 
-ury  at  tliat  time,  and  are  now.  than  males  in  the  carrying  out  of  Japan's  plan  of 
peaceful   penetration.     The  present  proportion  of  females  to  males  in  California  is 
estimated  ''our.     The  Japanese  census  figures  show  about  one  to  three  and 

one-half. 

That  the  practice  of  shipping  picture  brides  was  encouraged  for  the  express  purpose 
of  aiding  Japan's  plan  of  "peaceful  penetration''  of  this  country,  by  increasing  the 
number  of  resident  Japanese  and  assisting  thereby  in  securing  gradual  control  of  certain 
sections,  is  apparently  verified  by  the  following  extract  from  an  editorial  published 
in  the  Asahi  Bhimbun,  one  of  the  leading  newspapers  of  Tokyo,  in  commenting  on 
the  order  abolishing  picture  marriage: 

a  result  of  the  'gentlemen's  agreement'  of  1907,  by  which  our  Government 
•ted  emigration  to  America,  Japanese  in  America  lost  the  means  of  increasing 
their  numbers  by  immigration.  But  afterwards  relief  from  their  difficult  position 
was  provided  in  the  permission  to  send  for  women  as  photograph  brides.  By  this 
it  was  possible  for  our  unmarried  compatriots  in  America  to  establish  families  with- 
out taking  the  trouble  to  go  home  to  get  wives.  This  had  the  double  advantage  that 
while  on  one  hand  it  enabled  them  to  enjoy  the  pleasures  of  family  life,  on  the  other 
hand  it  enabled  them  to  escape  the  cruel  persecution  of  all  sorts  of  anti-Japane?e  laws 
by  the  power  of  their  children  who  are  born  with  the  rights  of  citizens. " 

••EDUCATING    GIRLS    FOR    PICTURE    BRIDES." 

Further  evidence  as  to  the  intent  which  lies  behind  the  importations  of  ''picture 
brides''  into  the  United  State-  i<  to  be  found  in  the  article  published  in  the  North- 
man, a  Swedish  publication  published  in  Portland,  Oreg.,  in  its  issue  of  June  10,  1920; 
the  article  being  composed  of  extracts  from  a  letter  written  by  Miss  Frances  Hewitt, 
who  spent  in  Japan  teaching  Fnglish  to  Japanese  school  children,  and  whose 

long  and  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  Japanese  in  that  relation  gave  her  opportu- 
nities for  acquiring  knowledge  denied  to  ordinary  tourists,  or  even  residents,  in  Japan. 

'•Tourists  do  not  learn  that  every  girl  'school  girl)  is  thoroughly  drilled  in  the  doc- 
trine that,  should  she  become  a  'picture  bride'  in  America,  or  an  immigrant  to  other 
lands,  her  loyal  duty  to  her  Emperor  is  to  have  as  many  children  as  possible,  so  that 
the  foreigners'  land  may  become  in  time  a  possession  of  Japan,  through  the  expressed 
will  of  a  majority  of  the  people.  " 

END    OF   PICTURE    BRIDES. 

During  the  year  1919,  following  the  publication  of  my  first  articles  on  the  subject, 
public  sentiment  in  this  country  became  so  strong  against  this  picture  bride  feature 
that  Japan,  in  December,  1919,  announced  that,  after  February  25,  1920,  she  would 
cease  to  issue  passports  to  picture  brides.  Note,  however,  that  everything  was  done 
-ue  as  many  passports  as  possible  during  the  three  months  preceding  February 
25.  The  Japanese  consulates  at  San  Francisco  and  Seattle  cabled  the  necessary 
certificates  for  picture  brides  at  a  probable  cost  of  $25  each,  and  the  Japanese  Govern- 
ment announced  that  it  would  permit  brides  securing  passports  prior  to  February  25 
to  have  until  August  25  to  embark  for  America.  In  consequence,  they  have  been 
coming  over  steadily,  from  60.  to  130  in  a  single  ship,  while  other  travelers  have  been 
forced  to  postpone  their  journeys  if  accommodations  on  any  ship  were  insufficient  after 
the  picture  brides  had  been  taken  care  of. 

Following  is  a  translation  from  the  Great  Northern  Daily  News,  a  Japanese  news- 
paper published  in  Seattle.  The  article  (embodying  information  from  Tokyo)  ap- 
peared in  the  issue  of  June  2,  1920:  "  Photograph  brides  must  go  to  America  by  the 
-end  of  A  ugust .  The  foreign  office  has  sent  private  (secret)  instructions  to  the  responsi- 
ble authorities  at  the  ports  of  sailing  that  this  class  of  brides  must  be  shipped  as  speedily 
as  possible.  ( 'onsequently,  the  hotels  at  Nagasaki,  Kobe,  and  especially  Yokohama, 
present  remarkable  spectacles  like  human  whirlpools  on  account  of  these  brides. 
The  ordinary  passengers  for  America  have  to  postpone  their  sailings.  Twenty  per 
cent  of  the  passengers  on  every  vessel  are  women,  according  to  the  statement  of  a 
recent  arrival  from  Japan.  " 

s(  BSTTTUTES    FOR  THE    BRIDE    PLAN. 

The  action  of  the  Japanese  Government  in  refusing  further  passports  to  picture 
brides  was  taken  on  the  recommendation  of  the  directors  of  the  Japanese  Association 
of  America.  This  action  was  repudiated  by  the  membership  of  the  association  and 
by  the  local  Japanese  associations  throughout  the  coast,  and  resulted  in  a  fight  to  turn 


44  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

out  the  old  directorate,  and  a  most  vicious  attack  on  Consul  General  Ohta,  at  San  Fran 
cisco,  who  was  held  responsible  for  the  directors'  action.  General  demand  was  made 
upon  Japan  for  withdrawal  of  the  order  as  to  picture  brides,  and  failing  to  secure  such 
withdrawal  a  commission  was  sent  over,  and  is  now  in  Japan,  to  induce  the  Japanese 
war  department  to  lengthen  the  term  of  visit  permitted  to  Japanese  in  their  native 
land  without  being  subject  to  the  enforcement  of  the  conscription  law,  from  one  month, 
the  present  regulation,  to  six  months,  so  that  they  might  have  time  to  secure  wives. 

In  the  Japanese  newspaper  Shin  Sekai,  of  San  Francisco,  The  New  World,  of  June 
9,  Noriyuki  Toyama,  a  delegate  to  the  commission  from  the  Central  Japanese 
ciation  of  Southern  California,  expresses  himself  as  follows: 

"The  inability  on  the  part  of  those  whose  conscription  has  been  postponed  to  stay 
more  than  30  days  in  Japan  is  a  great  obstruction  to  the  overseas  development  of  our 
people. " 

The  Sacramento  Daily  News,  a  Japanese  daily  newspaper  in  Sacramento,  in  its 
issue  of  June  29  of  this  year,  declared  that  Consul 'General  Ohta,  when  complaint  was 
made  to  him  as  to  his  action  in  recommending,  through  the  Japanese  Association  of 
America,  that  the  granting  of  passports  to  picture  brides  be  stopped,  said::  'In  com- 
pensation for  the  abrogation  of  the  photograph  marriage,  we  intend  to  take  steps  to 
secure  the  passage  of  a  definite  number  of  women  under  the  name  of  extending  the 
period  of  conscription. :'  The  paper  insists  that  the  consul  thereby  conveyed  the  inti- 
mation that  before  enforcement  of  abrogation  of  picture  bride  marriages  was  announced 
he  had  taken  the  necessary  steps  with  the  authorities  of  the  war  office  to  insure  the 
substitution  of  some  plan  which  would  obtain  similar  results  in  the  importation  of 
brides.  Because  the  Japanese  war  department  has  declined  to  reconsider  the  picture 
bride  order,  or,  up  to  this  time,  to  provide  some  compensatory  arrangement,  the  recall 
of  the  consul  general  has  been  demanded  by  a  number  of  his  indignant  countrymen 
in  California. 

Other  subterfuges  have  been  resorted  to  to  maintain  the  continuance  of  the  supply 
of  picture  brides.  One  of  the  plans  was  to  secure  the  necessary  number  of  women 
from  Hawaii,  and  a  regular  business  for  the  purpose  was  established  by  a  Japanese  in 
Stockton,  whose  naive  advertisement  in  one  of  the  Japanese  newspapers  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, the  Shin  Sekai  (New  World).  June  9, 1920,  reads  as  follows : "  Marriages  mediated — 
the  abrogation  of  photograph  brides  is  positively  nothing  to  grieve  over.  We  have 
formed  a  connection  with  reliable  parties  in  Hawaii,  and  will  undertake  to  make  all 
investigations  of  character  and  other  particulars,  and  mediate  marriage.  Applicants 
should  send  photographs,  personal  histor3r,  and  consular  certificate  to  the  undersigned, 
Furuya,  124  South  Center  Street,  Stockton,  Calif. " 

"YOSHI ADOPTED    CHILDREN." 

The  ''gentlemen's  agreement"  provided  that  Japanese  already  entitled  to  residence 
in  this  country  had  the  right  to  send  back  for  their  wives  and  children.  The  Japanese, 
as  a  rule,  had  no  wives,  so  wives  were  made  for  them  in  Japan  by  the  picture-bride 
method.  They  had  no  children,  so  children  were  provided  for  them  by  the  "yoshi" 
plan  of  adoption.  Any  Japanese  in  this  country  may  formally  adopt  a  number  of 
children,  men  or  women,  in  Japan,  younger  than  himself,  and  these  "yoshi"  children 
after  a  certain  period  have  the  right  of  entry  into  this  country.  The  "yoshi"  after 
they  arrive  here,  may,  if  they  desire,  divorce  themselves  from  their  adopted  parents, 
and  then  bring  over  their  own  blood  relatives;  and  so  the  flow  of  Japanese  is  maintained 
notwithstanding  our  understanding  of  the  agreement. 

The  Shin  Sekai,  in  its  issue  of  May  25,  1920,  quote?  Vice  Consul  Tanaka,  at  San 
Francisco,  as  saying  that  between  April  1  and  May  24  of  this  year,  he  had  issued 
80  certificates  for  "yoshi. ''  In  the  report  of  the  board  of  control,  mention  is  made  of 
the  fact  that  the  Japanese  consul  at  Los  Angeles  reported  that  out  of  176  declarations 
by  Japanese  on  behalf  of  relatives  coming  from  Japan  he  filed  in  the  two  years  pre- 
ceding, approximately  23  were  filed  in  behalf  of  ':yoshi.  " 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  "yoshi"  plan  is  being  used,  as  it  can  be  used,  for  trie- 
purpose  of  bringing  over  more  brides,  since  the  picture  bride  plan  is  about  to  be 
abandoned,  because  the  plan  of  adoption  is  used  for  females  as  well  as  for  males.  Fe- 
male adopted  children  are  called  "yoji. "  There  is  nothing  at  all  to  prevent  a  "yoji, " 
on  entrance  into  California,  divorcing  her  adopted  parent  and  becoming  his  bride. 

COMING   IN    OVER   THE    BORDER. 

It  is  not  thinkable  that  Japan,  through  her  consular  system  and  agents,  is  not  fully 
aware  of  the  manner  in  which  the  intent  and  letter  of  the  gentlemen's  agreement  i» 
being  violated  by  surreptitious  entries  over  the  border.  Through  the  various  local 
and  district  organizations,  under  control  of  the  Japanese  Association  of  America,  with 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND  COLONIZATION.  45 

headquarters  at  San  Francisco,  which  in  its  turn  is  entirely  directed  by  the  Japanese 
const:  San  Frandsro,  as  openly  declared  by  the  leading  Japanese  news- 

paper of  San  Francisco,  Nichi  Bei,  she  keeps  careful  tab  upon  the  Japanese  in  Cali- 
fornia, all  of  whom  she  claims  as  her  citizens,  and  exacts  from  them  duties  and  obli- 
gation as  such. 

One  of  the  proofs  of  her  complicity  in  the  matter  is  found  in  the  recent  secret  order 
for  a  Japanese  census  in  California,  as  directed  by  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs, 
under  order  of  Premier  Tiara.  A  correspondent  in  Los  Angeles,  writing  in  the  Shin 
Sekai,  the  New  World,  of  San  Francis.  M:  that  secret  instructions  to  the 

Japai  Miu'f'les  are  to  the  effect  that  this  registration  must  be  com- 

pleted b\  The  order  calls  for  the  most  minute  detail- 

occupation  and  income  of  each  registrant,  but  allows  the  most  astonishing  latitude 
as  to  inaccuracy  in  the  names.     This  is  opposed  to  all  methods  and  regula 
naril  i  by  th<-  Japanese  Government  in  such  matters.     The  order  provides 

ame  by 'which  any  registrant  is  known  here,  or  even  his  initials,  will  be 
lent  for  the  purpose  of  this  census.     The  reason  is  that  a  large  number  of  Japanese 
here  are  without  passports,  or  only  with  borrowed  passports,  and  under  false  names; 
and  there  are  in  addition  hundreds  of  "yoshi  "  whose  family  connections  have  become 
complicated  with  that  of  the  adopted  parents. 

CONST-LAI:  KNOWLEDGE  OF  THE  SITUATION. 

proof  of  Japan's  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  much  of  the  Japanese  popula- 
tion of  California  is  here  illegally,  is  found  in  the  procedure  under  which  the  Japanese 
consulate  issues  certificates  to  Japanese  residing  here  who  go  back  to  Japan  for  a 
intending  to  return.  They  have  not  been  obliged  in  the  past  to  show  to  the 
consulate  proof  that  they  came  to  California  originally  legally,  and  in  accordance 
with  the  terms  of  tho  "gentlemen's  agreement."  Within  the  past  few  weeks,  because 
of  public  criticism,  the  consulate  has  given  notice  that  it  would  require  such  evi- 
dence in  the  future. 

!  another  proof  of  surreptitious  entry  across  the  border  and  of  knowledge  thereof 

on  th'  ;he  Japanese  "consulate  will  be  found  in  certain  court  proceedings  in 

San   Francisco  in   February-,  1920.     Seventeen   "picture  brides"   were  detaned   at 

Island  by  the  immigration  commissioner  on  the  charge  that  the  bridegrooms 

had  been  consigned  had  no  right  to  be  in  the  country,  having  en- 

reptitiously,  and  without  passports  from  Japan. 

If  that  were  true  the  consulate  would  be  properly  chargeable  with  knowledge  of 
the  fact,  since  each  prospective  bridegroom  in  sending  back  his  photograph  for  accept- 
ime  Japanese  woman,  to  be  selected  for  him,  must  accompany  it  by  a  cer- 
tificate from  the  Japanese  consul  at  San  Francisco,  indicating  his  business,  standing, 
etc.     The  consulate  would  therefore  know,  unless  it  deliberately  failed  to  inquire, 
:er  the  prospective  bridegroom  had  a  right,  under  the  agreement  with  Japan,  to 
be  in  this  country. 

Writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  sued  for  on  behalf  of  these  picture  brides,  and  they  were 
finall  and  turned  over  to  their  picture  bridegrooms  when  it  was  shown  that 

the  latter,  though  they  had  entered  the  State  surreptitiously,  without  passports, 
had  been  here  five  years  and  therefore  could  not  be  deported  under  general  immi- 
gration regulations. 

M'FNfK    OF    ILLEGAL    ENTRY. 

Incontrovertible  evidence  of  the  surreptitious  entry  of  Japanese  across  the  border 
Dished  in  the  present  estimated  population  of  California,  which  is  100,000  or  more. 
the  present  time.  Sidney  Gulick  and  the  Japanese  have  claimed  that  the  Japa- 
:opulation  of  California  was  from  69,000  to  73,000,  and  have  offered  in  substan- 
tiation figures  based  on  tho  Unite' :  8,  with  the  record  of  arrivals 
and  departures,  and  births  and  deaths.     If  their  estimates  were  correct,  any  excess 
population  in  the  State  over  the  number  claimed  by  them  must  have  been  added  by 
surreptitious  entry,  or  come  from  other  States.     As  the  Japanese  population  of  other 
.  rather  than  decreased,  conclusion  as  to  surreptitious  entry  is 
inevit. 

in  the  board  of  control  estimat  -liming  there  have  been  no  surreptitious 

entries,  the  Japanese  population  of  Stat>  alifornia  has  decreased  10,000 

since  1010.  as  indicated  by  official  data.  Anyone  familiar  with  conditions  in  Wash- 
ington, Oregon,  and  other  States  which  have  been  colonized  by  the  Japanese,  knows 
that  t  -  -en  nowhere  a  decrease,  but  everywhere  a  marked  increase  of  Japanese 

population  in  the  past  10  years      And  the  difference  between  the  board  of  control 
.ling  them  to  be  correct)  and  the  actual  population  in  these  various 


46  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

outside  States  will  indicate  with  certainty  the  number  of  Japanese  who  have  entered 
surreptitiously. 

Still  further  evidence  is  found  in  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Immigration 
for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1919,  in  which  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  there 
are  ISO  miles  of  California-Mexican  frontier  to  guard,  the  physical  character  of  which 
makes  it  impossible  to  prevent  surreptitious  entry  even  with  a  large  force,  while  big 
Japanese  fishing  fleets  ply  between  American  and  Mexican  waters  providing  conven- 
ient means  of  unlawful  entry. 

Japanese  farm  laborers  in  the  Imperial  Valley  on  both  sides  of  the  border  are  passing; 
constantly  to  and  fro  across  the  line.  The  report  savs  that  confidential  information 
of  unquestionable  authenticity  shows  conclusively  that  the  smuggling  of  Japanese 
across  the  border  is  carried  on  successfully,  and  doubtless  to  a  very  large  extent. 

The  commissioner's  report  also  declares  that  because  of  reduction  of  his  force  on 
June  30,  1919,  there  will  probably  be  an  enormous  falling  off  of  arrests  and  "instead 
of  apprehending  some  6,000  aliens  of  all  classes  and  degrees  of  undesirability,  following 
surreptitious  entry,  it  is  only  reasonable  to  assume  that  many  will  cross  the  frontier 
during  the  ensuing  year  with  absolute  impunity  and  merge  their  identity."  The 
report  does  not  make  it  clear  whether  the  6,000  come  across  our  180  miles  of  State 
border  or  across  the  entire  Mexican  frontier;  nor  does  it  indicate  what  proportion  may 
be  Japanese. 

COMING   THROUGH    MEXICO. 

Mexico  is  at  this  time  the  most  available  avenue  for  the  surreptitious  entry  of 
Japanese.  The  "gentlemen's  agreement"  was  entered  into  for  the  specific  purpose 
of  preventing  entry  of  Japanese  labor  into  this  country  through  Hawaii,  Mexico, 
Canada,  etc.  Mr.  Gulick  said,  in  his  last  pamphlet,  "Japan  and  the  gentlemen's 
agreement:"  "For  many  years  Japan  has  been  voluntarily  restricting  immigration: 
to  Mexico,  applying  to  that  land,  also  the  general  principles'  of  the  gentlemen's  agree- 
ment." That  may  or  mav  not  be  true,  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  Japan  is  sending  a  great- 
number  over  everv  month.  The  Fall  Senate  Committee  of  Congress,  -which  has  been 
investigating  Mexican  conditions,  says  that  it  is  reliably  reported  that  Japanese' 
liners  arrive  at  the  port  of  Salina  Cruz  every  10  days  and  that  Japanese  are  entering: 
through  that  port  in  increasing  numbers,  and  that  they  practically  control  commerce- 
on  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuan tepee. 

Tehuantepec  is  a  far  cry  from  the  American  border;  but  a  press  news  item  of  May 
15,  1920,  from  the  City  of  Mexico,  published  generally  throughout  the  United  States, 
called  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  newspapers  of  that  city  are  very  much  con- 
cerned as  to  the  increased  immigration  of  Japanese  into  Mexico;  that  the  arrivals 
during  the  month  of  March  had  been  5,000  and  that  the  total  for  the  year  was  ex- 
pected to  be  100,000;  and  that  most  of  the  arrivals  were  going  to  the  agricultural 
districts  of  Sonora  and  Sinaloa. 

Sonora  is  on  the  American  border.  It  is  generally  conceded  that  no  Japanese  stays 
in  Mexico  when  he  can  cross  into  the  United  States. 

CONTROL  OF  THE  SOIL. 

ALIEN  CONTROL  OF  SOIL,  PRODUCTS,  AND  MARKETS  A  MENACE  TO  THE  NATION — A  BASIC- 
FACTOR  OF  JAPANESE  "PEACEFUL  PENETRATION" — THEY  ALREADY  CONTROL  MOST 
OF  THE  RICH  IRRIGATED  ACREAGE  IN  SEVERAL  LARGE  COUNTIES  OF  CALIFORNIA 

ORGANIZATION     FOR     CONTROL     OF     MARKETS — COLONIZATION     IN     OTHER     STATES 

FISHERIES. 

As  a  result  of  the  advantages  possessed  by  the  Japanese  in  economic  competition} 
they  are  gradually  securing  control  of  the  soil  in  the  richest  agricultural  districts  of 
the  State,  control  of  the  products  thereof,  and  control  of  the  markets.  If  a  unified 
interest  like  the  Japanese  can  thus  obtain  control  of  the  soil  and  its  products  in  this 
country,  even  while  their  numbers  be  comparatively  few,  they  will  be  able  to  secure 
in  time  a  strangle  hold  on  the  economic  development  of  the  country  itself. 

What  they  already  have  accomplished  in  California  is  thus  briefly  indicated. 

Their  apologists  insist  that  the  Japanese  have  only  reclaimed  or  improved  land- 
which  was  practically  worthless  and  unoccupied.  That  is  true  in  a  few  instances 
only.  The  Japanese  are  concentrating  their  efforts  in  securing  control  of  the  richest 
lanus  of  the  State,  following  always  their  clearly  defined  policy  of  penetration  by 
concentrating  effort  in  localities  and  occupations  where  least  efforts  will  produce 
greatest  results.  They  have  only,  say,  100,000,  in  our  total  State  population  oi" 
3,400,000,  but  nearly  all  that  hundred  thousand  is  found  in  20  rich  agricultural  coun- 
ties out  of  the  State's  total  of  58.  Most  of  it  is  found  in  18  of  those  counties  and  75  per 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  47 

cent,  if  birth.-  be  a  fair  indication  of  population,  is  settled  in  seven  counties  and  crn- 
centrated  in  the  most  favored  portion?  of  those  seven  counties.  May  I  ask  this  com- 
mit TOO  10  bear  in  mind  that  lh>  is  not  a  weak  solution  of  a  hundred  thousand  Japanese 
in  :>.4W.ooo  white.-;  it  is  a  concentrated  essence  placed  in  a  few  special  spots  and  for 
•«-ial  pun>. 

Sidney  (iulirk -  and  reference  to  Sidney  Gulick  applies  equally  to  the  pro-Japanese 

in  general-  belittles  the  control  of  the  soil  by  the  Japanese,  saying  that  they  own  a 

comparatively  small  acreage:  but  the  fact  is  that  the  Japanese  control  of  the  land  by 

•idly  as  had  for  Stale  inierests  as  control  by  ownership,  since  the  lease 

establishes  Japanese  residence  and  control  and  drives  off  the  whites.     Short-term  lease 

lone  term,  since  at  the  end  of  the  short  lease  the  injury  has  been 

done  to  the  community  and  the  owner  must  either  renew  the  lease  to  Japanese  or  l««t 

the  land  lie  unproductive. 

Placer  County  and  other  districts  of  the  State,  which  the  Japanese  claim  to  have 
made,  were  highly  developed  before  the  first  Japanese  came  into  these  districts. 

That  was  so  also  in  Florin.  In  my  memory  before  the  Japanese  were  seen  there 
Florin  strawberries  were  shipped  in  carload  lots  as  far  east  as  the  Mississippi  River. 
In  those  days  the  Sacramento  Bee  had  a  little  newspaper  route  there.  A  woman  in  a 
sulky  distributed  the  paper  to  about  60  subscribers  through  the  strawberry  fields. 
Each  family  had  a  5  or  10  acre  piece,  not  more  than  that,  and  that  route  meandered 
through  those  strawberry  fields.  The  Japanese  came  in  time,  and  they  worked,  and 
then  they  leased  and  then  they  bought,  and  the  whites  left,  and  in  a  few  years  there 
wasn't  a' single  subscriber  for* that  route.  The  whites  had  melted  away  from  that 
particular  district. 

SECURING   THE    RICH    I.AXl'S. 

It  has  been  claimed  that  the  Japanese  have  been  cultivating  the  lands  which  are 
worthless.  Now.  the  rich  lands  are  the  irrigated  lands.  The  fact  that  they  are  irri- 
gated is  proof  of  their  richness.  The  report  of  the  board  of  control  showed  that  in  this 
State  ther  irrigated  land.  On  December  31,  1919.  orientals 

occupied  G23.7-V2  acres  of  this  total,  in  the  proportion  of  6  acres  by  Japanese,  1  by 
Chinese,  and  1  by  Hindus.  Of  the  total  acreage,  534,808  acres  were  held  under  lease 
on  crop  contract,  and  88.944  acres  owned  in  fee.  A  large  portion  of  the  acreage  held 
in  fee  has  been  acquired  by  Japanese  since  1913.  through  violation  or  evasion  of  the 
alien  land  law.  The  Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of  California  states  that  the 
acreage  occupied  by  Japanese  in  1909  was  83.252,  and  in  1919  the  association  quotes 
the  acreage  as  427,029,  an  increase  in  the  10  years  of  400  per  cent.  The  discrepancy 
as  to  acreage  occupied  in  1939  between  these'figures  and  those  of  the  board  of  control 
may  be  due  to  a  difference  in  the  time  of  year  that  their  respective  figures  were  gath- 
ered; or  it  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the  board  of  control  figures  include  acreage 
secretly  owned  by  Japanese  through  white  agents.  The  same  Japanese  association 
indicates  the  valuation  of  Japanese  crops  in  1909  as  $6,235,856,  and  in  1919  as 
$67.145,730;  the  1919  crop  being  more  than  ten  times  the  value  of  the  1909  crop. 

The  following  quotations  are  from  the  board  of  control's  report:  "It  is  interesting 
to  note  that  in  some  of  the  richest  counties  of  the  State  orientals  occupy  a  total  acreage 
ranging  from  50  per  cent  to  75  per  cent  of  the  total  irrigated  area;  notably,  San  Joaquin 
County,  with  a  total  of  130.000  irrigated  acres,  with  orientals  occupying  95,829  acres; 
Colusa,  with  a  total  of  70,000  acres,  with  orientals  occupying  51,105  acres;  Placer 
County,  with  19.000  total,  orientals  occupying  16.321  acres;  and  Sacramento  County, 
80,000  orientals  occupying  64,860." 

In  general  truck  farming,  small  fruits  and  berries,  the  Japanese  have  for  some  years 
produced  most  of  the  crop,  the  proportion  in  many  products  running  up  to  as  high  as 
85  per  cent  and  90  per  cent  of  the  total  crop.  Two  years  ago,  through  control  of  the 
strawberry  market,  the  Japanese  were  enabled  to  raise  the  price  to  such  an  extent  that 
the  public  and  the  commission  dealers  united  in  a  refusal  to  buy. 

ORGANIZING    FOR    "MARKET   CONTROL." 

The  Japanese  are  now  organizing  throughout  the  State,  on  recommendation  of  the 
Japanese  Agricultural  Society  of  Central  California,  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  all 
markets  in  products  raised  by  them.  An  editorial  in  Shin  Sekai,  the  Japanese  Xew 
World,  of  San  Francisco,  June  2.  1!»2M.  advises  its  readers  that  the  fears  formerly 
-sed  by  it  as  to  an  organization  of  this  character  being  opposed  to  the  antitrust 
law  have  been  dissipated  by  the  bill  recently  passed  by  Congress  excepting  farmers 
and  stock  raisers  from  the  operation  of  such  a  law.  ''Hence."  says  the  editorial, 
farmers  can  now  combine  to  control  the  marketing  of  their  output.  We  rejoice  in  this 
opportunity  on  behalf  of  the  Japanese  farmers  for  whom  cooperation  is  so  necessary." 


48  JAPAN  KSE    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

The  leaders  among  the  Japanese  fully  recognize  the  importance  to  them  of  possession 
of  the  land  in  their  plan  for  peaceful  penetration  and  ultimate  control  in  this  country. 
An  editorial  in  the  Nichi  Bei,  of  San  Francisco,  June  5,  1920,  urges  the  Japanese  to 
cease  wasting  their  money  in  gambling  houses  and  invest  it  in  land.  It  tells  them 
"land  is  the  very  life  of  the  Japanese  race  in  California.  Land  is  the  foundation  of 
our  development.'' 

You  have  in  the  report  of  the  board  of  control  some  very  illuminating  charts  showing 
the  manner  in  which  the  Japanese  ownership  and  leases  have  dotted  and  spotted  the 
rich  agricultural  lands  of  this  State,  and  it  is  important  to  know  that  the  lands  which 
are  thus  spotted  are  the  richest  lands  of  the  State. 

Various  articles  concerning  the  work  of  Japanese  in  securing  control  of  land  and 
markets  in  California,  are  included  in  Exhibit  D. 

JAPANESE   PENETRATION    IN    OTHER    STATES. 

What  the  Japanese  are  fast  accomplishing  in  California  in  the  way  of  peaceful  pene- 
tration and  control  of  land,  they  are  attempting  elsewhere  in  the  United  States, 
although  knowledge  thereof  has  not  reached  the  people  of  the  country  generally. 

In  Washington  and  in  Oregon  the  committee's  investigations  will  secure  knowledge 
of  the  extent  of  this  penetration.  Seattle,  in  Washington,  and  the  Hood  River  apple 
district,  in  Oregon,  are  notable  examples.  In  other  States,  in  which  the  committee 
will  perhaps  not  have  opportunity  to  investigate  at  this  time,  there  are  suffiient  proofs 
of  the  determination  of  the  Japanese  to  get  a  foothold  in  any  locality  where  conditions 
of  soil  and  climate  and  environment  will  make  their  plans  for  colonization  and  pene- 
tration easy  or  profitable. 

For  instance,  in  Colorado  they  have  already  secured  control  of  the  Rocky  Ford 
melon  district.  The  Country  Gentleman  of  August  16,  1919,  .gives  full  account  of 
how  that  was  accomplished.  They  are  now  running  over  into  the  adjoining  State  of 
Nebraska,  and  according  to  Japanese  authorities  have  already  in  those  two  States 
about  5,000  colonists,  who  farm  on  the  average  80  acres  of  leased  land  to  the  family. 
The  Christian  churches  have  done  what  they  could  to  allay  alarm  and  uneasiness  on 
the  part  of  the  white  population  of  Colorado  and  Nebraska  and  make  penetration  of 
the  Japanese  colonists  easier. 

In  Florida,  according  to  item  published  in  Shin  Sekai  of  July  20.  1920,  200  Japanese 
settlers  have  purchased  holdings  averaging  150  acres  each,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
'State,  and  through  publicity  are  encouraging  more  of  their  countrymen  to  follov/  their 
example. 

In  Texas,  as  indicated  by  a  news  item  in  the  Sacramento  Bee,  the  Japanese  have 
purchased  1,000  acres  of  good  irrigated  land  in  the  Rio  Grande  Valley,  near  El  Paso, 
which  is  to  be  planted  in  cotton.  This  adjoins  the  district  in  New  Mexico,  in  Dona 
Ana  County,  where  the  Japanese  are  already  established  in  the  cantaloupe  industry. 
In  El  Paso, 'the  Japanese  are  interested  in  a  large  market  house  and  refrigerating  plant 
about  to  be  constructed,  which  will  handle  their  products  from  the  lands  in  the  Rio 
Grande  Valley  and  the  adjoining  State  of  New  Mexico.  In  Eastern  Texas,  in  Orange 
County,  there  is  a  Japanese  rice  colony  of  over  3,000  acres. 

THE   JAPANESE   IN   FISHERIES. 

The  Japanese  have  invaded  and  taken  practical  control  of  some  of  the  important 
fisheries  of  the  State,  as  they  have  secured  control  of  the  various  agricultural  activities. 
In  the  southern  part  of  California,  it  has  been  represented  to  the  Federal  Government 
that,  in  violation  of  the  Federal  statutes,  the  greater  portion  of  the  fishing  fleet  cen- 
tered about  San  Pedro  is  owned  or  manned  by  Japanese  to  the  number  of  2,000  or 
more. 

Complaint  has  been  made  recently  as  to  this  situation,  but  it  develops  that  while 
the  operation  of  these  fishing  boats  by  aliens  is  a  clear  violation  of  the  Federal  statute, 
through  a  curious  omission  in  the  law,  there  is  no  penalty  provided  under  which  the 
law  can  be  enforced. 

This  matter  has  been  called  to  the  attention  of  the  Administration,  and  of  the  House 
Committee  on  Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries,  through  Hon.  C.  F.  Curry,  from  Cali- 
fornia, and  in  a  bill  introduced  by  Chairman  Green  of  the  committee  named,  House 
resolution  12102,  there  has  been  inserted  a  provision,  section  5,  which  it  is  assumed 
will  remedy  the  defect  in  the  law.  This  section  provides  a  penalty  of  $500  at  every 
port  of  arrival  for  any  vessel  engaged  in  the  American  fisheries  and  not  documented  as  a 
vessel  of  the  United  States,  it  being  understood  that  vessels  owned  or  manned  by  aliens 
can  not  be  so  documented. 

The  State  of  Washington  has  protected  itself  against  a  similar  situation  by  passing 
a  law  under  the  provisions  of  which  vessels  engaged  in  the  fisheries  within  trie  State's 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION  AND   COLONIZATION.  49 

jurisdiction  must  be  owned  and  manned  by  those  who  are  citizens  of  the  United 

•s,  or  who  have  declared  their  intention'to  become  such. 

the  fisheries  in  practical  control  of  the  Japanese  creates  a  very  serious 
situation:  First,  They  assist  materially  in  smuggling  Japanese  into  California  from 
o.  Second,  they  place  in  the  hands  of  aliens  an  adjunct  to  the  Xavy  which 
was  found  most  valuable  to  Great  Britain  in  the  recent  war.  Third,  the  fisheries  in 
the  Territory  of  Hawaii  are  an  absolute  Japanese  monopoly,  and  in  the  event  of  war 
with  Japan,  the  sampans  and  power  boats  of  the  Japanese1,  which  are  sea-going  vessels, 
could  very  easily  secure  from  Japanese  cruisers  or  transports  arms  and  munitions  and 
land  them  on  the  coast  of  Oahu,  the  principal  island,  on  which  are  located  our  de- 

-    and  therewith  arm  the  Japanese  population,  the  greater  portion  of  whose 
adult  male  members  are  trained  soldiers. 


THE  JAPA 

A  DANGEROUS  EXPERIMENT— THE  JAPANESE  ARE  N  ON  ASSIMILABLE — THEY  CAN  NOT. 
MAY  NOT  AND  WILL  NOT  MAKE  GOOD  AMERICAN  CITIZENS — CONCLUSIVE  PROOFS  FROM 
JAPANESE  AUTHORITIES — THE  MISSIONARY  DELUSION  THAT  CHRISTIANIZATION  WILL 
TRANSFORM  THEM  —JAPANESE  CLAIMS  ALL  AMERICAN-BORN  JAPANESE  AND  Ti 
THEM  FOR  JAPAN'S  SERVICE. 

There  are  three  principal  elements  in  the  menace  threatened  by  Japanese  immigra- 
tion. They  are- 

-i.  The  nonassimilability  of  the  Japan-  ;he  practical  impossibility  of 

making  out  of  such  material  valuable  and  loyal  American  citizens. 

ind.  Their  unusually  large  birth  rate  per  thousand  population,  already  shown 
in  California  to  be  three  times  that  of  the  whites,  notwithstanding  that  the  estimated 
proportion  of  adult  females  to  males  among  the  Japanese  is  only  1  to  4,  while  among 
the  whit*  ,  1  to  1. 

Third.  The  great  advantages  which  they  possess  in  economic  competition,  partly 
due  to  racial  characteristics,  and  partly  to  standards  of  living,  organization,  direction, 
and  aid  from  their  Government.  These  advantages  make  it  hopeless  for  American 
whites  to  compete  with  them. 

It  should  be  evident  that  we  can  not  encourage  or  permit  in  our  midst  the  develop- 
ment of  an  alien  element  possessing  these  characteristics  without  inviting  certain 
disaster  to  our  institutions  and  to  tne  Nation  itself.  The  evidence  which  will  be 
presented  on  each  of  these  points  is  incontrovertible,  and  the  conclusions  inevitable. 

NONASSIMILABILITY    OF   JAPANESE. 

to  nonassimilability,  the  first  element  mentioned  in  the  Japanese  menace, 
there  are  three  main  reasons  why  it  is  useless  to  attempt  the  making  of  good  American 
citizens  out  of  Japanese  material,  save  of  course  in  exceptional  individual  instances. 
The  Japanese  can  not,  may  not,  and  will  not  provide  desirable  material  for  our 
citizenship: 

First,  the  Japanese  can  not  assimilate  and  make  good  citizens,  because  their  racial 
characteristics,  heredity,  and  religion  prevent. 

Second,  the  Japanese  may  not  assimilate  and  make  good  citizens,  because  their 
Government,  claiming  all  Japanese,  no  matter  where  born,  as  its  citizens,  does  not 
permit. 

Third,  the  Ja]  1  not  assimilate  and  make  good  citizens.  In  the  mass,  with 

opportunity  offered,  and  even  when  born  here,  they  have  shown  not  only  no  dispo- 
sition to  do  so,  but  pronounced  antagonism. 

JAPANESE    MAINTAIN    RACIAL    PURITY. 

ive  assimilation  of  Japanese  without  intermarriage.     It  is 

perhaps  not  desirable  for  the  good  of  either  race  that  there  should  be  intermarriage 

and  Japanese.     The  laws  of  some  States  forbid  such  marriages  but 

where  such  marriages  are  permitted  and  encouraged,  the  Japanese  them- 

will  not  take  advantage  thereof.     That  is  best  demonstrated  in  Hawaii,  where  there 

is  a  great  commingling  of  races:  but  the  Japanese,  comprising  nearly  half  of  the  entire 

population  of  the  Territor  ulily  increasing  in  number,  maintain  in  wonderful 

degree  their  racial  purity.     With  a  population  of  112,000  or  more  the  Japanese  in 

Hawaii  in  live  ed  marriages  with  other  races,  according  to  the 

S,  Doc.  55,  67-1 4 


50  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

report  made  this  year  by  the  Survey  Commission — at  the  request  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Education,  at  Washington — Bulletin  No.  16, 1920 — as  follows:  Thirty-two  Japanese 
men  and  four  women  were  married  to  Hawaiians,  a  few  Japanese  men  to  Portuguese 
women,  one  Japanese  man  to  an  American  woman,  and  a  few  Japanese  women  to 
Chinese  and  Koreans. 

THE    MIKADO — THE    JAPANESE    GOD. 

The  Japanese  hold  that  their  Mikado  is  the  one  living  God  to  whom  they  owe  their 
very  existence,  and  therefore  all  obedience.  It  is  not  possible  to  make  of  an  indi- 
vidual in  whom  that  belief  is  deeply  and  firmly  grounded  an  American  citizen  who 
can  be  relied  upon  in  a  crisis.  This  worship  of  the  Mikado  (Mikadoism,  or  Shintoism) 
is  a  part  of  the  education  of  each  child  in  Japan,  and  school  children  are  by  Govern- 
ment decree  forced  to  worship  at  the  Shinto  shrines. 

Buddhism,  which  is  tolerated  in  Japan,  has  Shintoism  grafted  onto  it.  Baron  Goto, 
a  prominent  Japanese  statesman,  at  a  gathering  of  Foreign  Board  Mission  secretaries, 
at  New  York,  in  June,  1919,  said  he  was  almost  persuaded  to  embrace  Christianity; 
that  with  slight  modifications  he  could  do  so. 

It  is  upon  such  suggestions  as  this  American  missionaries  hang  their  hopes  that  by 
placating  the  Japanese  in  various  ways,  and  more  particularly  as  to  their  demands  for 
free  immigration  and  citizenship  privileges  in  the  United  States,  the  evangelization 
of  the  Japanese  both  in  Japan  and  in  this  country,  will  be  made  very  much  easier 
through  Japanese  Government  suggestion  or  influence. 

The  modification  necessary  or  (Desirable  in  Christianity  before  Baron  Goto  would 
embrace  it  is  probably  a  modification  similar  to  that  which  has  been  made  in  Bud- 
dhism; that  is  to  say,  the  incorporation  therein  of  Mikadoism,  or  Shintoism,  which 
recognizes  the  god  character  of  the  Mikado,  and  insures  thereby  the  loyalty  of  the 
individual  Japanese  to  the  Japanese  Empire,  through  the  Mikado. 

Prof.  Kunitake  Kume,  in  " Fifty  Years  of  New  Japan,"  the  English  version  of 
which  was  revised  and  authorized  for  publication  by  Marquis  Shigenobu  Okuma, 
"the  grand  old  man  of  Japan,"  said:  "He  (the  Mikado)  is  regarded  as  a  living  Kami 
(God),  loved  and  revered  by  the  nation  above  all  things  on  earth,  and  himself  loving 
and  protecting  the  nation,  who  are  deemed  sons  of  Kami  Nagara,  and  are  intrusted 
to  his  care  by  the  Kami.  This  mutual  understanding  obtains  between  every  indi- 
vidual Japanese  and  the  Emperor." 

WHY   JAPANESE    SHOULD   RULE    THE    EARTH. 

It  is  declared  in  the  book,  "The  Political  Development  of  Japan,"  written  by 
Etsujiro  Uyehara,  member  of  the  Imperial  Japanese  Parliament,  and  head  of  one  of 
the  war  commissions  from  Japan  to  the  United  States  in  1917,  that  "The  Emperor  of 
Japan  can  say  without  hesitation,  'L'etat  c'est  moi,'  'I  am  the  State,'  more  effec- 
tively than  Louis  XIV,  not  because  Jie  can  subject  the  people  to  his  will,  but  because 
he  is  morally  so  recognized.  Theoretically,  he  is  the  center  of  the  State,  as  well  as 
the  State  itself.  He  is  to  the  Japanese  mind  the  Supreme  Being  in  the  cosmos  of 
Japan,  as  God  is  in  the  universe  to  the  pantheistic  philosopher." 

In  the  Japan  "Advertiser"  of  May  9,  1919,  there  appeared  a  translation  of  an  edi- 
torial in  the  "Niroku  Shimbun"  of  Tokio,  from  which  the  following  quotation  is 
made: 

"The  Imperial  Family  of  Japan  is  as  worthy  of  respect  as  is  God.  The  Imperial 
Family  of  Japan  is  the  parent  not  only  of  her  sixty  millions,  but  of  all  mankind  on 
earth.  In  the  eyes  of  the  Imperial  Family  all  races  are  one  and  the  same.  It  is 
above  all  racial  considerations.  All  human  disputes  therefore  may  be  settled  in 
accordance  with  its  immaculate  justice.  The  League  of  Nations,  proposed  to  save 
mankind  from  the  horrors  of  war,  can  only  attain  its  real  object  by  placing  the  Imperial 
Family  of  Japan  at  its  head,  for  to  attain  its  object  the  League  must  have  a  strong 
punitive  force  of  supernational  and  superracial  character,  and  this  force  can  only  be 
found  in  the  Imperial  Family  of  Japan." 

From  a  writer  long  resident  in  Japan,  and  fully  conversant  with  its  language,  its 
religion,  and  its  people,  is  quoted  the  following  statement  on  this  matter:  "Mikadoism, 
or  Emperor  worship,  is  the  sheet  anchor  of  patriotic  fervor  in  Japan — the  soul  of  the 
body  politic.  The  vast  majority  of  the  people  have  no  other  religion.  It  is  not  a 
relic  of  bygone  days,  but  the  very  heart  of  present-day  Japan." 

In  the  Los  Angeles  Examiner  of  June  1,  1920,  appeared  a  series  of  resolutions 
adopted  the  preceding  day  at  a  picnic  held  in  Elysian  Park  by  the  Japanese  Christian 
laymen,  at  which  Seimatsu  Kimena,  the  Japanese  "Billy"  Sunday  was  present. 
These  resolutions  recite  the  belief  of  these  Christianized  Japanese  that  Japanese  can 
not  make  good  American  citizens  unless  they  become  Christians.  While  the  reason 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION .  51 

for  this  statement  is  not  triven.  it  is  clearly  to  be  found  in  the  Japanese  worship  of  the 
1  prhired  their  intention  of  giving  their  children  only  an  American 

education,  and  their  willingness  to  he  regarded  in  consequence  by  their  fellow  coun- 
trymen a?  a  forsaken  band. 

A    DANGEROUS    FVA\<;  KI.ICAL    EXPERIMENT. 

The  plea  of  Sidney  Gulick.  and  a  number  of  his  Christian  friends,  that  we  make. 

MS  of  the  Japanese  and  then  trust  to  making  good  citizens  of  them  by  Christian- 

i  experiment  dangerous  in  the  extreme,  doubtful  even  as  to 

•  •rfirial  ohanee  in  religion,  and  certain  to  end  in  disaster.     There  are  150,000 

Japanese  in  continental  United  States,  and  it  is  estimated  that  but  4,000  of  them  have 

embraced  Christianity,  although  between  30,000  and  40.000  of  those  now  living  were 

born  in  this  country,  and  although  70,000  of  them  have  been  here  from  10  to  20  years. 

It  may  be  assumed"  that  if  any  large  body  of  Japanese  become  Christians,  their  brand 

of  Christianity  will  have  been  modified  by  Shintoism,  as  is  their  brand  of  Buddhism. 

In  addition,  it  may  be  remembered  that  a  few  years  ago  Japan  sent  a  commission 
over  to  this  country  for  the  express  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  benefits  conferred 
upon  UP  by  Christianity:  for  Japan,  if  she  sees  a  good  thing  in  other  nations,  is  quite 
willing  to  adopt  it  herself.  The  report  of  the  mission  was  to  the  effect  that,  judging 
by  the  effects  of  <  'hristianity  on  our  people,  it  would  not  be  a  desirable  belief  for 
Japan  to  embrace. 

The  principal  opponents,  in  this  country,  to  Japanese  exclusion  are  the  American 
missionaries  and  church  organizations  interested  in  the  evangelization  of  the  Japanese. 
Apparently,  they  assume,  aside  from  their  claim  that  a  Japanese  can  be  made  a  good 
American  by  Christianization.  that  if  this  country  will  yield  to  the  demands  now 
made  by  Japan  for  the  same  privileges  as  immigrants  and  citizens  for  their  people  as 
are  extended  to  Europeans,  the  work  of  the  missionaries  in  Christianizing  Japanese, 
both  in  this  country  and  in  Japan,  will  be  materially  promoted  through  Japan's 
friendly  offices. 

JAPAN    REALLY   UNFRIENDLY   TO    CHRISTIANITY. 

The  attitude  of  Japan  as  to  Christianization  of  her  people  has  been  sufficiently 
indicated  within  the  past  year  through  her  action  in  Korea,  where  the  Korean  Chris- 
tians were  subjected  to  the  greatest  persecution  and  torture,  the  evident  attempt 
being  made,  as  claimed  by  some  writers,  to  exterminate  the  Korean  Christians,  on 
the  theory  that  their  Christianity  imbued  them  with  liberal  ideas  more  or  less  danger- 
ous to  th'e  maintenance  of  Japan's  power. 

The  attitude  of  the  Japanese  Government  toward  practical  evangelization  in  Japan 
itself  is  well  illustrated  by  the  manner  in  which  the  institutions  established  by  various 
missionary  organizations  have  been  confiscated  for  Government  use.  either  directly 
or  through  enforced  incorporation  as  Japanese  institutions.  The  following  extract 
from  a  letter  from  Guy  M.  Walker. to  the  New  York  Evening  Sun.  dated  July  27, 
detailed  information  as  to  Japan's  act  in  connection  with  this  policy: 

"There  is  another  thing  concerning  what  has  happened  in  Japan  in  the  last  few 
years  on  which  our  people  should  be  enlightened,  and  that  is  the  confiscation  by  the 
Japanese  of  all  mission  property  created  by  the  millions  of  money  sent  by  our  religious 
people  to  Japan  for  the  Christianization  of  the  Japanese.  In  order  to  prevent  the 
confiscation  of  all  of  the  mission  property,  there  was  a  few  years  ago  a  feverish  and 
hurried  effort  on  the  part  of  many  denominations  to  organize  Japanese  churches 
such  as  the  Methodist-Japanese,  the  Japanese  Presbyterian  Church  and  the  Japanese 
Baptist  Church,  and  a  hurried  transfer  by  the  American  missionary  societies  to  these 
Japanese  churches  of  the  missions  schools  and  properties,  in  ordeT  to  prevent  them 
from  being  seized  and  confiscated  by  the  Japanese  Government,  or  of  being  appro- 
priated by  the  Japanese  trustees,  in  whose  name  they  stood.  Many  of  these  properties 
have  since  been  converted  into  secular  or  pagan  institutions,  and  the  Japanese  have 
cut  out  everything  connected  with  the  Christian  propaganda,  although  they  were 
created  by  <  hri>tian  money  from  America.  If  these  facts  were  known,  as  they  should 
be,  I  am  quite  sure  thai  '<le  American  would  ever  give  one  penny  further 

for  the  education  or  civilization  of  the  Japanese." 

In  the  Japan  a  a  lensthly  article  by  Charles 

A.  Perry,  calling  attention  to  tlie  little  interest  shown  by  Japanese  in  the  matter  of 

rtianization  as  indicated  by  the  small  number  of  <  hristian  converts  in  Hamamatsu, 

a  manufacturing  town  in  Japan,  of  about  19.000  inhabitants,  and  the  high  cost  of  their 

conversion.     !i  atistics  and  experiences  from  the  various  missionaric- 

*  Kev.  W.  A.  Richards,  one  of  the  resident  missionaries,  to  the 
effect  that  the  baptized  converts  of  all  sects  by  the  various  missions  on  an  average 


52  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

cost  Y200  per  head  (a  yen  is  worth  50  cents) .  Mr.  Perry  adds :  ''I  am  inclined,  though 
without  precise  figures,  to  think  that  this  is  an  underestimate,  for  Mr.  Richards's  own 
three  converts  (secured  in  four  years)  work  out  at  Y4,000  per  head/' 

The  inherent  incapacity  of  the  Japanese  for  assimilation,  their  religious  belief  and 
ideals,  bred  in  them  for  generations  and  taught  to  them  the  world  over,  which  foreign 
birth  and  foreign  residence  does  not  modify,  create  a  permanent  and  insurmountable 
barrier  between  them  and  that  real  American  citizenship  which  would  be  of  value, 
and  not  a  grave  menace,  to  this  Nation.  They  can  not  be  transmuted  into  good 
American  citizens. 

JAPAN    OPPOSES    EXPATRIATION    OF   HER    CITIZENS. 

The  second  point  made  by  me  against  the  possibility  of  making  American  citizens 
out  of  Japanese  is  based  upon  my  statement  that  Japan  does  not  permit  it.  We  come 
now  to  the  curious  and  inconsistent  policy  of  our  Government  as  to  dual  citizenship, 
the  full  viciousness  of  which  is  most  apparent  in  the  case  of  the  Japanese.  We  recog- 
nize as  an  American  citizen  and  extend  all  rights  and  privileges  as  such  to  anyone 
born  under  the  American  flag,  including  of  course,  the  Japanese.  Japan,  on  the  other 
hand,  rigidly  insists  that  every  Japanese,  no  matter  where  his  parents  were  born, 
and  no  matter  what  nation  may  have  conferred  citizenship  on  him,  with  or  without 
his  request,  is  a  Japanese  citizen,  and  must  perform  all  the  obligations  as  such. 

Every  Japanese  born  here,  even  if  his  forbears  for  generations  were  born  here, 
but  had  not  been  permitted  to  expatriate,  is  subject  to  orders  from  Japan;  is  kept 
track  of  through  the  Japanese  consulate,  and  other  organizations,  and  is.  subject  to 
1  call  for  military  duty.  Authorities  on  international  law  agree  that,  since  the  United 
States  confers  its  citizenship  on  the  Japanese  born  here,  unasked  and  with  full  knowl- 
edge of  Japan's  claims,  we  must,  in  the  event  of  war,  recognize  those  Japanese  as  the 
citizens  of  Japan. 

We  are  thus  conferring  upon  the  Japanese  born  here  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
citizenship,  without  any  of  the  obligations,  and  we  are  certainly  breeding  in  our 
midst  a  class  of  American  citizens  whose  hand,  we  know  in  advance,  must  be  against 
us  in  possible  case  of  war. 

The  Japan  Parliament  passed,  some  years  ago,  and  the  Emperor  afterwards  pro- 
mulgated, what  is  known  as  the  ; ' 'nationality"  option  law,"  which  is  supposed  to 
permit  a  Japanese  born  on  foreign  soil  to  expatriate  himself.  Examination  of  its 
terms  and  operation  shows  it  does  nothing  of  the  kind.  Under  it,  a  Japanese  born  on 
foreign  soil  may,  between  the  a,ges  of  15  and  17,  and  with  the  consent  of  his  guardians, 
apply  to  the  Japanese  Government  for  permission  to  renounce  his  allegiance.  Under 
the  circumstances,  that  application  is  not  often  made,  but,  if  made,  it  has  no  effect 
unless  permission  be  granted  by  the  Japanese  Government.  The  board  of  control 
report  quoted  the  Japanese  Vice' Consul  Ishii,  at  San  Francisco,  to  the  effect  that  not 
to  exceed  a  dozen  American-born  children  have  signed  the  '•Declaration  of  Losing 
Nationality,"  and  that,  so  far  as  learned,  permit  has  not  been  granted  by  the  Japanese 
Government  in  any  of  these  cases. 

HOW    JAPAN    TRAINS    HER    AMERICAN-BORN. 

Japan  not  only  claims  as  her  citizens  all  Japanese  born  on  American  soil,  but  she 
takes  great  care  that  they  grow  up  really  as  Japanese  citizens,  with  all  the  ideals  and 
loyalty  of  the  race,  untouched  by  the  notions  prevalent  in  this  country,  which  would 
weaken  that  loyalty. 

The  Japanese  children  born  under  the  American  flag  are  compelled  to  attend 
^  Japanese  schools,  usually  after  the  public-school  hours,  where  they  are  taught  the 
language,  the  ideals,  and  the  religion  of  Japan,  with  its  basis  of  Mikado  worship. 
Here  they  are  taught  by  Japanese  teachers,  usually  Buddhist  priests,  who  frequently 
speak  no  English /and  who  almost  invariably  know  nothing  of  American  citizenship. 
The  textbooks  used  are  the  Mombusho  series,  issued  under  the  authority  of  the 
department  of  education  at  Tokyo.  These  schools  are  located  wherever  there  are 
Japanese  communities,  and  teachers  in  the  American  public  schools  testify  that  the 
Japanese  children  frequently  are  studying  their  Japanese  lessons  in  their  public- 
school  hours. 

$fcln  Hawaii  this  system  of  Japanese  schools  and  its  effect  in  preventing  any  chance 
of  inculcating  the  principles  of  American  citizenship  in  the  Japanese  upon  whom  we 
confer  such  citizenship,  caused  such  widespread  comment  that  the  Hawaiian  Legisla- 
ture in  1919  attempted  to  pass  a  law  providing  that  teachers  in  foreign-language  schools 
must  know  sufficient  English  and  enough  American  hist  >ry  and  civics  to  ground  the 
pupils  in  the  principles  of  American  citizenship.  That  bill  was  defeated  on  the 
demand  and  through  the  influence  of  the  Japanese,  who  said  its  effect  would  be  to 
destrov  their  schools. 


JAPAXKSK    IMMIGRATION    AXI>    ( '( )L(  )X  IZATK  53 

,.  the  survey  < onunission  appointed  by  the  Commissioner  of  Education  of  the 

.  pi.n-  in  I'-iilletin  Xo.  1(5.  of  1920,  that  these  Hawaiian-Japanese  schools. 

anti-Americ;,i:.  are  at  least  not  pro-American,  and  recommends  that  all  foreign- 

Is  in  the   Hawaiian   Islands  should  be  abolished,   except  for  foreign 

children  \\  1  6  American  citi/ens. 

-POSED    TO    BECOME    UI.AI     AMK  RICA1 

It  !.  >hown  already  why  the  .hi  m  not  make  good  citizens,  because 

;;•  religion  and  heredity  and  n<,nassimilability:  it  ha?  l:een  shown  also  why  they 

f  Japan,  efficiently  and  rigorously 

administered  in  the  United  States,  as  well  as  in  Japan,  do  not  permit  them;  it  is 
equally  true  that  they  will  not  make  good  citizens  and  that  the  evidence  of  the  acts 
of  those  who  have  resided  under  the  American  flair  for  many  years  is  conclusive  on 
dnt 

In  Hawaii,  where  their  numbers  make  them  independent,  and  where  they  are  now 
in  a  position  to  practically  control  the  territory,  the  Japanese  form  a  separate,  alien 
community  observing  the  laws,  customs,  and  the  ideals  of  Japan,  using  the  Japanese 
language,  both  in  their  business  and  in  their  schools,  and  bringing  up  their  children 
not  American  but  Japanese  citizens,  with  all  that  loyalty  to  the  Mikado  which 
is  a  part  of  the  Japanese  religion. 

The  statement  made  as  to  Japanese  policy  in  Hawaii  is  equally  true  of  the  Japanese 
in  California,  though,  because  of  differences  in  conditions,  the  evidence  has  not  forced 
itself  as  yet  so  strongly  on  public  attention.  The  Japanese  schools  are  found  in  every 
Japanese  community  in  California  where  there  are  enough  children  to  support  them. 

The  Japanese,  however,  are  not  <  ontent  to  depend  upon  education  of  their  Amerkan- 
born  children  in  this  country  in  order  to  make  them  loyal  subjects  of  the  Mikado. 
In  the  report  of  the  Japanese  As.>o<  iation  of  Air.eric  a,  (  one  erning  its  California  census, 
as  <j noted  by  the  State  board  of  control,  appears  the  statement  that  there  are  in  Japan 
at  this  time  about  5.000  California-born  Japanese.  That  statement  carries  little 
significance  to  most  people.  It  means,  however,  that  there  are  at  this  time  5.000 
of  the  Japanese-  born  in  California — that  is  to  say.  20  per  cent  of  California's  Japanese 
minors — upon  whom  the  United  States  conferred  citizenship,  who  are  now  back  in 
Japan  being  thoroughly  instructed  in  the  religion  and  ideals  of  Japan;  so  that  when 
they  return  here  they  may  serve  not  s&  Ameri(  an  <  itizens,  but  as  loyal  subjects  of 
;  ikado,  to  do  his  wrill  and  serve  his  interests.  y 

The  immigration  <  ommissioners  of  San  Francisco  and  Seattle  testify  to  this  custom 
of  many  California  Japanese  to  send  their  c  hildren  bac  k  to  Japan*  when  between 
and  10  years  old  and  bring  them  back  when  they  are  17  to  19. 

The  Japanese  writer,  C.  Kondo,  chief  secretary  of  the  Central  Japanese  Association 
of  Southern  California,  in  a  very  able  article  published  in  Xichi  Bei  of  January  8 
and  9  of  this  year,  frankly  acknowledges  that  the  Japanese  of  California  show  no 
iti(,n  to  Americanize  themselves,  and  that  to  this  fa<  t  largely  is  due  the  antag- 
onism which  they  have  created.  He  warns  them  that  this  antagonism  will  increase 
rather  than  disappear,  and  suggests  that  they  should  move  to  the  Southern  States, 
where  their  characteristics  are  as  yet  unknown.  He  adds,  however,  that  if  they 
pursue  the  same  methods  there  that  they  have  in  California  they  will  encounter 
.>me  bitter  experience  that  they  are  now  undergoing  here. 

-IHER   THEMSELVEvS    A    SUPERIOR    RACE. 

n  why  the  Japanese  show  no  disposition  to  Americanize  themselves  lies 

;r  belief,  passed  down  through  generations,  grounded  into  them  in  their  schools, 

and  a  part  of  their  religion  (for  is  not  their  nation  the  only  one  on  earth  whose  ruler 

I?  .  that  they  are  superior  to  any  race  on  "earth.     Why,  then,  should    - 
>e  willing  to  expatriate  themselves  and  become  citizens  of  an  inferior  Nation? 
The  cockiness  which  many  have  noticed  in  the  Japanese  under  certain  conditions 
and  on  certain  occasions,  their  pride  and  sensitiveness,  their  intolerance  of  criticism 
or  opjw.sition.  are  all  clue  to  this  inbred  and  firmly  established  belief  in  their  superi- 
ority.    In   Exhibit  AA   appears  an  article  from  the  issue  of  June  10,   1920.  of  The 
Xorthn  an.  a  Swedish  publication  printed  at  Portland.  Oreg..  in  which  Miss  Fr;; 
Hewitt,  who  spent  six  years  in  Japan  teaching  English  to  Japanese  school  children 
hools  ther.  Neither  do  the  tourists  learn  that  these  children 

are  taught  that  they,  being  <  hildren  of  the  Son  of  Heaven,  are  superior  to  all  foreigners,    } 
and  that  their  natural  destiny  is  to  bring  all  other  peoples  to  subjection." 

Under  >uc  h  conditions,  it  is  not  only  probable  but  practically  certain  that  the 
majority  of  Jap.:  ire  now  endeavoring  to  secure  for  themselves  the  privileges 


54  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION. 

of  American  citizenship  are  doing  it  not  from  any  desire  to  help  the  American  Nation, 
or  to  become  an  integral  part  of  it,  but  that  they  may  better  serve  Japan  and  the 
Mikado.  A  striking  evidence  of  this  is  found  in  an  article  which  appeared  in  the 
Sacramento  Daily  News,  a  Japanese  newspaper,  February  4,  1920,  a  translation  of 
which  appears  in  Exhibit  K  herewith.  This  artic  le  c  alls  the  attention  of  the  Japanese 
to  the  dual  citizenship  situation,  and  suggests  that  for  the  present  they  cease  regis- 
tering births  with  the  Japanese  authorities,  but  register  only  with  the  American  author- 
ities. They  are  advised  that  they  need  not  fear  thereby  to  lose  Japanese  citizenship, 
because  at  any  time  they  can  make  good  their  claim  to  it  by  proof  of  birth,  etc.  The 
article  closes  with  the  statement  that  the  American  citizenship  can  be  used  for 
furthering  the  purposes  of  Japan  in  this  country.  Following  is  part  of  the  article: 

"It  is  urged  then  when  as  American  citizens  (by  birth)  the  opportunity  comes  for 
them  to  reenforce  the  Japanese  residents  in  America  who  have  no  citizenship  rights, 
they  must,  on  behalf  of  His  Majesty,  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  become  the  loyal  pro- 
tectors of  the  race." 

The  following  is  a  portion  of  a  statement  made  on  his  return  to  San  Francisco  from 
Japan  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Ide  Wheeler,  president  emeritus  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  republished  in  the  Japan  Advertiser  of  Tokyo  on  May  22,  1920.  Dr. 
Wheeler  had  gone  to  Japan  as  a  member  of  an  unofficial  mission  headed  by  Mr.  Wallace 
M.  Alexander,  of  the  San  Francisco  Chamber  of  Commerce,  to  discuss  with  leading 
Japanese  the  feasibility  of  a  friendly  understanding  between  the  two  countries. 
"The  two  civilizations  can  not  mingle,  and  the  leaders  in  Japan  agree  that  it  is  not 
well  to  attempt  to  amalgamate  them.  They  can  not  and  will  not  understand  our 
civilization,  and  no  matter  in  what  part  of  the  world  he  is,  a  Japanese  always  feels 
himself  a  subject  of  the  Emperor,  with  the  Imperial  Government  backing  him,  much 
as  a  feudal  retainer  had  the  support  of  his  overlord  in  exchange  for  an  undivided 
loyalty." 

.  ARGUMENTS    FOR   IMMIGRATION. 

I  have  heard  but  three  arguments  in  favor  of  Japanese  immigration — or  rather  all 
pleas  may  be  reduced  to  these  three: 

First.  The  fatherhood  of  God  and  the  brotherhood  of  man  plea.  The  Japanese 
want  to  come  here  because  this  is  a  better  place  than  Japan  for  them,  and  we  ought 
to  welcome  them. 

That  plea  is  a  legitimate  one  within  limits.  It  ceases  to  have  force  when  you 
invite  destruction  for  yourself  and  your  posterity  and  your  Nation  in  order  to  give 
some  one  something  which  he  does  not  need,  but  which  he  wants.  A  nation  has  no 
right  to  disregard  the  first  principles  of  self-preservation. 

Second.  It  is  declared  we  can  not  do  without  Japanese  labor;  that  with  exclusion 
enforced,  lands  will  lie  idle,  and  productivity  decline. 

So  far  as  our  small  farmers  are  concerned,  the  evidence  is  that  they  get  no  benefit 
from  Japanese  labor.  The  Japanese  work  lands  on  lease,  and  those  who  work  for 
wages  work  for  their  countrymen,  usually  on  the  cooperative  plan,  and  not  for  whites . 
The  board  of  control  says  in  California  there  are  fewer  Japanese  working  for  white 
men  than  white  men  working  for  Japanese. 

It  is  the  absentee  landlord,  the  large  landholder,  who  wishes  to  reside  in  the  city, 
•who  profits  through  the  presence  of  Japanese,  by  leasing  to  them. 

We  can  afford  to  have  less  profit  made  by  these  landowners — we  can  even  afford, 
if  necessary,  to  see  our  total  production  decrease,  rather  than  promote  the  control 
of  this  country  by  Japanese.  Besides  the  future  exclusion  of  Japanese  will  not 
decrease  their  number  here.  Their  birth  rate  will  prevent  that. 

There  are  many  experienced  California  farmers,  agriculturists,  and  orchardists 
•who  insist  that  activities  in  the  agricultural  sections  of  the  State  can  be  continued 
successfully  without  Japanese  labor,  and  who  themselves  furnish  proof  thereof  in 
the  management  of  their  own  properties.  They  do  it  usually  by  providing  condi- 
tions which  will  offer  attractions  to  help  of  this  character  to  remain,  particularly 
where  they  have  families.  For  the  picking  of  fruit  a  number  report  that  they  find 
no  difficulty  in  securing  families  and  girls,  providing  the  necessary  conditions  are 
furnished,—  Some  use  Mexican  labor,  which  has  to  be  handled  courteously  and 
fairly,  but  is  declared  to  be  excellent  labor  if  so  handled,  particularly  if  the  laborers 
have  their  families  tfith  them,  and  a  small  house  with  an  adjacent  piece  of  ground 
is  provided  for  each| 

As  indicating  the  sentiment  of  California  farmers  on  this  subject,  it  is  sufficient  to 
say  that  the  California  Farm  Bureau  Federation,  representing  an  affiliation  of  33 
county  farm  bureaus,  covering  85  per  cent  of  the  agricultural  area  of  the  State,  with 
a  membership  of  20,000,  voted  by  referendum  in  July,  1920,  on  a  long  list  of  topics 
of  importance  to  the  California  farmer.  The  result  as  to  matters  connected  with 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    ANI>   COLONIZATION.  55 

Japanese  was  as  follows:  Against  Japanese  immigration,    12  to  1;  against  leasing 
land  to  Japanese,  12  to  1;  against  ownership  of  land  by  Japanese,  40  to  1;    against  : 
Japanese  as  bonded  laborers,  7  to  1;  airainst  importation  of  "picture  brides,"  27  to  1.  j 

Third.  It  is  urged  that  to  enforce  exclusion  against  the  Japanese  may  produce 
friction  and  international  complications. 

That  is  not  the  plea  of  a  good,  red-blooded  American.  The  question  is,  Are 
..-lit  in  this  matter,  and  is  Japan  wrong?  Canada  and  Australia  and  New  Zea- 
land say  we  are  right,  and  Japan  has  tacitly  acquiesced  in  the  protective  measures 
which  those  countries  maintain.  Our  own  experience  with  Japanese  immigration 
under  presumed  restriction  proves  conclusively  that  the  interests  of  the  Nation 
demand  exclusion.  That  being  so,  the  true  American  will  say  frankly  to  Japan: 
"You  see  the  facts;  our  people  can  not  assimilate.  Continuation  of  existing  con- 
ditions will  make  us  enemies  where  we  are  now  friends.  Let  us  adopt  the  only 
possible  means  which  will  prevent  such  an  unfortunate  result." 

If  Japan  insists  on  finding  cause  for  friction  in  such  a  frank  statement,  why,  this 
is  a  good  time  to  learn  that  fact.  Certainly  it  is  the  time  to  act  in  our  own  protection. 

Prof.  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  of  Harvard  University,  who  returned  recently  from 
a  visit  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  where  he  had  investigated  the  problem  of  Japanese 
immigration,  said  in  a  talk  before  the  Commonwealth  Club  of  San  Francisco:  "Put  • 
the  boot  on  the  other  foot.     Suppose  100.000  American  laborers  settled  on  one  of  Japan's   \ 
small  islands.     Suppose  they  brought  with  them  American  customs,   traditions,     i 
habits,  and  means  of  permanent  establishment  through  propagation.     Would  this    ; 
be  tolerated  by  the  Japanese  Government?    The  Japanese  themselves  admit  that 
it  would  not." 

A  GOVERNMENT  WITHIN  A  GOVERNMENT. 

THE     CANCEROUS     GROWTH     WE     ARE     FOSTERING — ITS     ORGANIZATION,     OBJECT,    AND 

PLANS,  AND   THE    INEVITABLE    RESULTS    IF    NOT   CHECKED WE    ARE    ADMITTING   AND 

GIVING    CITIZENSHIP   TO    THOSE    WHO    WILL    ABSORB    US    IN    PEACE    AND    OPPOSE    US 
IN   WAR IMMEDIATE    AND   ABSOLUTE    EXCLUSION   THE    ONLY   REMEDY. 

I  can  not  too  strongly  impress  upon  this  committee  the  evidence  which  is  indis- 
putable, and  which  steadily  accumulates,  that,  through  encouragement  or  tolerance 
of  Japanese  immigration,  we  are  developing  in  our  midst  an  unassimilable  alien  com- 
munity which  has  no  sympathy  with  American  institutions;  out  of  which  we  can 
not  in  any  way  and  in  any  time  mold  American  citizens;  which  is  here  simply  for 
its  own  selfish  purposes  and  for  the  aggrandizement  of  Japan  and  the  Mikado,  who 
is  its  god;  and  that  this  alien  community  is  already  commencing  to  secure  economic 
control  of  certain  sections  of  the  country". 

Every  utterance  and  every  act  of  the  Japanese,  properly  understood,  points  to 
their  determination  to  develop  the  Japanese  race  in  this  country  and  to  create  for 
them  a  position  which  can  not  be  attacked — to  make,  in  short,  of  this  country  a  princi- 
pality of  Japan.  They  never  discuss  or  consider  the  development  of  themselves  or 
their  children  as  American  citizens  who  have  severed  all  connections  with  Japan, 
but  only  aa  Japanese  who  are  establishing  their  race  in  a  particularly  favored  land. 
It  is  for  this  end  that  they  are  openly  urged  by  their  speakers  and  writers,  in  dis- 
trict meetings  and  in  newsp'aper  editorials,  to  secure  land  and  beget  children. 

The  three  Pacific  Coast  States  are  generally  designated  by  the  Japanese  as  ;'New 
Japan."  Florin,  in  Sacramento  County,  now  a  Japanese  village  and  district,  is 
called  "Taisho-ku."  Taieho  is  the  name  of  the  present  Imperial  family  of  Japan. 
The  model  Livingston  colonies  in  Merced  are  called  the  Yamato  Colonies.  Yamato 
is  one  of  the  favorite  names  of  the  Japanese  for  their  homeland.  The  Imperial 
Valley  is  always  called  Tei  Koku,  a  term  employed  in  speaking  of  the  Japanese 
Empire.  Japan  always  changes  the  names  of  new  territories  annexed  by  her.  Korea 
which  was  the  ancient  name):  Formosa  is  Taiwan,  etc.  It  would  seem 
that  they  already  regard  the  Pacific  coast  as  an  outlying  province. 

Children  are  more  frank  than  their  elders,  and  they  usually  reflect  the  sentiments 
which  they  hear  expressed  by  these  elders.  In  the  Washington  Farmer,  June  3,  W.  S. 
Charles  tells  of  the  frequently  expressed  sentiment  on  the  part  of  Japanese  school 
in  "the  Pacific  North we.=t.  when  they  have  physical  differences  with  the  Ameri- 
can boys.  TO  tho  fftVv-T  that  Japan  will  come  over  here  some  day  and  take  possession 
of  this  country.  Similar  evidence  appears  in  the  statement  of  Mrs.  J.  M.  MacClatchie 
of  Berkfl- 

Japanese  kultur  is  as  insidious  and  much  more  dangerous  than  German  kultur. 
The  propaganda  and  the  agencies  which  it  employs,  some  of  which  were  exposed 
by  me  in  my  previous  hearing  before  the  committee,  are  such  that,  at  first  mention 


56  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

of  them  produced  among  the  uninformed  only  incredulous  smiles.  And  Japanese 
kultur  is  not  making  a  mistake  which  German  kultur  made— it  does  not  encourage, 
much  less  permit,  the  Japanese  to  become  real  American  citizens. 

ORGANIZATION    OF   THE   JAPANESE. 

This  alien  community  has  an  organization  and  practices  a  degree  of  cooperation 
which  makes  it  invincible  in  certain  matters,  notwithstanding  its  comparatively 
small  membership.  The  Japanese  have  their  local  associations,  which  are  controlled 
by  five  district  organizations  centered  at  Los  Angeles,  San  Francisco,  Portland, 
Seattle,  and  Vancouver.  They  have  in  California  55  agricultural  associations,  each 
of  which  is  affiliated  with  one  of  the  three  large  central  agricultural  associations. 

The  district  organization  centered  at  San  Francisco  is  known  as  the  Japanese 
Association  of  America  and  its  jurisdiction  covers  the  States  of  Colorado.  Utah, 
Nevada,  and  all  that  portion  of  California  north  of  the  Tehachapi.  There  are  39 
local  organizations  affiliated  with  it. 

The  Japanese  Association  of  America,  the  district  organization  located  at  San 
Francisco,  while  ostensibly  an  independent  organization  acting  only  in  the  interests 
:of  the  individual  Japanese  in  a  certain  district  of  the  United  States  who  swell  its 
revenues,  is  really  ruled  by  the  Japanese  Consul  General  at  San  Francisco  for  the 
glory  of  Japan  and  her  illustrious  ruler,  the  Mikado.  That  is  not  my  statement, 
but  the  declaration  of  Nichi  Bei,  the  leading  Japanese  newspaper  of  San  Francisco. 
There  is  offered  as  an  exhibit  (see  Exhibit  "P")  a  translation  of  an  article,  one  of 
several  of  similar  character  which  appeared  in  that  newspaper,  in  which  it  openly 
charged  that  the  Japanese  Association  is  only  the  tool  of  the  consul  general,  operated 
from  his  office,  and  that  he  names  its  executives  and  dictates  their  action. 

The  Japanese  have  boasted  that  through  various  influences  they  have  "scotched" 
or  delayed  adverse  legislation  in  Colorado  and  in  Oregon.  Their  California  journals 
have  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  they  are  raising  a  fund  of  $100,000,  $50,000  to 
come  from  Japan  and  the  balance  to  be  collected  here,  for  the  purpose  of  "persuading" 
the  next  California  legislature  against  action  adverse  to  Japanese  interests  here. 

An  investigation  of  the  Japanese  communities  in  this  State  will  convince  this 
committee  that  we  are  harboring  a  most  dangerous  character  of  alien  Government 
within  our  Government;  that  this  alien  Government  controls  the  education,  the  reli- 
gion, the  acts  and  the  lives  of  the  members  of  these  resident  communities;  and  the 
sacred  privilege  of  American  citizenship  conferred  on  them  by  birth  is  of  no  value  in 
inducing  assimilation,  but  simply  places  in  their  hands  a  weapon  which  will  be 
used  against  us  in  peaceful  penetration  or  in  open  warfare. 

RECAPITULATION. 

It  will  be  agreed,  I  think,  that  the  facts  now  before  us  conclusively  establish  that 
the  Japanese  are  undesirable  as  immigrants  and  as  citizens,  not  because  they  are 
of  an  inferior  race  but  because  they  are  superior  in  certain  characteristics,  which, 
if  the  issue  were  forced,  would  determine  the  possession  of  this  country  between  two 
unassimilable  races. 

The  Japanese  are  unassimilable  with  our  civilization  and  our  people.  Their  racial 
characteristics  would  soon  give  them  economic  control  of  this  country  if  they  secure 
a  foothold,  and  their  natural  increase  would  give  them  in  time  superior  numbers  to 
the  whites.  Under  such  conditions  it  would  be  national  suicide  to  encourage  or 
permit  the  Japanese  to  secure  a  foothold  here. 

The  "gentlemen's  agreement,"  under  which  Japanese  immigration  is  at  present 
regulated,  was  a  grave  blunder.  It  has  failed  utterly  to  accomplish  the  purposes 
for  which  it  was  intended.  In  20  years  our  Japanese  population  in  continental 
United  States  has  increased  sixfold ;  while  since  1906,  and  directly  chargeable  to  the 
"gentlemen's  agreement."  that  Japanese  population  in  continental  United  States 
has  multiplied  three  times,  and  in  California  has  multiplied  four  times. 

It  has  been  established  that  the  agreement  is  being  constantly  and  deliberately 
violated.  Admissions  coming  through  the  open  ports  under  passports  from  Japan 
are  largely  in  violation  of  the  intent,  if  not  the  actual  wording,  of  the  agreement,  while 
there  has  been  coming  in  over  the  border  surreptitiously  in  violation  of  the  agree- 
ment, but  certainly  with  the  knowledge  of  Japan,  a  steadily  increasing  number. 

It  is  certain  that  under  either  the  "gentlemen's  agreement,"  or  the  proposed  per 
centage  immigration  plan,  an  encouragement  of  further  admission  of  Japanese  means 
that  the  Japanese  population  in  this  country  will  so  increase  as  to  run  into  millions 
in  a  comparatively  few  years,  and  ultimately  become  so  large  as  to  dispossess  the  white 
race. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLOXIZAT!'  57 

What  has  happened  in    IFavaii.  which  is  apparently  already  lost  to  tin-  United 
::ites,  is  happening  in  certain  localities  in  California.     A  con  tin  u- 
v.-ill  make  tin-  situation  gfm-ral  throughout  the  favored  p<  r- 
rmitting  to  develop  in  our  midst  an  a 

-nee  mean?  international  conflict. 

and  v!  i  mean  the  subjugation  of  this  country. 

In  E  nid  an  inten  iew  from  tin-  Japa;i  Advertiser,  of  Tokyo, 

:-h  Pr.  IF.  If.  !  --ii  a  member  of  the  faculties  of  The  Um- 

-.  and  who  is  the  author  of  a  number  of 
•iiikly  t«-llinir  the  people  of  Japan,  through  the  Adver 

that  they  ..  ::iijrrati».n  qur^n'. •'.-.:  that  Mr.  Frank 

Yandt  rlip  wrop^s  b.-.th  peoples  when  he  hoM-  hope  that  America  will 

don  her  policy  of  exclusion  toward  I  a  <•!  ih>-  I  i  shall  quote  a  small 

o  o'nly  of  ThuT  u 

"Unfortunately,  il  uld  not  make  Americans  at  all.     Xr»  race  ever 

icept  by  intermarriage  an.!  physical  fusion.     That 

happen  in  tit-  :iiy  far-eastern  race.  <,r  at  least  would  not  happen 

•  -stroy  the  arateness.     The  Japanese 

!  remain  distinct.     Ti:--y  •.-•-, uld  rapidly  displace  °ur  own  more  exacting  race. 

to  be  losing  Around,  tore  should  turn  upon  the  aggressive  race  with 

-ness  and  fury.     That  race  would  lean  on  the  homo  country  and  enlist  its  support. 

••  In  a  word,  if  we  want  war  between  the  two  countries,  that  is  the  best  way  to  get  it. 

a  us  and  we  can  be  irien<i  od  friends:  but,  bring  the  two 

races  together  under  conditions  that  insure  competition  on  unequal  terms,  and  where 

the  necessary  fusion  is  not  to  be  e  dy  clash  is  inevitable.     The 

American  people  feel  this  though  they  do  not  wholly  understand  it.     Their  poli 

the  instinct  of  self-protection." 

THE    REMEDY. 

To  remedy  the  national  situation  which  has  thus  been  outlined,  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia can  do  very  little  because  of  lack  of  authority.  What  she  may  do  within  her 
own  borders,  she  is  attempting  to  do,  through  an  initiative  measure,  in  closing  up  the 
loopholes  which  have  been  found  to  exist  in  her  alien  land  law,  so  that  the  Japanese 
will  no  longer  be  able  to  secure  control  of  the  rich  agricultural  lands  in  the  State, 
either  through  ownership  or  1«- 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  in  the  existing  treaty  with  Japan  there  is  no  provision 
for  extending  to  Japanese  the  right  to  own  or  lease  agricultural  lands,  and  that  the 
present., alien  land  law.  and  the  amendments  thereto  now  being  provided  for  by 
initiative  specifically  guarantees  to  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship,  as  to  the  acquisi- 
tion, ownership,  occupation,  and  disposition  of  agricultural  lands,  all  the  rights  granted! 
them  by  treaty,  and  not  otherv. 

It  is  noted,  too,  that  the  plan  outlined  by  California  to  prevent  ownership  or  lease 
of  agricultural  lands  by  Japanese,  against  which  there  was  such  protest  on  the  part 
of  the  Japanese,  has  already  been  embodied  in  a  law  passed  by  the  Philippine  Legisla- 
ture and  now  effective  with  the  formal  or  tacit  approval  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States. 

The  effective  remedy  for  the  situation  in  this  country  must  lie  with  the  Federal 

:  nment,  which  made  the  original  blunder  and  created  the  existing  situation,  and 

which  alone  has  the  power  to  provide  the  remedy.     That  remedy  will  probably  have 

to  come  partly  from  the  Executive  Department,  because  of  the  existing  "gentlemen's 

agreement."  and  perhaps  partly  through  Congress  in  adopting  legislat 

What  is  apparently,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States  Government  to 

remedy  the  existing  situation 

First.  A  poli'  lute  exclusion  of  the  Japanese,  either  under  a  treaty  or 

written  agreement  with  Japan,  or  by  act  of  Congress,  as  in  the  ca^-  of  China.  This 
should  be  as  rigid  in  its  terms  as  our  exclusion  law  affecting  the  Chinese,  and  should 
forbid  the  importation,  under  any  pretext,  of  women  or  wives  of  Japanese  men  whose 
right  to  reside  in  this  country  has  been  recogni/ed.  It  has  already  been  shown  in 
'atement  that  the  Japanese  birth  rate  in  California  is  three  times  that  of  the 
white?,  though  the  Japanese  have  but  one  woman  to  three  or  four  men:  -that  they 
have  urged  that  they  be  permitted  to  import  enough  women  to  serve  as  wives  for  all 
adult  Japanese  men*  and  that  their  speakers  and  newspapers  have  constantly  urged 
the  necessity  of  raising  large  families  in  order  to  establish  the  Yamato  race'perma- 
nently  in  this  conn' 

nd.  Any  necessary  precautions  to  enforce  such  understanding  by  guarding 
against  surreptitious  entry. 


58  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

Third.  Formal  adoption  of  the  clearly  defined  principle  that  Japanese  and  other 
unassimilable  Asiatics  shall  never  be  admitted  to  citizenship  by  naturalization.  To 
make  exceptions  to  such  a  rule  in  favor  of  Japanese  already  here,  as  is  now  being 
ur  ed,  would  be  a  grave  blunder,  establishing  a  precedent  which  would  make  for 
present  complications  with  other  Asiatic  countries,  and  future  friction  with  Japan — 
for  the  concession  would  be  used  by  her  as  an  entering  wedge.  Aside  from  these 
considerations,  it  would  be  a  national  crime  to  confer  citizenship  on  Japanese  satu- 
rated with  the  ideals  and  religion  of  Japan,  and  who  came  over  here  after  reaching 
maturity.  The  evidence  seems  conclusive  on  that  point. 

Fourth.  A  modification  of  our  present  policy  which  permits  dual  citizenship  and 
its  grave  consequences  in  the  case  of  the  Japanese.  Apparently  the  latter  can  be  done 
only  by  amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitution,  confining  citizenship  by  birth  to 
those  whose  parents  are  eligible  to  such  citizenship. 

HOW  TO   APPLY  THE   REMEDY. 

Exclusion  can  be  accomplished  under  proposed  bills  in  Congress  by  extending  the 
boundaries  of  the  zone  in  Asia  from  which  immigration  is  barred,  to  include  Japan. 
Action  along  these  lines  has  been  recommended  by  the  Commissioner  General  of 
Immigration  in  his  report  for  the  fiscal  year,  ending  June  30,  1919,  at  page  59,  in  the 
following  language: 

"The  bureau  respectfully  suggests  consideration  of  the  extension  of  the  barred  zone 
to  such  parts  of  Asia  as  are  not  now  included  therein,  nor  affected  by  exclusion  laws 
or  agreements,  and  also  to  Africa  and  adjacent  islands  so  as  to  exclude  inhabitants 
who  are  of  the  unassimilable  classes,  or  whose  admission  in  any  considerable  number 
would  tend  to  produce  an  economic  menace  to  our  population." 

The  immediate  settlement  of  this  very  grave  question  along  lines  of  exclusion  is 
manifestly  in  the  interests  of  both  nations,  since  both  nations  wish  to  maintain,  and 
will  find  it  advantageous  to  maintain,  friendly  relations. 

Apparently  the  leaders  in  Japan,  as  well  as  those  who  have  investigated  the  subject 
on  behalf  of  the  American  people,  find  convincing  proof  that  neither  race  is  desirous 
of  assimilating,  even  if  it  can  assimilate.  Under  such  conditions  to  maintain  side 
by  side  in  this  country  two  unassimilable  races  would  be  to  invite  friction  and  bring 
about  conflict  ultimately. 

The  effective  remedy  indicated  in  the  four  proposed  measures  outlined  above 
should  be  applied,  if  possible,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  avoid  hurt  to  Japan's  pride,  and 
thereby  prevent  friction  and  possible  international  complications.  That  could  be 
accomplished  either  by  a  treaty,  or  by  the  passage  of  identical  laws  by  Japan  and  the 
United  States  under  which  each  nation  would  decline  to  admit  to  its  shores,  either 
as  immigrants  or  citizens,  the  nationals  of  the  other,  making,  of  course,  due  provision 
for  officials,  tourists,  students,  commercial  men,  etc. 

Japan  could  offer  no  reasonable  objection  to  such  an  arrangment,  since  she  would 
be  excluding  from  Japan  the  same  classes  which  we  desire  to  exclude  from  the  United 
States,  and  she  would  be  doing  it  presumably  in  the  interests  of  her  own  people,  as 
we  would  be  doing  it  in  the  interests  of  ours.  I  commend  to  your  committee  careful 
consideration  of  this  suggestion  as  a  possible  solution  for  this  serious  problem. 

IN    HARMONY   WITH   PREVIOUS   SUGGESTIONS. 

The  five  remedial  measures  suggested  by  me  originally  and  afterwards  adopted  by 
the  American  Legion  in  national  convention,  and  by  the  several  exclusive  organiza- 
tions of  the  Pacific  coast,  would  be  sufficiently  covered  in  the  plan  as  now  proposed. 
These  five  remedies  appear  at  page  36  of  "The  Germany  of  Asia,"  and  include  (1) 
cancellation  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement";  (2)  stopping  of  "picture  brides"; 
(3)  future  exclusion  of  Japanese  with  other  Asiatics  as  immigrants;  (4)  formal  recog- 
nition of  the  policy  excluding  unassimilable  Asiatics  from  citizenship;  and  (5)  amend- 
ment to  the  Constitution  so  that  citizenship  by  birth  will  not  be  conferred  on  those 
whose  parents  are  ineligible  to  such  citizenship. 

There  was  a  sixth  suggestion  credited  to  me  as  to  admission  of  Chinese  labor  in 
limited  numbers  for  a  limited  time,  under  restriction  as  to  locality  of  residence  and 
occupation.  I  did  offer  that  suggestion  in  the  inception  of  the  discussion,  to  meet 
the  declaration  that  the  interests  of  the  Nation  demanded  introduction  of  some  oriental 
labor.  That  suggestion  was  withdrawn  within  two  weeks,  and  I.  have  since  uniformly 
opposed  it.  The  reason  is  that  if  we  refuse  admission  to  Japanese  on  the  plea  that 
our  policy  bars  Asiatic  labor  generally,  we  can  not  consistently  admit  Chinese.  If  more 
oriental  labor  is  really  necessary  to  maintain  or  to  increase  production  (which  we  are 
not  prepared  to  admit)  it  is  better  to  see  production  decrease  somewhat  than  to  per- 
mit and  encourage  the  evils  which  must  follow  in  the  wake  of  oriental  immigration. 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  59 

KX  HIP,  ITS   r>   TO   7. 


Exhibit  v  Hnii.-i-  iininiuraiion  hearings  on  Pacific  coast,  in  -1  vloumes,  July,  1920. 
Kxhibit  •'.:   Purport  California  State  Board  of  Control,  "California  and  the  Oriental," 

Kxhibit  7:  Alien  land  laws  and  alien  rights,  House  Document,  No.  87,  by  C.  K  . 
Curry. 

KXHIBIT   8. 
JAPAN-  It  K  VIEWS  OUR  LAND  LAW. 

HER    AUTHORITIES    DECLARE    IT    VIOLATES    NEITHER   CONSTITUTION    NOR   TREATY. 
[V.  S.  McClatchy  in  Sacramento  Bee,  Aug.  27,  1920.] 

Some  Japanese,  and  many  pro-Japanese,  in  this  country  question  the  constitution- 
ality of  California's  proposed  initiative  alien  land  law,  and  insist  also  that  it  conflicts 
with  the  existing  treaty  between  Japan  and  the  United  States. 

LEGALITY    OF   MEASURE    QUESTIONED. 

Henry  P.  Bowie,  who  was  formerly  a  Californian  (he  was  the  first  president  of  the 
"Japan  Society  of  San  Francisco),  now  settled  in  Japan,  says  in  a  leading  article  in  the 
Tokyo  "Japan  Times  and  Mail  "  of  July  5,  1920: 

is  the  opinion  of  many  legal  minds  and  jurists  of  distinction  that  this  California 
statute  violates  the  letter  and  the  spirit  of  the  treaty  with  Japan.    *  There  are 

sound  reasons  for  believing  that  should  the  case  be  properly  presented  either  by  an 
appeal  to,  or  by  original  proceedings  taken  in  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  that 
tribunal  would  adjudicate  the  California  land  law  to  be  unconstitutional  and  void." 

And  again  Mr.  Bowie  says:  "The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  declares  all 
treaties  to  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  any  law  of  a  State  to  the  contrary  notwith- 
standing." 

It  has  been  pointed  out  a  number  of  times  by  the  proponents  of  the  California  land 
measure  that  it  does  not  violate  in  any  way  the  existing  treaty  with  Japan,  nor  is  it 
in  violation  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  contentions  put  forth  by 
Mr.  Bowie  in  the  article  referred  to  are  shown  to  be  ridiculous  by  Japanese  authorities 
of  recognized  standing  who  concede  that  the  law,  as  originally  passed  in  1913,  and  the 
initiative  measure  now  before  the  people,  do  not  in  any  way  conflict  with  the  treaty, 
or  with  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  that  Japan  can  have  no  legal  redress 
in  the  matter. 

TAKAHA3HI    CONCEDES    STATUTE    IS   LEGAL. 

The  Japanese  Review  of  International  Law,  published  at  Tokyo,  is  a  recognized 
authority  in  that  country,  its  contributors  being  among  the  best-known  and  best- 
informed  of  Japanese  statesmen. 

In  the  March,  1919.  issue  of  that  review,  there  appeared  an  article  by  Sakuye  Taka- 
hashi,  L.  L.  D..  its  leading  editor,  in  which  he  disposes  uncompromisingly  of  the 
opinion,  more  or  less  prevalent  among  the  Japanese,  that  the  California  land  'law  can 
be  set  aside  by  appeal  to  the  United  States  Government,  or  to  the  courts. 

He  shows  in  that  article: 

1.  That  the  treaty  between  Japan  and  the  United  States  contains  no  "favored 
nation"  clause  applicable  to  the  rase. 

2.  That  the  treaty  fails  to  concede  to  Japanese  in  this  country  the  ownership  of  land 
for  any  purpose,  or  lease  of  land  except  for  commercial  or  residential  purposes;  and 
that,  therefore,  the  Japanese  can  not  claim,  under  the  treaty,  the  rights  to  the  use  of 
agricultural  lands,  cither  through  ownership  or  lease. 

3.  That  even  if  the  treaty  did  permit  ownership  of  land,  such  provision  would  be 
.1.  since  it  is  not  within  the  province  of  the  Federal  Government,  but  solely  the 

right  of  the  individual  States,  to  regulate  within  their  own  borders  the  ownership  and 
control  of  land. 

KOI5AYASHI    FINDS    NO    FLAW    IN*    INITIATIVE. 

The  argument  of  Dr.  Takahashi,  being  written  over  a  year  ago,  dealt  only  with  the 
law  of  191.°.,  and  could  not  take  into  account  the  initiative  measure  now  before  the 
people  of  California:  but  the  same  Japanese  review,  in  the  issue  of  June,  1920,  pub- 
lished a  lengthy  article  by  Dr.  K.  Kobayashi,  under  the  title  of  "The  anti-Japanese 


60  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

land  law  in  California.''  which  considers  very  fully  all  phases,  historical  and 

of  the  law  of  1913,  and  also  of  the  initiative  measure  now  before  the  people  of  this 

State  for  decision. 

Therein  he  sets  forth  as  clearly  and  uncompromisingly  as  did  Takahashi  a  year  before 
the  futility  of  attempted  opposition  by  legal  methods  to  the  California  alien  land  law. 
He  says:  '''Neither  the  present  California  alien  land  law  nor  the  proposed  hasty  and 
cruel  initiative  law  can  be  dealt  with  as  legal  questions.  All  that  can  be  done*  is  to 
soften  them  by  political  and  diplomatic  methods." 

He  considers  the  proposed  law,  first  as  to  its  constitutionality,  and  next  as  to  it? 
compliance  v.ith  the  treaty,  very  fully,  explaining  the  points  in  connection  with 
both  phases. 

CALIFORNIA    WITHIN    HER    STATE    RIGHTS. 

lie  shows  that  under  the  Federal  Constitution  the  Federal  Government  is  clothed 
only  with  certain  powers  as  to  matters  and  conditions  within  the  respective  States, 
and  that  as  to  other  matters  full  authority  is  vested  in  the  States  themselves.  Among 
the  matters  over  which  the  States  have  entire  and  absolute  control  are  land,  and  its 
acquisition  and  use:  and  he  concludes:  "Hence  the  California  land  law  does  not  in 
any  way  conflict  with  the  Constitution .  California  can  extend  or  shorten  the  leasing 
period  or  take  away  the  privilege  entirely,  and  we  can  do  nothing." 

He  explains  fully  our  treaty  with  Japan,  showing  the  material  differences  between 
this  treaty  and  a  similar  treaty  made  by  Japan  with  Great  Britain.  Our  treaty  with 
Japan  expressly  omits  granting  to  Japanese  in  this  country  the  privilege  of  owning 
any  land  for  any  purpose,  or  of  leasing  lands  for  purposes  aside  from  those  having  to  do 
with  commerce  and  residence.  The  treaty  with  Great  Britain  is  quite  different. 

He  shows,  too,  that  the  only  favored-nation  clause  in  our  treaty  with  Japan  is  found 
in  Article  XIV  thereof,  which  applies  solely  to  matters  of  commerce,  and  navigation, 
and  can  not  be  made,  under  any  stretch  of  the  imagination,  to  apply  to  land  ownership. 
In  fact,  the  treaty  itself  is  simply  a  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation.  He  states 
very  positively,  therefore,  "The  California  land  law  violates  neither  the  Constitution 
nor  the  Japan-America  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation." 

NATURALIZATION  NOT  GOVERNED  BY  TREATY. 

He  writes  in  a  similar  uncompromising  way  of  the  suggestion  that  Japan  can  secure 
for  her  nationals  naturalization  in  the  United  States  by  treaty,  and  says:  "To  secure 
naturalization  by  treaty  for  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship  under  the  naturalization 
law  is  totally  unthinkable,"  explaining  that  matters  of  naturalization  are  not  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  executive  department  of  the  Federal  Government,  which 
department  has  to  do  with  the  negotiating  of  treaties  with  other  nations,  but  belong 
only  to  the  legislative  functions  of  Congress. 

It  is  nevertheless  true  that  the  Japanese  Embassy  at  Washington,  as  reported  on 
several  occasions,  has  made  earnest  protest  against  the  progress  of  the  initiative  land 
law  measure  in  California.  The  embassy  is  even  reported  to  have  delayed  certain 
negotiations  on  matters  entirely  unrelated  until  the  California  question  shall  have 
been  decided. 

THE    BASIC    FACTS   OUTLINED. 

To  expatriated  Californians  like  Henry  Bowie,  now  earnestly  promoting  the  plan? 
of  Japan  against  this  country,  without  proper  knowledge  of  the  facts;  to  earnest  Ameri- 
cans in  this  country  innocently  acting  as  propagandists  for  Japan,  and  similarly  un- 
informed; to  other  Americans  whose  selfish  interests  induce  them  to  espouse  the 
Japanese  cause  regardless  of  the  menace  to  this  country;  and  to  official  Japan  seeking 
to  induce  the  Federal  Government  to  interfere  again  in  blocking  the  fight  which 
California  is  making,  not  for  herself  alone,  but  for  the  entire  Nation;  to  all  these  the 
following  facts  should  be  known  and  heeded;  and  to  him  who  still  doubts  that  they 
are  facts  necessary  proofs  will  be  supplied  on  application: 

1.  The  highest  authorities  on  international  law  in  Japan  frankly  declare  that  the 
California  initiative  land  law  does  not  conflict  either  with  the  American  Constitution 
or  with  the  American-Japanese  treaty. 

2.  Similar  authority,  or  the  law  itself,  shows  that  California,  in  thus  complying 
strictly  with  the  treaty,  will  refuse  to  the  Japanese  in  this  country  no  rights  or  privi- 
leges which  are  not  refused  by  law  to  Americans  in  Japan. 

3.  In  thus  seeking  to  prevent  control  by  the  Japanese  of  the  land  and  its  products, 
California  is  using  her  limited  jurisdiction  in  an  attempt  to  stop  an  evil  which  would 
eventually  result  in  economic  control  of  the  Nation  by  an  alien  and  unassimilable  race. 

4.  While  individual  States  may  guard  the  land  and  its  products  from  control  of 
this  character,  only  the  Federal  Government  can  stop  the  incoming  tide  of  this  alien 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  61 

and  una3similable  race.     If  that  tide  be  not  stopped,  the  comparative  birth  rates 
•officially  established  iu  California  demonstrate  that  the  white  race  in  this  country  • 
.inb  in  time  to  actual  force  of  numbers. 


ROOSEVELT  ox  THE  JAPANESE  QUESTION. 

D     I   \<  l.t  1>E     EVEN     SMALL    TI!  -UPHELD    OUR    RIGHT    TO    REFUSE    N ACT- 

UALIZATION    AM'  !      "K     I.ANH     -HKI.i)     THK    TWO     RAC1  MILABLE — 

ED    THK    PRESENT    FOKM    OF    <  i  ENTLEM  EX*  S    AGREEMENT. 

[By  V.  S.  McClatchy.] 

Iu  support  of  the  demand  on  the  part  of  the  Japanese  for  naturalization  of  their 

nationals  in  this  country  in  order  that  they  may  be  placed  upon  an  equality  with 

immigrants  from  Europe  in  the  matter  of  ownership  of  land,  despite  laws  that  might 

:  denying  such  right  to  unnaturalized  aliens,  attention  has  been  called  to 

the  recommendation  made  by  President  Theodore  Roosevelt  in  his  message  to  Con 

•  •mber  ;}.  190*;.     In  the  short  space  of  two  lines  he  recommended  merely: 
The  passage  of  an  act  for  naturalization  of  Japanese  who  come  intending  to 

\merican  riti/i 

The  use  of  this  recommendation  by  President  Roosevelt  for  the  purpose  of  influ- 

Mic  opinion  favorably  toward  granting  naturalization  at  this  time  to  the 

i. -eight  when  it  is  shown  that  subsequently  and  with  better  knowledge 

Roosevelt  entirely  reversed  the  opinion  thus  expressed.     It  should  be 

borne  in  mind,  too,  that  the  Federal  statutes  must  be  amended  before  Congress  even 

.'rant  right  of  naturalization  to  members  of  the  yellow  race. 

-  evident  that  Roosevelt  changed  his  views  on  the  subject,  for  in  subsequent 

when  he  touched  upon  the  Japanese  question,  he  offered  no  such  recommenda- 

and  these  later  clearly  expressed  views  on  various  phases  of  the  subject  seem 

i  that  he  would  favor  such  action. 

PROVIDED    FOR    EXCLUSION    BY   LAW. 

In  his  autobiography,  published  in  1913,  at  pages  411  to  417,  in  discussing  the  Cali- 
fornia Japanese  school  question  and  his  action  in  regard  thereto,  he  carefully  omits 
reference  to  his  recommendation  of  naturalization  and  writes  as  though  he  approved 
California's  stand  a-  to  Japanese  in  all  regards,  save  separation  of  school  children 
In  that  portion  of  the  autobiography  he  says  that  Japan  has  the  right  to  declare  on 
will  admit  foreigners  to  work  in  her  country,  or  to  own  land,  or  to 
become  citizens,  and  that  America  has  and  must  insist  on  the  same  right.  He  points 
out  that  he  concluded  an  agreement  with  Japan  (the  gentlemen's  agreement  of  1907) 
under  which  it  was  expressly  agreed  that  we  would  pass  exclusion  laws  against  the 
Japanese  if  Japan  failed  to  keep  ner  laborers  out  of  this  country,  and  that  the  teeth  were 
drawn  out  of  thb  agreement  by  his  successor,  who  in  1911  made  a  treaty  of  commerce 
and  navigation  with  Japan  under  which  we,  in  effect,  surrendered  the  right  of  exclusion 

h  we  had  reserved.     The  following  is  Roosevelt's  language  on  this  point: 

(;'!  secured  an  arrangement  with  Japan  under  which  the  Japanese  themselves  pre- 

d  any  immigration  to  our  country  of  their  laboring  people,  it  being  distinct!} 

understood  that  if  there  was  such  immigration  the  United  States  would  at  once  pass 

an  exclusion  law.     It  was,  of  course,  infinitely  better  that  the  Japanese  should  stop 

their  own  people  from  coming  rather  than  that  we  should  have  to  stop  them;  but  it 

;er-essary  for  us  to  hold  this  power  in  reserve.     Unfortunately,  after  I  left  office, 

a  mo-  i  and  ill-devised  policy  was  pursued  toward  Japan,  combining  irrita- 

-.  which  culminated  in  a  treaty  under  which  we  surrendered  this 

-rant  and  riirht.     It  was  alleged  in  excuse  that  the  treat}-  provided 

9  own  abrogation:  but,  of  course,  it  is  iniinitely  better  to  have  a  treaty  under  which 

-ary  right  is  explicitly  retained,  rather  than  a  treaty  so 

drawn  tha  be  had  to  tin.'  extreme  step  of  abrogating,  if  it  ever  becomes 

to  exercise  the  right  in  qi 

OURS   THE    RIGHT  TO    EXCLUDE. 

In  a  speech  at  Newport,  R.  I..  July  2,  1913,  i  said: 

right  to  insist  that  we.  and  we  alone,  are  to  decide  what  immigrants 
>hall  come  to  our  shores  and  as  to  whether  these  immigrants  shall  become  citi/.ens 
or  own  land.  These  and  other  similar  rights  are  not  merely  rights  but  dm 


62  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND   COLONIZATION. 

This  is  a  repudiation  of  the  principle  embodied  in  the  gentlemen's  agreement,  ae 
modified  by  the  treaty  of  1911,  under  which  we  surrendered  to  Japan  the  right  to 
select  the  quantity  and  quality  of  Japanese  immigration  coming  to  us .  It  is  also  a  criti- 
cism of  the  policy,  lately  attempted  by  the  Federal  treaty-making  power,  to  nullify 
State  land  laws  on  Japan's  demand. 

NO   ARBITRATION    ON   IMMIGRATION. 

In  an  editorial  in  the  Outlook,  January,  1916,  Roosevelt  declared  that:  ''We  can 
not  arbitrate,  with  the  intention  of  abiding  by  the  arbitration,"  various  questions,, 
including  the  "admission  of  Asiatic  immigrants  in  mass." 

This  is  a  repudiation  of  a  plan  suggested  recently^atr  Washington  under  which  the 
entire  Japanese  question,  including  land  ownership  and  immigration,  should  be 
decided  by  the  United  States,  in  conference  with  Great  Britain,  Japan,  and  China. 

Writing  in  the  Kansas  City  Star  in  December,  1917,  Roosevelt  said: 

"No  temporary  advantages  from  the  importation  of  Chinese  coolies  would  offset 
the  far-reaching  ultimate  damage  it  would  cause." 

A    REVERSAL   IN    1909. 

The  most  conclusive  evidence  as  to  Roosevelt's  quick  change  of  the  views  expressed 
in  his  message  of  1906,  and  his  subsequent  opposition  to  naturalization  of  Japanese, 
is  found  in  correspondence  had  by  him  with  Hon.  William  Kent,  in  February,  1909r 
and  published  in  the  Sacramento  Bee,  July  18,  1910,  by  special  permission  of 
Roosevelt. 

Kent,  in  a  letter  to  Roosevelt,  January  29,  1909,  called  attention  to  the  seriousness 
of  the  Japanese  situation,  and  insisted  that,  while  the  Japanese  should  be  treated  with 
deference  and  respect,  "They  should  be  made  to  understand  that  we  must  be  judge 
of  our  citizenship,  and, that,  if,  in  the  exercise  of  such  judgment,  we  do  not  wish  to 
have  our  blood  mixed  with  that  of  orientals,  or  on  the  other  horn  of  the  dilemma,  we 
do  not  wish  an  unassimilable  people  among  us,  this  means  no  disrespect  to  a  friendly 
nation  or  a  friendly  people  who  happen  to  be  orientals." 

Toward  the  close  of  Kent's  letter  he  says: 

"Therefore,  while  fully  appreciating  the  great  difficulties  of  your  position,  and  the 
great  service  you  are  rendering  in  negotiating  an  understanding  whereby  the  Jap- 
anese shall  be  kept  out  by  their  own  Government,  there  still  remains  the  menace  of 
this  race  proposition  that  they  are  an  irreconcilable  race  when  settled  among  us,  and 
that  distance  will  best  sanctify  our  traditional  friendship  for  each  other." 

WOULD    KEEP    OUT    EVEN    TRADESMEN. 

President  Roosevelt's  reply  was  written  from  the  White  House,  under  date  of  Feb- 
ruary 4,  1909,  and  is  as  follows: 

MY  DEAR  KENT^JLet  the  arrangement  between  Japan  and  the  United  States  be 
entirely  reciprocal.  Let  the  Japanese  and  Americans  visit  one  another's  countries 
with  entire  freedom  as  tourists,  scholars,  professors,  sojourners  for  study  or  pleasure,  or 
for  purposes  of  international  business,  but  keep  out  laborers,  men  who  want  to  take 
up  farms,  men  who  want  to  go  into  the  small  trades,  or  even  in  professions  where  the 
work  is  of  a  noninternational  character;  that  is,  keep  out  of  Japan  those  Americans 
who  wish  to  settle  and  become  part  of  the  resident  working  population,  and  keep  out 
of  America  those  Japanese  who  wish  to  adopt  a  similar  attitude.  This  is  the  only 
wise  and  proper  policy. 

"  It  is  merely  a  recognition  of  the  fact  that,  in  the  present  stages  of  social  advance- 
ment of  the  two  peoples,  whatever  may  be  the  case  in  the  future,  it  is  not  only  unde- 
sirable, but  impossible  that  there  should  be  intermingling  on  a  large  scale,  and  the 
effort  is  sure  to  bring  disaster.  Let  each  country  also  behave  with  scrupulous  courtesy r 
fairness,  and  consideration  to  the  other." 

OPPOSED   TO    MINGLING   AND   NATURALIZATION. 

This  statement  makes  it  quite  plain  that  Roosevelt  would  keep  out  of  America  all 
those  Japanese  who  wish  to  settle  and  become  part  of  the  resident  working  population, 
not  only  in  the  ranks  of  labor  and  agriculture,  but  even  in  the  small  trades  and  the 
professions. 

It  is  manifestly  certain,  therefore,  that  he  was  decidedly  and  unquestionably 
opposed  to  conferring  upon  the  Japanese  the  privilege  of  naturalization,  since  such 
privilege  would  open  the  doors  to  contact  and  intermingling  and  entitle  them  to 
ownership  and  control  of  agricultural  land,  to  all  of  which  he  expressed  such  decided 
opposition. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  63 

EXHIBITS  10  AND  11. 

ibit  10:  Resolutions  of  national  convention  of  American  Legion,  1919. 
i.it  11:  Resolutions  of  national  convention  of  American  Legion,  1920. 
r  above  exhibits  see  State  Department  records.     Copy  may  be  secured  also  from 
national  legislative  committee,  American  Legion,  John  L.  Taylor,  vice  chairman, 
Woodward  Building,  Washington.  1> 

EXHIBIT   12. 
LABOR  FEDERATION  DEMANDS  EXCLUSION  OF  THE  JAPANESE/ — 

[Sacramento  Bee.  June  22,  1921.] 

DENVER,  COLO.,  June  22. 

The  American  Federation  of  Labor  convention  yesterday  went  on  record  as  favoring 
total  exclusion  of  Japanese  and  other  orientals  from  the  United  States. 

PREVENT   MODIFICATION. 

The  executive  council  was  instructed  to  take  steps  to  prevent  any  modification  of  the 
Chinese-exclusion  act. 

They  were  also  urged  to  work  for  the  repeal  of  the  ''gentlemen's  agreement"  with 
Japan." 

"  The  'gentlemen's  agreement '  has  proven  to  be  a  failure  because  the  Japanese,  in  a 
cunning  and  stealthy  manner,  have  outwitted  the  intent  of  the  law, ' '  said  the  approved 
declaration.  ''In  California  alone  there  are  over  100,000  Japanese. 

•'This  peril  is  not  only  a  serious  condition  for  California,  but  it  is  a  positive  menace  to 
our  entire  Nation. 

"ABOLISH  'GENTLEMEN'S  AGREEMENT.' 

"The  American  Federation  of  Labor  is  fully  justified  in  taking  a  firm  stand  to  do 
away  with  the  'gentlemen's  agreement,'  and  in  its  place  inaugurate  a  definite  policy 
calling  for  total  exclusion  of  Japanese  with  all  other  orientals." 


EXHIBIT  13. 
JAPAN'S  SECRET  POLICY. 

HER  IMMIGRANTS  AND  AMERICAN-BORN  CITIZENS  USING  THEIR  POSITION  TO  AID 
JAPAN — THE  STARTLING  STATEMENT  OF  A  JAPANESE  PROFESSOR  AT  THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA. 

[Original  articles  copyrighted  by  the  Oakland  Tribune.    This  digest  reprinted  by  permission.    Pub- 

lished  by  the  Sacramento  Bee.] 

idence  of  a  startling  character  was  produced  in  the  hearings  of  the  House  Com- 
mittee on  Immigration  and  Naturalization,  held  on  the  Pacific  coast  in  July  and 
Augu-  o  show  the  manner  in  which  the  Japanese  in  California  are  using  their 

privileges  as  immigrants  and  as  citizens  -American  born)  to  foster  the  inter< 
Japan  in  antagonism  to  those  of  this  country.     Much  of  that  evidence  appeared  in  the 
statement  of  V.  S.  M<-<  latehy,  publisher  of  the  Sacramento  Bee,  and  in  the  exhibits 
offered  in  corroboration. 

In  the  introduction  to  a  published  dige-t  of  that  statement  it  is  .-aid  that  it  would 
appear  therefrom,  among  other  things,  "that  the  economic  question  of  to-day  will 
develop  into  a  i  .ul  problem,  unless  the  proper  ren  t  once  applied; 

determined    to  colonize  favorable  sections  of   the  United 
i  permanently  establish  their  race  in  this  country;  that  they  openly  preach 
their  plans  of  peaceful  penetration  'get  more  land  and  my  children,'  as  the 

most  certain  method  of  accomplishing  the  purpose:  that  in  so  doing  they  do  not  con- 
template assimilating  as  American  <  yal  to  the  country  of  their  birth  or  adop- 
tion, but  plan  to  serve  the  ambition  of  Japan  in  world  subjection  as  taught  in  her  reli- 
gion and  in  her  schools:  and  that  American-born  Japanese  on  whom  we  confer  citizen- 
ship are  being  trained  here  and  in  Japan  to  use  their  American  citizenship  for  the 
glory  of  the  Mikado  and  the  benefit  of  the  Japanese  race." 


64  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

Three  months  after  these  charges  were  heard  by  the  House  committee  they  received 
further  confirmation  from  an  entirely  unexpected  source.  Dr.  Yoshi  S.  Kuno,  son  of 
Gen.  Kuno,  of  the  Imperial  Army  of  Japan,  has  served  for  a  number  of  years  as  a  pro- 
fessor of  oriental  languages  and  history  at  the  University  of  California.  He  published 
in  the  Oakland  (Calif.)  Tribune  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  1920,  a  series  of  articles 
telling  the  facts  as  to  the  policy  and  acts  of  the  Japanese  in  this  country,  impelled,  as 
he  says,  by  the  conviction  that  further  deception  will  be  certain  to  lead  to  strained 
relations  between  the  two  countries,  and  determined  to  do  what  he  can  as  a  loyal 
Japanese  and  a  friend  to  America  to  avert  that  calamity. 

In  the  following  digest  of  those  articles  will  be  found  the  main  points  of  Dr.  Kuno's 
statement: 

Dr.  Yoshi  Saburo  Kuno,  professor  in  the  department  of  oriental  languages  in  the 
University  of  California  and  son  of  Gen.  Kuno,  of  the  Imperial  Japanese  Army,  has 
brought  down  upon  himself  the  indignation  and  antogonism  of  his  countrymen  in 
California  by  declaring  in  public  print  that  the  secret  policy  of  Japanese  generally 
in  this  country  is  antagonistic  to  American  interests  and  if  not  discontinued,  must 
result  in  serious  misunderstanding  between  the  two  countries.  As  a  lover  of  Japan 
and  a  real  friend  of  the  United  States  he  conceived  it  to  be  his  duty  to  tell  the  truth 
and  thus  force  an  adjustment  which  would  prevent  a  breach  of  friendly  relations. 
His  statement  was  first  given  to  the  public  through  a  series  of  copyrighted  articles  in 
the  Oakland  (Calif.)  Tribune  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  ]920. 

GRAVE    CIIAlUiES    AC.AIXST    THE    JAPAXESK. 

Dr.  Kuno  dire.-tly  charges  that  Japan  has  established  in  this  country  a  govern- 
ment within  a  government;  that  through  consular  offices  and  organized  Japanese 
associations  (which  latter  he  says  should  be  abolished),  she  is  controlling  the  acts 
and  policies  of  all  Japanese  here,  whether  they  came  as  immigrants  or  were  born  here 
and  enjoy,  therefore,  the  rights  and  privileges  *of  American  citizens;  that  such  control 
is  exerted  in  the  interests  of  the  ambition  of  the  dominant  military  party  of  Japan 
for  world  conquest;  that  a  skillful  propaganda  system  is  maintained  in  this  country, 
supported  by  the  Japanese  Government;  that  many  American  universities  are  inno- 
cently assisting  this  propaganda  through  the  work  of  exchange  Japanese  professors  or 
dishonest  American  professors  who  are  paid  by  Japan;  that  the  continued  increase 
of  unassimilable  Japanese  in  this  country — -with  their  advantages  of  economic  com- 
petition— marks  a  danger  which  Japan  would  not  tolerate  in  her  own  country;  that 
in  California,  even  without  immigration,  the  100,000  Japanese  would  double  that 
number,  because  of  the  birth  rate,  approximately  every  10  years  and  in  time  over- 
whelm the  wliites;  that  the  separate  Japanese  schools  are  used  to  make  loyal  Jap- 
anese out  of  children  born  here  on  whom  this  country  has  conferred  citizenship  and 
that  such  schools  should  be  abolished ;  that  the  laws  of  Japan  directly  encourage  the 
use  of  American  citizenship  in  this  way  and  the  return  of  the  individuals  at  any 
time  to  Japan  with  full  restoration  of  all  rights  as  Japanese  citizens;  and  that  Ameri- 
can "investigators"  visiting  Japan  are  so  entertained  and  honored  and  allowed  no 
opportunity  for  learning  the  truth  that  they  frequently  return  active  propagandists 
for  Japan. 

Dr.  Kuno  says  that  he  is  forced  to  the  course  upon  which  he  has  embarked  because 
the  Japanese  have  been  sympathetically  building  a  wall  of  lies  about  the  true  con- 
ditions both  here  and  in  Japan.  He  declares  that  missionaries  returning  to  America, 
after  living  for  many  years  in  Japan,  grossly  misrepresent  conditions  there  to  Ameri- 
cans. As  an  offender  in  this  regard  he  mentions  Dr.  Sidney  Gulick  particularly. 
li  Friendly  relations  between  the  United  States  and  Japan  can  not  be  build ed  upon 
lies, "  he  says.  "The  truth  must  be  told  at  all  cost. "  He  declares  that  the  Japan 
Society  of  America  and  similar  organizations,  composed  of  Americans  and  Japanese 
and  formed  ostensibly  to  maintain  friendly  relations  between  the  two  countries,  are 
really  used  as  means  for  distribution  of  Japanese  propaganda  and  the  deception  of  the 
American  public  as  to  Japan's  acts  and  policies. 

Curiously  enough  the  publication  of  Dr.  Kuno's  articles  was  made  three  months 
fter  the  House  Committee  on  Immigration,  at  hearings  in  California,  listened  to 
similar  charges  offered  in  a  lengthy  statement  by  V.  S.  McClatchy,  publisher  of  the 
Sacramento  Bee,  and  substantiated  by  various  proofs  and  exhibits,  including  trans- 
lations from  a  number  of  Japanese  newspapers  of  the  Pacific  coast.  A  digest  of  that 
statement  has  been  printed  in  leaflet  form  for  distribution. 


IMMIGRATION    AM>    COLONIZATION.  65 

1>K.     Kl    \ 


Kuno's  integrity  and  trustworthiness.  and  partly  al.-o  a?  to  some  of  his 
by   Duvid   IV   Harrows.  president  of  the  Uni  i'ali- 

.  and  by   I'enjamin   Ide  Wheeler.   president  emeritus  of  the  institution.     Dr. 
m  in  a  published  interview-  s-.iid  that  Dr.  Knno  had  been  asso;  hned  with  the 
faculty  in  various  eapa-'ities  for  a  score  of  years,  had  been  a  student  before  then  and 
•us  imbibed  a  l..ve  for  truth  and  fair  play  in  association  with  American  ideals. 
and  had  established  a  reputation  for  accuracy  which  lent  importance  to  the  charges! 

•  If.  a  <-abal  was  organized  by  a  professor,  no  longer  associated  with  the 
university,"  to  oust  Dr.  Kuno  from  the  faculty.     This  professor  and  his  associates 
llv  a  -tint:  in  the  interests  of  the  Japanese  Government.     The  motive 
behind  the  pint  was  the  op{  o-ition  to  the  teaching  of  any  kind  of  Japanese  hi 
in  the  university  which  was  not  approved  by  the  Japanese  Association  of  California. 
Dr.  Kuno  was  too  independent  a  man  and  too  high  a  scholar  to  be  sacrificed  in  this 
way.     lie  is  a  learned  scholar  and  an  accurate,  independent,  and  fearless  teacher.     I 
4ncere  respe-t  and  admiration  for  him  as  a  result  of  10  years  of  acquaint- 
';ip.  " 

Dr.  Wheeler,  in  an  interview  published  at  the  same  time  as  Dr.  Barrow's  state- 
ment above,  said: 

%;Prof.  Kuno,  in  my  opinion,  is  a  man  whose  judgment  can  be  wholly  respected 
and  who  is  not  accustomed  to  saying  or  doing  wild  things.  He  knows  whereof  he 
speaks,  and  while  all  of  us  may  not  agree  with  him  in  some  statements,  his  declara- 
tions must  be  respected  as  coming  from  a  man  who  knows  whereof  he  speaks.  " 

JAPANESE    GOVERNMENT    IN    AMERICA. 

The  situation  in  California  ''which  it  may  be  assumed  would  be  extended  in  time 
under  existing  conditions,  to  other  States  .•  is  thus  outlined  by  Dr.  Kuno: 

•'The  Japanese  are  not  living  in  this  State  as  emigrants,  "in  my  opinion  they  are 
establishing  plantations  of  their  own,  introducing  their  peculiar  civilization  and 
gpvernmeii  ••!!  as  educational,  institutions  right  in  the  midst  of  American 

civilization.  With  the  recognition  of  their  home  Government  through  their  consulate 
offices,  they  Jiave  established  a  sort  of  quasi-government  in  leading  cities,  towns, 
and  d  herever  the  size  of  the  Japanese  population  warrants.  They  levy  a 

tax  on  Japanese  males  and  Japanese  families  under  the  caption  of  a  membership  fee. 
With  the  permission  of  the  consulate,  they  collect  fees  for  all  official  services  ren- 
dered the  Japanese  by  that  office.  All  the  Japanese  who  live  in  the  United  States, 
whether  they  were  born  in  this  country  or  have  come  from  Japan,  have  many  affairs 
to  be  attended  to  in  connection  with  the  home  Government,  because  all  are  claimed 
as  subjects  by  the  Japanese  Government.  However,  though  these  matters  must  be 
handled  in  the  consulate  office,  that  office  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  anything 
that  does  not  reach  it  through  the  channels  of  the  quasi-Japanese  Government  es- 
hed  in  the  towns  and  cities  in  California,  and  otherwise  known  as  The  Jap- 
anese Association.  ' 

"In  the  State  of  California,  the  Japanese  Government  maintains  two  consulate 
.  viz,  a  consulate  general  at  San  Francisco  and  consulate  at  Los  Angeles. 

"Under  the  control  of  each  of  these  offices,  there  is  one  central  Japanese  associa- 
tion. Under  the  control  of  each  central  association,  there  are  in  turn  numerous 
local  Japanese  associations.  For  example,  the  Central  Japanese  Association  at  San 
Francisco  has  40  local  associations  under  its  control,  while  the  one  at  Los  Angeles 
has 

"In  San  Francisco,  there  are  practically  three  sorts  of  Japanese  Government,  viz, 
the  office  of  the  consul  general,  which  represents  the  Japanese  Government  directly; 
•  •ntral  Japanese  Association,  and  the  Local  Japan*  ation.  The  Central 

Association  supervises  all  the  40  local  associations  in  its  district,  in  behalf  of  the 
he  consul  general.  In  case  a  local  association  should  disobey,  conduct 
with  too  great  independence,  or  commit  any  irregularity,  the  consul  general's 
upon  the  ad\  ice  of  the  Central  Association,  would  deprive  it  of  all  rights  and 
privi'  as  the  issuing  of  certiti' 

"Tl  hold  an  annual  assembly  corresponding  somewhat  to 

ilit'ornia  81  bly.  This  assembly  is  composed  of  delegates  sent  by  the 

local  associations.  There  is"  also  another  assembly  held  annually,  which  may  be 
likened  unto  the  California  State  s  that  only  the  managers  of  the  various 

local  associations  are  entitled  to  sit  in  that  august  body. 

S.  Doc.  55,  67-1  -  5  & 


66  JAPANESE   IMMIGKATION   AND    COLONIZATION. 

"The  purpose  of  the  Japanese  association,  quoting  from  the  regulations  of  that  in 
Berkeley,  'to  defend,  protect,  and  guard  Japanese  interests  and  privileges  against 
the  outside,  and  to  maintain  and  establish  unity  and  harmony  in  the  inside,  that 
they  may  enjoy  full  benefits. '  All  Japanese  in  the  United  States,  including  native 
sons  and  daughters,  being,  from  the  standpoint  of  Japan  her  subjects,  are  obliged  to 
report  births,  marriages,  and  deaths,  besides  movements  of  the  families  to  the  Jap- 
anese Government.  This  can  be  done  only  by  paying  the  fee  to  the  association  and 
transmitting  the  information  through  that  channel.  " 

USING    UNIVERSITIES    FOR    PROPAGANDA. 

Concerning  the  manner  in  which  American  universities  have  been  utilized  for 
spreading  misleading  Japanese  propaganda,  Dr.  Kuno  makes  some  startling  statements. 
He  says  that  Japanese  scholars  are  unfit  to  be  exchange  professors  in  this  country 
" because  of  their  blind  and  burning  patriotism  and  because  they  count  scholarly 
veracity  and  honor  as  naught  when  they  have  opportunity  to  defend  their  country's 
policies."  He  says: 

"A  man  in  the  employ  of  the  San  Francisco  Association  is  now  teaching  at  Stanford 
University,  and  until  a  recent  date  a  member  of  the  University  of  California  faculty, 
who  has  since  resigned,  was  in  the  service  of  the  Japanese  Government  and  was  writing 
magazine  articles  supporting  the  Japanese  holding  of  land." 

He  shows  by  abstracts  from  official  publications  of  Stanford  Universtity  that  in  1913 
"the  trustees  accepted  a  gift  of  several  Japanese  gentlemen  to  maintain  an  instructor- 
ship  in  Japanese  history  and  government";  and  that  there  was  received  "from  the 
Japanese  consul,  San  Francisco,  $1,800  for  the  salary  of  an  instructor  in  Japanese 
history  and  government  for  the  academic  year  1918-19."  The  inference  is  that  while 
it  may  not  be  objectionable  for  the  Japanese  gentlemen  and  the  Japanese  consul  to 
pay  the  salary  of  an  instructor  of  history,  such  instructor,  either  under  suggestion  of 
his  patrons,  or  at  the  order  of  the  consul,  should  not  deceive  his  pupils  in  his  lectures 
or  use  his  position  to  strengthen  the  antagonistic  policies  of  Japan  in  this  country. 

He  insists  that  Japan,  through  her  consuls  and  influential  Japanese  in  this  country, 
is  urging  these  college  professors  to  use  their  positions,  not  for  the  teaching  the  truth, 
but  for  such  concealment  or  coloring  thereof  as  will  suit  Japan's  purpose.  He  in- 
stances his  own  case.  His  first  trouble  was  with  the  Japanese  consul  at  San  Francisco, 
who  summoned  him  and  requested  that  he  do  not  teach  the  sordid  side  of  Japanese 
history  to  his  classes.  Dr.  Kuno  declined  to  conceal  or  misrepresent  the  facts,  either 
as  to  Japan's  history  or  as  to  living  and  social  conditions  in  that  country.  Since  that 
time  the  Japanese  have  barred  him  from  their  associations  and  their  meetings.  He 
has  been  continually  warned  by  letter  to  desist  from  his  announced  cause,  and  since 
publication  of  his  articles  has  appealed  to  the  police  for  protection  because  of  threats 
made  against  him. 

PICTURE    BRIDES. 

Concerning  "picture  brides"  and  the  manner  in  which  they  have  been  used  to 
evade  the  intent  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement"  as  to  introduction  of  Japanese 
labor  into  continental  United  States,  Dr.  Kuno  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  Chinese 
laborers  in  the  United  States  are  not  permitted  to  send  back  to  China  for  wives,  while 
Japanese  laborers  in  California  "have  imported  hundreds  of  picture  brides  every 
month."  He  further  says:  „, 

"Because  the  Japanese  are  able  to  live  so  cheaply  at  present,  many  Japanese  men 
in  the  State,  who  would  otherwise  have  been  unable  to  marry,  have  gotten  wives 
from  Japan.  Upon  the  arrival  of  the  wife  she  generally  works  with  her  husband  in 
the  field.  In  fact,  female  labor  has  thus  been  imported  under  the  caption  of  wives. 
Though  this  is  not  a  legal  violation  of  the  'gentlemen's  agreement,'  the  effect  is  sub- 
stantially the  same.  This  is  not  all.  Even  after  children  have  been  born,  the  wife 
often  works  in  the  field." 

THAT    REMARKABLE    BIRTH    RATE. 

Dr.  Kuno  declares  that  the  real  danger  to  California  and  the  United  States  from  an 
increase  of  unassimilable  Japanese  population  lies  not  so  much  in  immigration  from 
Japan  as  in  the  great  birth  rate  among  the  Japanese  already  here.  He  says  that  the 
Japanese  are  " a^marvelously  prolific  race"  and  then  prophecies  as  follows: 

' '  Should  all  the  plans  and  propositions  regarding  the  Japanese  now  advocated  by 

Californians  materialize,  and  everything  asked  be  secured,  still,  I  venture  to  prophesy 

that  by  the  end  of  another  decade,  these  same  Californians  would  be  confounded 

o  find  that  despite  all  their  well-planned  measures  the  Japanese  population  in  the 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  67 

This  i-  n;>  dream.      A   little  scientific  in ves fixation  will  prove 
iausibility  of  such  conclusion." 

Dr.  Kuno  o\ide:i;  ;he  situation  in  California  <>\en  after  further  Jap; 

immigration  i.-  excluded  a- a  subject  of  grave  concern.      He 

••I'niler  :  I  will  lie  next  to  impossible  for  California  to  rid  herself 

of  th-  -.dy  within  her  confine*.     The  bloodless  stniir.de  has  been  waged 

.  ill  continue  to  be  carried  on  between  the  whites  and  the  Japanese  in  the  State. 

The  one  n-^es  the  le^islam c  power  of  the  Commonwealth  as  its  weapon,  while  the 

e  economic  sword.     I'nder  existing  conditions,  the  bitterness  seems 

augmented  year  after  year  on  the  one  hand,  while  on  the  other,  through  the 

birth  of  children,  the  Japanese  population  will  practically  double  itself  each  decade. 

"Should  this  conation  por.-ist  uncorrected.  it  is  but  a  matter  of  time  before  there 

will  be  a  serious  dash  between  the  Tinted  State-  and  Japan.     The  question  is.  indeed, 

vity." 

!  'r.  Knno's  prophecies  us  to  natural  increase  of  the  Japanese  population  in 
mntry.  the  tables  offered  by  Mr.  Mc(  'latchy  a  year  ago  are  mild  and  conservative. 
In  th  »wn  that  assuming  the  Japanese  birth  rate  would  be  very 

much  less  than  that  now  established  in  California,  and  with  "restricted"  immigra- 
tion under  the  Gulick  plan  or  under  violations  of  the  intent  of  the  "gentlemen's 
•nent  "  as  now  practiced,  the  Japanese  population  of  continental  United  States 
would  double  in  a  little  less  than  20  years,  and  under  such  conditions  would  reach 
B,  10.000,000  in  and  100,000.000  in  140  years. 

SEPARATE  JAPANESE  SCHOOLS. 

The  attention  of  ii  •  on  Immigration  was  called  by  Mr.  McHatchy 

in  his  statement  to  the  manner  in  which  the  separate  Japanese  schools  in  the  United 

10  make  faithful  subjects  of  the  Mikado  of  Japanese  children  born  in 

this  country  upon  vrhoin  our  law  confers  American  citizenship.     The  survey  com- 

n  appointed  by  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education  at  V\*asliington 

I  by  the  menace  these  schools  in  Hawaii  offered  that  it  recommended 

Bulletin  Xo.  16,  1920.  of  Department, of  Education.) 
Dr.   Kuno  evidently  auree>  fully  with  the  impropriety  of  Japanese  maintaining 

MS  in  this  country,     lie  B 

"Whenever  a  Japanese  association  exists  a  school  is  generally  established  under 
its  auspice--.     Mo-t  Japanese  children  are  thus  obliged  to  attend  two  schools.     They 
1  the  regular  American  pub'ic  school  from  9  to  3,  and  after  school  hours  they 
have  to  go  to  the  Japanese  school,  where  they  study  from  texts  prepared  for  use  in 
the  schools  of  Japan.     Thus  these  children  while  being  served  with  a  double  amount 
of  education,  which  is  in  violation  of  physical  law.  have  instilled  into  them  two 
codes  of  morality  and  two  loyalties.     The  Japanese  conduct  these  schools  in  a  most 
official  way.     In  the  city  or  town,  there  is  a  Japanese  board  of  education.     In  Berke- 
•r  example,  if  I  understand  correctly,  this  board  consists  of  about  20  members." 
Dr.  Kuno  calls  attention  to  the  dangers  of  dual  citizenship  to  the  interests  of  this 
country.     He  points  out  that  Japanese  who  expatriate  themselves,  with  the  permis- 
sion of  Japan,  may  become  Japanese  citizens  again  at  any  time  provided  they  estab- 
lish a  domicile  within  the  bounds  of  the  Japanese  Empire;  and  he  thus  comments 
then 

•Though  probably  remote  from  the  purpose  of  the  framers  of  the  law,  one  might 
reasonably  interpret  it  as  an  artifice  on  the  part  of  Japan  by  which  her  subjects  might 
become  citi/ens  of  foreign  nations  in  order  to  enjoy  full  rights  and  privileges  in  other 
countries,  with  the  view  of  later  returning  to  allegiance  to  their  mother  country." 

THE    ECONOMIC   PROBLEM    INVOLVED. 

California's  claim  is  that  the  Japanese,  because  of  certain  advantages  in  economic 

competition  offered  by  their  thrift,  different  standards  of  living,  long  working  hours, 

.nation  and  cooperation,  are  enabled  to  displace  the  white  race  in  any  localities 

and  industries  selected  by  them  for  "peaceful  penetration:"  and  that  the  economic 

em  thus  created  must  rapidly  develop  into  a  racial  problem  with  its  attendant 

com}.  On  this  subject.  I'.'r.  Kuno  says: 

•  •conomi''   condition   of   the   Japanese   in    California. 
•  M  mistakenly  termed  "cheap  labor."     However,  the  Japanese 
•    almost  as  much  as  do  workmen  of  almost  any  other  nationality.     They  also 
••r  bidders  when  buying  an  unharvested  crop  in  the  fields.     The  Japanese 
•ligher  for  crops  b.-cau.-«-  they  live  in  shacks  and  their  food  is  exceed- 
ingly plain  and  cheap.     Therefore,  the  trouble  in  California  is  not  that  the  Japanese 


68  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

are  cheap  laborers,  but  that  they  have  wonderful  saving  capacity.  Within  a  few 
years  those  who  started  as  common  laborers  have  often  either  become  landowners  or 
amassed  sufficient  capital  to  purchase  standing  crops.  Because  of  this  difference  in 
the  standard  of  living  of  the  Japanese  and  the  American  farmer,  the  former  has  been 
able  to  encroach  upon  the  production  of  agricultural  products  to  such  an  extent  that 
the  Japanese  have  come  to  control  from  80  to  90  per  cent  of  such  important  crops  as 
potatoes,  tomatoes,  asparagus,  spinach,  and  berries. " 

Again  he  says: 

"The  Japanese  should  realize  that  the  economic  question  constitutes  an  important 
factor  whenever  foreign  laborers  come  into  a  country  and,  while  living  under  a  lower 
standard,  compete  with  the  citizens  of  that  country.  The  Japanese  have  simply  to 
look  at  home  conditions  in  Japan  for  a  good  example  of  this.  Some  time  after  the 
Russo-Japanese  War,  the  cost  of  living  as  well  as  wages  took  tremendous  leaps. 
Chinese  laborers  were  brought  into  Japan  by  a  number  of  promoters.  Anti-Chinese 
agitation  followed,  and  the  Japanese  Government  was  forced  to  strictly  prohibit  the 
coming  of  Chinese  laborers.  The  anti-Chinese  agitation,  however,  did  not  end  there, 
but  developed  into  race  prejudice.  In  fact,  the  Japanese  studying  in  California, 
those  engaged  in  trade  and  industry,  and  even  the  laborers,  have,  notwithstanding 
the  present  agitation,  much  better  treatment  than  is  accorded  the  Chinese  by  the 
Japanese  in  Japan.  " 

DR.    KUNO'S   PROGRAM. 

Dr.  Kuno  says  that  the  articles  in  the  Oakland  Tribune  mark  but  the  beginning  of 
work  which  will  perhaps  extend  into  years;  that  he  proposes  to  compel  the  Japanese 
in  California  to  understand  their  own  situation,  and  to  listen  with  profit  to  the 
criticism  of  others.  He  insists  that  Japan  must  change  her  present  policy  of  framing 
foreign  relations  and  demands  entirely  upon  her  selfish  interests,  or  she  will  have 
misunderstandings,  not  only  with  the  United  States,  but  with  all  other  nations  with 
which  she  comes  in  intimate  relation. 

He  offers  several  suggestions  looking  toward  remedying  the  existing  situation, 
including  exclusion  of  further  Japanese  immigration;  abolishment  of  Japanese  asso- 
ciations and  Japanese  Schools  in  this  country;  reliance  by  Japanese  here  in  the  Ameri- 
can Government  and  school  system;  raising  the  standard  of  living  of  Japanese  here 
to  that  of  the  middle-class  American  family,  and  naturalization  of  Japanese  now  here. 

The  Japanese  Association  of  America,  located  in  San  Francisco,  and  claiming 
jurisdiction  over  the  Japanese  in  the  greater  part  of  California  and  in  all  of  Nevada, 
Colorado,  and  Utah,  through  its  secretary,  K.  Kanzaki,  has  issued  a  general  denial 
of  Dr.  Kuno's  charges,  so  far  as  they  affect  the  objects  and  acts  of  the  association. 
He  declares  there  is  no  relation  between  the  association  and  the  Japanese  Govern- 
ment, that  it  is  an  entirely  independent  body,  working  for  the  benefit  of  its  members 
and  a  better  understanding  between  them  and  the  Americans.  He  says  that  the 
Japanese  have  never  persecuted  Dr.  Kuno  because  of  his  views,  that  they  do  not  wish 
to  attach  importance  to  his  expressions  on  public  matters,  and  that  he  is  avoided 
by  the  Japanese  because  he  ''is  utterly  unacquainted  with  the  amenities  of  social 
life  and  has  a  disposition  which  makes  it  impossible  for  anyone  to  associate  with 
him.  "  It  is  insisted  in  this  statement  that  Dr.  Kuno's  outline  of  Japanese  conditions 
in  this  country,  and  particularly  in  California,  is  entirely  misleading. 


EXHIBIT  14. 
JAPANESE  JOURNALIST  AND  DIPLOMAT  GIVES  VIEWS  ON  OUR  JAPANESE  PROBLEM. 

MIDARI  KOMATSU  FEELS  THAT  RACES  ARE  UNASSIMILABLE  AND  SHOULD  DEVELOP  APART 
IF  FRICTION  AND  MISUNDERSTANDING  ARE  TO  BE  AVOIDED. 

[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  Nov.  8, 1920.] 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  November  8. 

Midari  Komatsu,  editor  of  Chugai  Shinron,  an  influential  vernacular  magazine  of 
Japan,  and  now  representing  several  newspapers  of  Tokyo,  has  just  arrived  in  San 
Francisco  from  Japan  on  a  tour  of  the  world.  While  iri  the  United  States  he  will 
investigate  social  and  economic  conditions.  Mr.  Komatsu  is  now  confining  himself 
to  journalistic  work,  but  he  was  formerly  connected  with  the  diplomatic  service,  hav- 
ing been  Secretary  of  the  Japanese  Legation  at  Washington  prior  to  1910  and  after- 
wards director  of  the  Japanese  foreign  affairs  bureau  and  secretary  of  the  central  council 
in  Korea.  He  is  a  graduate  of  law  of  Yale  and  of  political  science  of  Princeton. 


.lATANKSK    IMMIGRATION    ANI»    COLONIZATION.  69 

NEWS    IN  TK!;<   H  AN',  ID. 

In  an  interview  w:  :ior  Mr.   K  'id  that  ho  had  interchanged 

•ni<_rr.ttion  problem  at  length  with  tho  publisher  of  the  Hoe. 
iin«i  that  Mr.  Me'  'lateh\  ''s  \ 

nn>.-!  ( 'alifornians.  arc  entirely 
in  Japan,  various  publications  made  in  that.  country 

"I  do  not  find."  said  Mr.  Koinat<u.  "that  Mr.  McClatchv  is  unfriendly  to  Japan  or 

riis  to  mo.  on  tho  contrary,  that  he  is  as  anxious  as  I  to 

.  the  two  :  -ndly,  and  that  lie  is  quite  in 

•.  ing  that  a  continuanoo  iditions  is  certain  to  ]  rodu<  o 

!  misunderstanding.     I  find  myself  in  accord  with  him  in  certain  matters 

with  tiie  present  problem,  and  'know  of  no  reason  why  tho  minor  points  on 

which  w.-  differ  can  not  be  sati.-facturily  solved. 

I;\;K   NOT  ASSIMII.AHI.K. 

"For  instance.  \\ .-  a^ree  that  {he  white  race  and  the  Japanese  race,  at  present,  for\ 
biological  and  other  reasons,  are  not  assimilable;  that  the  existence  in  either  country  \ 
of  a  large  unassiniilablo  element  of  nationals  of  the  other  country,  controlling  land 
and  its  products,  and  'rous  economic  competition  with  the  natives, 

must  inevit ablv  result  in  a  racial  conflict  and  international  misunderstanding.     If 
«  oiiditi  .ns  in  ( '.diforni  i.  or  elsewhere  in  the  United  Suites,  are  reach ii"_:  tl.i  t  state  it  is 
-  of  both  nations  to  correct  them. 

"If  exclusion  of  Japanese  immigration  will  prevent  a  misunderstanding.  Japan 
will  not  objo  -t  to  taking  steps  to  correct  any  defects  in  the  'gentlemen's 

.ion!'  which  are  responsible  for  present  conditions.  Japan  is  really  losing  the 
better  class  of  her  farmers  in  those  who  come  to  the  United  States,  and  would  prefer 
to  keep  them.  I  Hit  she  is  also  solicitous  that  in  any  adjustment  of  the  matter  there 
should  d  or  apparent  discrimination  against  her  people,  and  that  tl.ose  who 

r.-nun  in  < 'alif  trni'i.  particularly,  should  be  fairly  treated. 

NOT    BADI.Y    TREATKI'. 

;i  prevails  in  Japan  that  the  Japanese  in  California  during  the  f 
"ii  exclusion  have  been  badly  treated.     I  find  that  it  is  not  so; that 
they  i  '-en  interfered  with  or  hindered  in  business,  or  insulted  or  abused 

ally.  It  h:is  been  difficult  for  the  Japanese  people  to  understand  that  an  actual 
campa:  Vision  of  Japanese  could  be  conducted  in  such  perfect  . 

r  and  without  boycott  or  other  offensive  measures  against  the  Japanese.     I  am 
•m  that  Mr.  MoClatchy  properly  represents  California  sentiment 

when  i  .;:t  neither  the  law  nor  the  people  contemplate  any  interference  with 

;iiiv  prohibition  to  Japanese  now  here  legally  from  following  any  occu- 
pation or  coiidu-tiriL"  anv  business,  with  tho  reservation  only  that  they  may  not  own 

;:-al  lands." 

Mr.  Konmtsu  felt  the  alien  land  law,  while  applied  to  all  aliens  ineligible  to  •  iti/on- 
.voiild  bo  regarded  by  the  Japanese  as  less  discriminatory  if  it  had  been  applied 
all  foreigners  who  had  failed  to  be  naturalized  or  to  take' 

B    OBJKCT! 

He,,!,ji.  -uch  change  in  the  American  constitution  as  would  make  chil- 

dren born  in  this  country  ineligible  to  citizenship  unless  both  parents  are  eligible  to 
iti/.enship.     He  corn  edod  that  present  methods  are  preventing  the  maki: 

itizen^  out  of  many  Japanese  born  hero — he  referred  to  separate  Japan- 
ese schools  and  the  :  I  sending  children  back  to  Japan  for  education — and 
such  schools  should  1)0  abolished  and  such  plan  discontinued  if  the 
children  are  to  enjoy  American  citizenship.      He  siiirircsted.  however,  that  t 

•  ii  of  the  problem  would  be  for  the  United  States  TO  follow  Japan's  plan  of  natiiral- 
:tpplicable  equally  to  all  foreigners,  with  no  exception,  and  not 

tldren  of  i". .?•«•! -ners  born  within  the  country.     Such  children  can 

•>me  citizens  of  Jaj>;  •  .uirh  tho  u-'ial  channel  of  naturalization,  thouirh 

•ne  required  for  them  is  shortened  to  8  years,  while  for  other  foreigners  it  is  Id 

What  Japan  contends  is  equal  treatment,  he  added,  not  special  privile-. 
citizenship  for  her  people  in  tl.- 


70  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 


EXTREME    METHODS    DECRIED. 

Mr.  Koinitsu  frankly  expressed  himself  as  feeling  that  the  Japanese  were  not 
treited  in  accord  with  their  merits  when  the  objectionable  classes  of  Europeans  were 
classed  as  eligible  for  American  citizenship,  while  the  Japanese  are  barred.  He  com- 
mented on  the  fact  that  100.000  Chinese  had  been  called  to  France  to  serve  during 
the  war,  and  had  been  sent  home  with  the  gratitude  of  France  and  her  allies.  He 
felt  that  the  work  of  the  Japanese  in  producing  the  food  for  California  was  not  properly 
appreciated,  and  would  not  be  unless  the  Japanese  were  to  leave  in  a  body. 

He  decried  some  of  the  extreme  methods  of  his  countrymen  in  connection  with 
their  campaign  against  the  initiative  measure,  and  thought  some  of  the  activities  had 
served  only  to  prejudice  the  country  against  the  Japanese.  He  thought  any  attempt 
to  appeal  t,j  the  courts  in  the  matter  ill  advised,  and  that  it  was  unlikely  to  avail 
anything. 

In  his  opinion,  this  problem  can  be  solved  not  by  ariv  legal  method,  but  rather  by 
sympathetic  consideration  on  both  sides,  based  upon  the  principles  of  equity. 


EXHIBIT   15. 

Conditions  in  Hawaii:  Twelve  articles  by  Joseph  Timmons  (iiled  as  exhibit  with 
House  Immigration  Committee,  April,  1921. 


EXHIBIT   16. 

THE  GERMANY  OF  ASIA. 

JAPAN'S  POLICY  IN  THE  FAR  EAST — HER  ''PEACEFUL  PENETRATION"  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES — HOW   AMERICAN    COMMERCIAL  AND   NATIONAL  INTERESTS   ARE   AFFECTED. 
[By  V.  S.  McClatchy,  publisher  the  Sacramento  Bee.] 

J.  Russell  Kennedy,  who  acted  as  publicity  agent  for  Japan  at  the  Paris  peace 
conference,  is  manager  of  Kokusai,  the  Government-controlled  news  agency  of  Japan, 
which  handles  the  incoming  and  outgoing  news  of  the  Empire.  He  is  also  manager  in 
Japan  for  Renter,  the  British  news  agency,  which  surrendered  the  Japan  news  field 
some  years  ago  to  Kokusai.  He  is  also  publisher  of  the  Japan  Times  and  Mail,  a 
daily  newspaper  issued  from  the  Kokusai  building  in  Tokyo,  and  used  by  the  Japanese 
Government  to  present  to  English-reading  people  points  of  view  as  to  matters  Japanese, 
which  might  not  otherwise  secure  their  attention. 

Mr.  Kennedy  has  been  engaged  for  a  few  months  past  in  an  active  campaign  to 
convince  the  people  of  the  Far  East  that  certain  articles  which  have  appeared  in  the 
Sacramento  Bee,  written  by  its  publisher,  and  outlining  the  policy  and  acts  of  Japanese 
in  the  Far  East  and  in  this  country,  are  unreliable,  and  with  no  foundation  save  malice. 

In  this  campaign  he  has  enlisted  actively  the  various  agencies  with  which  he  is 
-associated. 

The  newspapers  of  the  Far  East  have  been  asked,  as  a  matter  of  courtesy  to  a  fellow 
journalist,  to  reprint  the  matter.  The  Kobe  (Japan)  Chronicle  of  January  15,  1920, 
for  instance,  comments  on  the  fact  that  Kennedy  was  indignant  because  the  Chronicle 
failed  to  use  a  two-column  article  of  this  description. 

The  Kokusai  has  included  in  its  regular  service  matter  of  the  kind  which  has  been 
published  by  the  newspaper  subscribers  to  that  service;  and  Reuter  has  lent  its 
facilities  to  Kennedy's  purpose  by  including  similar  matter  in  the  news  report  dis- 
tributed in  China  and  elsewhere. 

Much  of  the  matter  has  also  been  printed  in  pamphlet  form,  and  given  extensive 
circulation. 

While  much  good  white  paper  has  been  used  in  this  way,  most  of  the  space  is  devoted 
to  vituperative  personal  abuse  of  the  writer  of  the  Bee 's  articles,  and  the  balance  to 
denying  certain  statements  as  to  the  Kokusai  and  Reuter  services.  The  really 
important  statements  which  deal  with  Japan's  acts  and  policy  are  dismissed  by 
Kennedy  with  a  wave  of  the  hand,  and  the  assertion  that  they  constitute  "a  web  of 
mendacity. ' ' 

The  elaborate  efforts  thus  made  to  discredit  these  articles  by  personal  attacks 
on  the  writer,  and  by  attempting  to  show  that  they  are  inaccurate  in  minor  issues,  is 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  71 

sufficient  indication  that  some  one  on  the  other  side  of  the  Pacific  is  being  hurt  by  an 
exposition  of  the  facts. 

The  Bee's  articles  were  published  nearly  a  year  ago,  and  have  had  general  circula- 
tion through  republication  in  prominent  newspapers  of  the  United  States.  Each 
month  since  has  brought  corroboration  and  proof  of  some  of  the  statements  therein 
made.  No  important  matter  has  met  disproof  or  authoritative  denial. 

The  manager  of  Kokusai,  in  assailing  the  articles,  is  forced  to  the  expedient  of  claim- 
ing they  contain  a  charge  which  does  not  appear  therein  and  then  disproving  that 
fictitious  charge.  He  says  that  Kokusai  was  charged  with  suppressing  news  of  the 
armistice  after  the  armistice  had  been  signed.  The  extract  from  the  articles  quoted 
by  him  disprove  his  complaint.  It  was  plainly  stated  that  Kokusai  had  failed  to 
publish  in  Japan  prior  to  the  armistice  the  news  received  by  the  balance  of  the  world 
indicating  that  the  defeat  of  the  Germans  was  inevitable  and  an  armistice  was  about 
to  be  asked  for. 

The  Peking  Daily  News  in  commenting  on  the  denials  promulgated  by  Kokusai 
said  in  its  issue  of  January  12: 

•  But  it  is  well  known  in  this  country  that  the  Kokusai  News  Agency  does  suppress 
news  when  it  is  unfavorable  to  Japan." 

1'nder  the  circumstances  the  Kennedy  attack  and  the  methods  used  in  circulating 
it  are  complimentary  to  the  Bee  and  to  the  writer  of  the  article.  They  constitute 
also  a  tactical  mistake,  for  they  call  attention  in  the  Far  East  to  certain  activities  of  the 
Kokusai 's  manager  which  might  otherwise  have  attracted  little  notice;  and  they  will 
induce  more  careful  investigation  of  the  subject  matter  of  the  Bee's  articles.  *  This 
phase  has  suggested  itself  to  the  editor  of  the  Kobe  Chronicle,  who  says  that  "it  seems 
unlikely  that  Mr.  McClatchy's  pamphlet  is  worth  the  two-column  advertisement 
which  Mr.  Kennedy  wishes  to  give  it." 

PART  1. 

JAPA\  \vi,  ACTS  IN  THE  FAR  EAST— How  SHE  THREATENS  THE  CAUSE  OF 

JISTICE,  THE  INTERESTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  AND  THE  PEACE  OF  THE  WORLD. 

[In   eight   articles.] 

AN  EXPLANATION. 

These  articles  on  the  Far  East  situation  were  written  immediately  on  return  to 
California  after  three  months'  absence  and  published  in  the  Sacramento  Bee  between 
the  5th  and  18th  of  April,  1919.  The  entire  time,  aside  from  that  portion  consumed  in 
sea  travel  and  a  few  days  each  in  Manila  and  Korea,  was  spent  in  China  and  Japan, 
sight-seeing  being  neglected  at  all  times  when  information  of  value  could  be  secured. 

While,  as  a  Californian  and  newspaper  man,  I  was  familiar  with  the  local  phases  of 
Asiatic  immigration,  I  had  made  no  study  of  the  Far  East  problem  and  had  not  even 
read  the  books  of  Thomas  F.  Millard.     The  study  made  on  the  ground  was,  there 
fore,  somewhat  in  the  nature  of  an  original  investigation,  with  the  advantages  and 
disadvantages  that  attend  such  character  of  investigation. 

Exceptional  opportunities  for  securing  reliable  and  confidential  information  offered 
themselves,  however,  in  meeting  prominent  officials,  business  representatives,  and 
newspaper  men — Chinese.  Japanese.  English,  and  American — most  of  them  long  resi- 
dent in  the  Far  East  and  intimately  familiar  with  conditions  there.  These  men  repre- 
sented not  one  but  all  sides  of  the  vexed  problem. 

It  is  believed  that  the  picture  presented  in  the  articles,  while  necessarily  deficient 
in  detail  and  artistic  niceties,  is  substantially  true  in  conception,  outline,  and  color. 
Read  in  the  light  of  subsequent  events,  the  articles  present  an  added  interest,  and  have 
been  reprinted  in  this  form  in  response  to  request. 

OUR   ASSET   IN    CHINA. 

Artist-  III  explains  the  wonderful  commercial  asset  which  the  Tn:  pos- 

sessed in  the  early  p.;n  -if  this  \eir  in  the  good  will  of  China.     How  much   of  that 
asset  '  f  the  Paris  conference  indorse  I  Jap.ui's  claims  on  the  Shan- 

it  w;iiild  be  difficult  t-»  sav.     Letters  from  China  politel, 

lent  Wilson,  while  unwilliiu:  !•>  consent  t"  b  "jury 

on  c]  ation  against  him.     It  is  prob- 

the  real  judgment  of  Chi-  at  while  we  refused  to  d< 

ion,  our  official  seal 
lent  Wilson's  action  has  been 
repuT  .rijf.     If  this  re- 

i  have  retrieved,  in  small  part 
only,  r 


72  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION   AND    COLONIZATION. 

ASTONISHING    PROPAGANDA. 

Various  methods  of  propaganda,  followed  by  Japan  in  securing  her  objects  in  the 
Far  East  and  concealing  them  from  the  world  are  referred  to  in  the  articles.  The 
most  remarkable  piece  of  propaganda  work  done  by  her  has  been  exposed  since  they 
were  written.  It  is  referred  to  here  because  it  offers  striking  corroboration  of  state- 
ments made  in  them.  Reference  is  had  to  the  accomplishment  of  Sidney  L.  Gulick, 
who,  during  five  years'  stay  in  the  United  States,  has  essayed  to  convert  us  to  his 
"new  oriental  policy"  of  admitting  Asiatics  to  this  country  as  immigrants  and  citizens 
on  the  same  plane  as  Europeans;  who  secured  the  indorsement  and  financial  assist- 
ance in  this  campaign  of  a  powerful  church  federation  representing  100,000  churches; 
who  has  embodied  his  plan  in  a  "restricted  immigration"  bill,  and.  with  the  names  of 
1,000  prominent  American  citizens  as  sponsors  therefor,  presented  the  bill  to  Congress. 

Under  the  operation  of  the  bill  the  Japanese  population  in  the  United  States  would 
reach  over  100,000,000  in  160  years,  long  before  which  time  the  country  would  have 
become  a  Japanese  Province.  The  thousand  good  Americans  whose  names  are  used  in 
connection  with  this  work  of  the  League  for  Constructive  Immigration  Legislation  did 
not  know  that  the  bill  was  "loaded."  The  scheme  was  fully  exposed  in  a  series  of 
articles  in  the  Sacramento  Bee  published  in  June,  and  reproduced  in  the  second 
part  of  this  booklet. 

TRANS-PACIFIC    NEWS    SERVICE. 

In  Article  IV  attention  is  called  to  the  manner  in  which  Japan  controls  the  incoming 
and  outgoing  news  of  Japan;  how  she  is  attempting  to  accomplish  similar  results  in 
China,  and  the  grave  menace  to  the  interests  of  the  United  States  and  the  peace  of  the 
world  which  would  attend  the  success  of  her  efforts  in  this  direction. 

Following  publication  of  these  articles  in  April,  1919,  the  writer  urged  upon  the 
departments  in  Washington,  and  subsequently,  in  September  and  October,  upon  the 
two  subcommittees  of  Congress  having  charge  of  radio  legislation,  the  utilization  of  the 
Navy  radio  facilities  on  the  Pacific  for  news  transmission  to  keep  the  people  of  the  Far 
East  in  close  touch  with  us,  and  thus  prevent  misunderstandings,  defeat  vicious 
propaganda,  and  avert  war. 

With  the  cessation  of  war  activities  the  news  report  of  the  committee  on  public 
information  had  to  cease,  and  the  Far  East,  including  our  own  Philippines,  would 
become  again  dependent  upon  unsympathetic  and  unfriendly,  or  inimical,  news  agen- 
cies for  its  daily  information  as  to  the  United  States,  our  sentiments  and  actions. 

Interchange  of  news  across  the  Pacific  by  American  news  agencies  or  newspapers 
under  existing  conditions  was  impracticable.  The  single  American  cable  when 
operating  was  so  congested  that  10  to  15  days  was  required  for  transmission  of  a  mes- 
sage, while  the  rates,  either  by  cable  or  by  radio,  were  prohibitive. 

It  was  urged  therefore  that  the  Navy 'be  authorized  to  transmit  news  messages 
across  the  Pacific  at  a  word  rate  so  low'— a  maximum  of  6  cents  per  word  was  sug- 
gested— that  American  news  associations  'would  be  encouraged  to  inaugurate  a  reli- 
able and  adequate  daily  trans-Pacific  news  sendee,  self-supporting  and  free  from 
Government  control  or  censorship. 

The  subcommittees  were  sympathetic,  and  bills  looking  to  the  temporary  author- 
ization urged,  pending  permanent  solution  of  the  problem,  were  introduced  in  both 
Houses.  Probably  encouraged  thereby  Vice  Admiral  W.  H.  Bullard,  director  of  com- 
munications of  the  Navy,  issued  an  order  effective  December  20,  1919,  under  which 
news  messages  would  be  received  at  San  Francisco  for  transmission  to  Manila  by 
naval  radio  at  6  cents  per  word. 

As  an  immediate  result  steps  are  now  in  progress  under  which  the  Manila  news- 
papers will  receive  every  day  a  very  full  report  of  world's  news  from  San  Francisco. 
If  Congress  shall  approve  the  principle  involved  in  Admiral  Bullard 's  order,  a  similar 
report  will  go  to  China,  and  eventually  to  Japan,  and  there  will  be  sent  back  to  us 
daily  a  report  covering  events  and  sentiments  in  the  Far  East. 

With  a  plan  of  this  character  successfully  operating  on  the  Pacific,  the  same  plan 
will  be  tried  elsewhere,  and  in  time  the  peoples  of  the  earth  may  find,  through  daily 
interchange  of  reliable  news  reports  in  independent  hands,  free  from  Government 
suggestion  or  censorship,  a  safeguard  against  secret  diplomacy  and  the  ambitions  of 
rulers  for  which  the  common  people  must  always  pay. 

CHINESE    AWAKENING. 

Since  the  articles  were  published,  patriotic  Chinese  mobs  have  treated  severely 
the  persons  and  the  property  of  three  of  the  five  traitorous  Chinese  officials  named  in 
Article  V.  The  boycott  against  Japan  and  Japanese  goods  inaugurated  by  China  in 
the  early  part  of  the  year  has  grown  in  strength  and  determination  and  has  not  been 


JAPANESE    ].M  MIGRATION    AX  I"    OOLOKIZAtaOtf.  73 

hiuese  people  are  concerned,  by  Japan's  threat  to 
eminent  that  it  might  lie  compelled  to  resort  to  force  to  stop  it.     That 

•rticulariv  Cali- 

have  declined  to  do  business  in  any  way  with  the 
ese. 

KOI:  HT. 

•i  the  Korean  situation,  in  a  spe<  ial  article  n:ade  before  reliable  infor- 
mation could  1  •  as  to  repr.  adopted  by  the  Japanese,  ha?  been 
fully  confirmed  by  ue\\  s  sim  c  -i-.  en  to  the  world.  1]  -If  received  a  mass  of 

he  terrible  atrocities 

committed  upon  the  persons  of  the  defenseless  Koreans — men,  women,  and  children — 
with  the  same  object  which  the  (iermans  had  in  committing  atrocities  in 

:bordinate  by  terror  a  subject  people. 

of  the  Korean  manifesto  or  declaration  of  independence,  brought  out  from 
mi  March  <i  in  my  money  belt,  is  the  daddy  of  all  the  copies  whit  h  have  since 
been  gr  en  to  the  world,  and  now  rests  in  the  archives  of  the  president  of  the  provi- 
sional" Korean  republic     I  ^r.  Svngman  Rhee,  at  Washington. 

The  'he  Philippine  independence  intrigue,  as  told  in  the  last  article,  has 

found  confirmation  in  the  records  of  congressional  committees  and  committeemen 
at  Washington,  to  whom  requests  were  made  in  1916  by  cable  and  letter  that  inde- 
pendence be  not  granted  to  the  islands  unless  the  United  States  would  guarantee  that 
inependeiice  against  the  world. 

-.  M<  CI.ATCHY. 
January  !.'>.  i 

ARTICLE  I.  JAPAN'S  PROBLEMS  AND  How  SHE  ATT  EMITS  TO  SOLVE  THEM. 

HER  GOVERNMENT  AND  HER  METHODS  COPIED  AFTER  GERMANY — ROOM  REQUIRED  FOR 
HER  GROWING  POITLATK  >N-  THE  CHARACTER  OF  HER  PEOPLE — HOW  HER  INTENTIONS 
HAVE  BEEN  CONCEALED. 

man  who.  in  a  strange  land,  finds  more  interest  in  observing  the  customs  of 
•  •ople  and  investigating  economic  and  political  conditions  than  in  ordinary  sight- 
seeing can  not  fail  to  conceive  admiration  for  the  Japanese  people  after  even  a  short 
stay  in  Japan. 

He  Hnds  them  possessed  of  a  number  of  admirable  traits  which  might  well  be  emu- 
lated in  America  and  which  will  account  in  part  for  the  wonderful  progress  made  by 
the  Japanese  Nation  in  two  generations  in  modeling  herself  on  the  lines  of  western 
civilization  and  taking  position  as  one  of  the  world  pov 

The  people  are  industrious  and  thrifty  to  the  last  degree.  They  are  disciplined  from 
childhood,  and  have  inbred  in  them  a  deference  for  superiors,  a  respect  for  law  and 
authority,  which  never  leaves  them.  There  are  no  tramps  and  no  vicious  idle. 

EVERY    CHILD    GOES   TO    SCHOOL. 

Their  pn-rentage  of  literacy  is  100 — greater  than  that  of  the  United  States,  which 
prides  herself  on  public  schools  and  newspapers  and  general  intelligence.  The  coolie 
who  draws  your  rickshaw,  or  who  labors  at  the  docks,  can  read  and  write  his  language, 
and  his  language  is  one  of  the  most  difficult  on  earth  to  learn.  And  the  Japanese  news- 
papers have  large  circulations. 

The  Japanese  are  ambitious,  trained  to  utilize  each  moment,  and  eager  to  improve 
themae 

A    COrKTEnr.-.    PEOPLE. 

rteous.  The  stranger  traveling  in  Japan  and  unused  to  the  customs 
of  the  country  and  unfamiliar  with  the  language  will  always  find  some  Japanese,  not  of 
the  officia  o  speaks  enough  English,  who  will  put  himself  out  to  serve  the 

stranger.     In  Kioto,  the  ancient  capital,  thoroughly  Japanese  and  not  spoiled,  as  are 
t  with  western  civilization,  we  had  a  card  of  introduction,  by 
means  of  which  we  hoped  to  see  the  interior  of  the  house  of  a  wealthy  Japanese.     The 
ladv  of  th«  ..OH  I  us,  our  jinrikisha  coolie,  with  the  card  in  his  hand,  acting 

r.     And  he  did  it  with  all  the  confidence  and  readiness 

•  :r  Wult'-r  a  nee  of  bows  and  compliments  called  for 

by  .!;!  •  id.  what  was  most  surprising  to  us,  with  a  natural  gra 

manner. 


74  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

MODELED   AFTER    GERMANS. 

It  is  true  that  iri  a  railroad  train  in  Korea  Mrs.  McClatchy  had  to  request  a  Japanese 
sergeant  to  remove  his  stockinged  feet  from  the  saat  opposite  so  that  she  might  sit  down, 
but  it  is  to  be  remembered,  against  this,  that  in  Berlin  German  officers  before  the  war 
would  shove  ladies  off  the  narrow  sidewalks,  and  the  Japanese  have  modeled  them- 
selves in  many  ways  after  the  Germans,  and  small  officials  are  inclined  to  be  self- 
important  and"  arbitrary.  The  high-class  Japanese  are  commencing  to  observe  more 
and  more,  however,  the  deference  toward  women  which  they  find  in  Americans. 

The  Japanese  impressed  me  as  being  generally  superior  in  physical  fitness  to  other 
peoples,  due  in  part,  perhaps,  to  their  outdoor  life  and  their  simple  food,  but  above  all 
to  physical  training,  which  is  compulsory  in  all  schools.  In  two  weeks  in  Japan,  cir- 
culating freely  among  the  crowds,  1  saw  only  two  spindle-shanked  children.  Babes 
and  youths  alike  seemed  sturdily  built,  happy,  and  healthy. 

THE    GERMANY    OF   ASIA. 

But  the  same  man  who  freely  admires  these  qualities  in  the  Japanese  can  not  travel 
through  other  portions  of  the  Far  East,  and  particularly  Korea,  Manchuria,  and  China, 
with  opportunities  for  observation  and  investigation,  without  realizing  that  Japan 
is  the  Germany  of  Asia,  with  an  ambition  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  her  model,  but 
limited  possibly  to  eastern  Asia,  instead  of  the  world,  while  her  methods  are  just  as 
relentless  and  unscrupulous. 

The  Great  War  gave  her  an  opportunity  of  which  she  took  full  advantage,  and  the 
armistice  came  to  her  as  a  sickening  shock,  for  she  thought  Germany  could  not  be 
beaten.  The  world  which  had  its  hands  so  full  in  Europe  that  it  was  forced  to  ignore 
the  progress  of  events  in  Asia  is  now  checking  up  on  Japan  and  her  plans,  with  the 
probability  that  those  plans  will  have  to  be  materially  modified. 

A    PUBLIC    DUTY   TO    TELL    FACTS. 

The  United  States  particularly  is  entitled  to  a  knowledge  of  the  facts,  and  he  who 
has  acquired  them  owes  a  public  duty  to  make  them  known. 

The  three  Pacific  Coast  States,  having  had  some  experience  with  the  Japanese  and 
some  knowledge  of  Japanese  character,  will  be  prepared  to  accept  these  facts.  The 
remaining  portions  of  the  United  States,  outside  of  some  officials  at  Washington,  are 
not  yet  prepared  to  believe  them,  their  only  sources  of  information  up  to  this  time 
having  been  such  as  are  skillfully  provided  through  Japanese  propaganda,  which 
convey  innocuous  generalities  and  friendly  assurances  calculated  to  encourage  igno- 
rance and  to  lull  suspicion. 

These  sources  comprise  not  only  professional  Japanese  propagandists  and  a  number 
of  Japanese-American  societies  organized,  in  instances,  by  Americans  with  good 
intent,  but  skillfully  used  to  deceive  by  the  Japanese,  but  also  Americans  of  national 
prominence  who  have  unwittingly  permitted  themselves  to  be  used. 

HOW    PROPAGANDA    IS    SPREAD. 

There  are  men  like  Gary,  the  steel  man,  who  with  his  wife  was  royally  entertained 
in  Japan,  and  in  interviews  on  his  return  gave  as  the  correct  index  to  the  far-eastern 
situation  the  point  of  view  furnished  by  his  entertainers,  which  was  quite  at  variance 
with  the  facts;  men  like  Jacob  Schiff ,  "the  New  York  banker,  who  recently  declared 
at  a  banquet  that  Americans  should  be  very  glad  to  see  Japan  in  control  of  the  Far 
East,  as  they  would  then  know  that  their  interests  would  be  well  cared  for — and 
Schiff's  information,  according  to  his  statement,  was  acquired  in  a  visit  to  Japan  13 
years  ago;  men  in  various  professions  and  lines  of  business  who  permitted  themselves 
to  be  entertained  and  perhaps  decorated  by  the  Japanese  Government  and  officials, 
and  accepted  their  explanation  of  the  situation  at  its  face  value,  without  attempt  at 
investigation. 

Such  men,  in  view  of  the  story  which  1  have  to  tell,  and  which,  is  only  what  any 
business  firm  or  diplomat  closely  in  touch  with  far-eastern  matters  knows,  are  com- 
mitting— unknowingly  of  course—a  national  crime  in  thus  misleading  the  public  that 
trusts  them,  in  an  important  matter  and  at  a  critical  time. 

MADE    CLOSE    STUDY. 

The  Californian  is  supposed  by  his  eastern  friends  to  be  prejudiced  against  the 
Japanese;  but  a  newspaper  inun  is  more  or  less  of  a  trained  investigator.  In  this 
matter,  in  order  to  be  sure  of  the  facts,  aft  jr  going  through  China  and  Korea,  on  my 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  <O 

rotur:.  1. 1  touch  with  .1;  :thoriti'-s  and  with  Am-  r 

.-  in  order  that  misinformation 

In  addition*  I  coi  I  in  the  introduction 

niration  of  th  ;»lo  for  certain  trait  -ional 

mplishmi 

:moto,  one  of  the  big  men  of  Japan,  a 
Mt  official   position,   but   wh-  -   with  tl. 

adrni;  standing  similar  to  that  filled  by  Col.  House  in  President  Wilson's 

rfect  English,  has  in.  t  many  of  the  prominent  men  of 

man  of  views.     In  a  two-hour  interview  at  the  Tokyo  Ciub^he 

-•    manner  th»«   policies  and   n  (  Japan,  answering 

-itati<m  T:  ne  which  I  put  to  him.  the  understanding  being  that 

•'-.r  public  ation.  but  for  my  information  only. 

.  FIDKNT    OF    FA 

I  h-,  probleji  in  the  same  way  with  resident 

:  >ns  doing  business  in  the  Far  East  and  inti- 

familiar  that  I  am  confident  my  uu  ts  ar-  right,  and 

r>ll  must  stand  or  fall  in  the  minds  of  those  who  read  it,  by 
:;Uh-T  r!ia:>  by  opinion*  of  mine. 

Always  the  excuse  is  made  for  Japan  in  doing  the  things  she  has  done  and  in  follow- 
ing the  present  apparent  policy  that  she  has  her  own  vital  problem  and  is  driven  by 
stern  national  necessity.  There  is  force  in  that  plea  and  it  is  given  place  here  before 
the  -  Id. 

RAPID    INCREASE    IX    POPULATION. 

Japan's  population  increases  more  rapidly  than  that  of  any  people  on  the  earth 
except  the  Koreans.  The  records  of  the  past  show  that  she  may  be  expected  to  double 
her  population  in  50  years.  I  assume  that  rate  would  be  increased  by  more  general 
adoption  of  modern  sanitary  methods  ( there  is  not  yet  in  Japan,  even  in  Tokyo  with 
•00,000  people,  a  sewer  system)  and  that  it  might  be  decreased  by  improved 
standards  of  living  and  by  progress  of  woman's  rights  and  possible  adoption  in  the 
future  of  woman  suffrage. 

At  all  events  the  population  increases  every  year  by  700,000  or  more,  and  the  prob- 
lem is  where  to  put  them,  for  Japan's  population  is  already  dense.  Sixty  thousand 
or  70.000  a  year  are  going  to  Hakaido,  the  northern  of  the  island  group;  where 
the  climate  is  colder,  but  "it  is  found  the  Japanese  can  adapt  themselves  to  con- 
ditions there.  Some  are  going  to  Manchuria  and  some  to  Siberia.  Some  are  going 
to  South  America,  where  a  satisfactory  understanding  has  been  had  with  several  of 
the  countries  that  find  Japanese  labor  desirable. 

WANTS    MORE    ELBOW    ROOM. 

These  outlets,  it  is  claimed,  are  insufficient,  and  Japan  must  have  the  right  of 
'* peaceful  penetration"  into  China  in  order  to  provide  for  her  excess  population. 
She  insists,  however,  through  those  who  talked  with  me,  that  she  does  not  demand 
exceptional  rights  in  <  'hina,  but  is  willing  to  share  with  all  other  nations  the  privileges 
granted  her  there. 

That  sounds  fair  enough;  but  the  facts  will  show  that  Japan  has  demanded  and 
sought  to  secure  exceptional  and  exclusive  rights  in  China;  that  she  is  even  now 
working  along  that  line;  that  in  districts  where  she  has  been  able  to  carry  out  her 
plans  other  nationalities  could  not  now  secure  a  footing  without  giving  e'xcuse  for 
war  between  China  and  Japan:  and  that  if  Japan  insists  on  carrying  out  the  plans 
which  are  now  plainly  outlined  the  interests  of  the  United  States  will  be  seriously 
menaced  and  possibly  the  peace  of  the  world  again  jeopardized. 

UNFAITHFUL   TO   ALLIES. 

In  follow:  -tablished  policy  in  the  Far  East,  Japan  has  not  only  shown 

herself  an  apt  pupil  of  Germany,  her  "arch  instructor,  but  she  has  also  proved  herself 
an  unfaithful  partner  to  her  allies,  deliberately  taking  advantage  of  their  necessities 
to  feather  her  own  nest  and  to  take  from  them  the  very  things  which  she  insisted 
she  had  no  intention  of  taking.  It  is  not  i  •  tlu't  when  the  facts  are  laid  before 

the  world  and  her  allies  rind  time  to  look  after  their  own  interests,  Japan  will  under- 
take with  their  aid  to  find  some  solution  of  her  congested  population  problem  that 
"t  involve  possession  or  control  of  the  entire  Far  East. 


76  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

TWO    SOPHISTICAL  PLEAS. 

Careful  consideration  of  the  facts  offered  in  these  articles  will  furnish,  also,  con- 
clusive answers  to  two  suggestions  that  have  been  made  as  to  the  policy  of  the  United 
States  in  the  Far  East. 

One  of  these  suggestions  is  that  we  accept  the  proposition  made  by  Japan  and 
"peacefully  penetrate"  or  exploit  China  in  partnership  with  Japan.  That  would 
effectually  destroy  our  prestige  in  China,  where  we  are  now  regarded  as  the  one  power- 
ful and  disinterested  friend  she  has,  while  Japan  is  regarded  as  an  enemy  who  seeks 
her  destruction.  In  this  suggestion  Japan  aims  either  at  destroying  our  stand  in  China, 
or  if  it  survives  the  partnership,  then  she  will  share  in  the  benefits. 

The  other  suggestion  is  to  the  effect  that  we  can  save  future  worry  and  trouble  by 
turning  the  Far  East  over  to  Japan  and  permitting  her  to  work  her  will  on  it.  That 
is  the  plan  adopted  in  the  melodrama  to  save  the  adult  occupants  in  the  sleigh  from 
the  Russian  wolves  by  dropping  one  baby  after  another.  In  that  case  safety  is  secured 
if  the  supply  of  babies  holds  out.  In  the  case  of  the  Far  East  the  way  is  endless, 
reaching  onward  through  the  generations  of  future  history,  and  a  victim  offered  at 
this  time,  even  if  it  secured  temporary  relief,  would  only  strengthen  the  Germany 
of  Asia  so  that  it  could  in  the  future  more  easily  exact  its  demands  of  us.  Besides 
the  United  States  would  lose  too  much  even  at  this  time  by  such  a  surrender. 

PUBLICITY,  THE    ENEMY    OF   INTRIGUE. 

President  Wilson,  who  has  said  many  good  things  and  done  some  bad  ones,  said  in 
his  speech  at  the  League  of  Nations  meeting  at  New  York  March  5  concerning  pub- 
licity and  intrigue: 

"One  of  the  things  the  League  of  Nations  is  intended  to  watch  is  the  course  of 
intrigues.  Intrigue  can  not  stand  publicity,  and  if  the  League  of  Nations  were  noth- 
ing but  a  great  democratic  society  it  would  kill  intrigue.  It  is  one  of  the  agreements 
of  this  covenant  that  it  is  the  friendly  right  of  every  nation  a  member  of  the  league  to 
call  attention  to  anything  that  it  thinks  will  disturb  the  peace  of  the  world,  no  matter 
where  the  thing  is  occurring." 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  have  in  this  way  the  commendation  of  the  President  for  telling 
this  story  and  to  realize  that  the  war  censorship  powers,  if  still  in  force,  will  not  be 
invoked  to  stop  it.  For,  in  the  absence  of  a  League  of  Nations,  it  might  be  considered 
an  unfriendly  act  for  the  United  States  to  give  these  facts  to  the  public,  though 
Washington  doubtless  knows  them;  and  it  is  important  and  necessary  that  the  Ameri- 
can public  should  learn  them  since  the  President  has  shown  on  several  notable  occa- 
sions an  indisposition  to  take  a  stand  on  important  international  questions  until 
assured  of  public  sentiment;  and  public  sentiment  to  be  lasting  must  be  based  on  a 
knowledge  of  the  facts. 

ARTICLE  II.  JAPAN'S  INTENTION  TO  CONTROL  THE  FAR  EAST. 

A   MILITARY  NATION   C2OVERNED   BY   A   MILITARY  PARTY — HER   METHODS   FOK    SECURING 
CONTROL    OF    CHINA — AN    UNFAITHFUL    ALLY    AND    A    DANGEROUS    FRIEND. 

Japan's  course  as  the  Germany  of  Asia  will  be  better  understood  when  it  is  remem- 
bered that  she  has  always  been  a  military  nation.  The  Samurai  who  saved  and  held 
Japan  by  tlje  sword  are  the  heroes  of  Japan's  historv,  and  to  her  army  she  unques- 
tionably owes  her  existence  and  the  place  which  she  has  recently  attained  among 
the  great  powers  of  the  world . 

Then,  too,  when  Japan,  about  to  emerge  from  her  long  eistern  seclusion  into  the 
light  of  western  civilization,  looked  about  for  a  model  government  to  copy,  she  chose 
that  of  Germany  as  best  fitted  to  her  needs  and  conditions.  German  ideas  were 
adopted  and  German  methods  followed;  the  army  was  German  taught  and  German 
organized;  police  surveillance  and  espionage  svstems  were  modeled  on  the  German 
plan ;  most  public  officials  speak  German  and  but  few  speak  English ;  German  methods 
of  efficiency  and  detail  were  copied;  martial  order  was  cultivated  in  the  school  chil- 
dren who  are  drilled  and  whose  school  caps  of  military  form  indicate  the  class  to 
which  each  belongs. 

Yes,  Japan  was  made  in  the  Far  East,  but  she  was  made  over  in  Germany.  She 
has  been  continuously  ruled  by  the  military,  is  ruled  by  it  now,  and  will  be  perhaps 
for  some  time.  For  while  the  voices  of  individuals  are  being  raised  in  question  as 
to  the  wisdom  of  retaining  the  military  in  the  saddle  save  in  times  of  war,  in  view 
of  a  number  of  recent  blunders  with  which  the  rulers  are  charged,  still  the  military 
spirit  is  too  great  and  the  military  party  too  strongly  entrenched  to  be  easily  displaced . 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  77 

•mjiiest  lor  control  of  tin-  Fur  Fast  has  closely  followed  the 

•liany  ii])  to  I!)!!.     It  is  not  imlikelv.  however,  that  the  fate 

tly  following  up  tho^e  methods  through  the  World's  V\'ur 

P:IUM>:  and  that  if  the  glare  of  ])iil)licity  he  cast  upon  her 

6  will  tind  in  the  world's  comment  and  in  diplomatic 

r  a  material  ohaniro  of  policy. 

A  DM  I  Hi:  I)    r.KKMVNV     K  V  K  \     IX     WAR. 

It  {-  rse  throughout  the  war  was  not  that  of  a  whole- 

•  "d  enemy  of  tiornmriv's  methods  and  ambitions.  l>ut  rather  that  of  one  who, 

while  friendlv  to  and  admiring  (lernrmv.  felt  tied  by  certain  treaty  oh'Lati-  us  and 

:i  the  war  a  golden  opportunit  •    to  ;  dvance  her  own  ambiti 

m  did  IP  -rshly  enemy  aliens;  they  were  asked  to  drop  out  of  open 

l.usii;  ol  appear  to  have  been  otherwise  disturbed.     I  learned  of 

-t  an  enemy  alien-   an    «iri:ravatod  case — and  the  German  after 

;ir     wis  fined  300  yen.  l>ut  the  fine  was  not  collected  and  he  was  per- 

•' .     It  is  well  known  in  Japan  that  the  Government  believed  Germany 

could  not  be  beaten  and  that  the  end  of  the  war  stunned  the  nation.     This  belief 

will  explain  much  of  Japan's  policy. 

XOT    FAITHFUL   TO    ALLIES. 

The  -  .  too,  that  Japon  was  not  in  all  things  a  faithful  partner  of  the  Allies. 

Hie  took  advantage  of  the  predicament  of  her  partners  to  advance  her  own  interests 

in  the  Far  Fast,  often  to  the  injury  of  theirs.     The  unexpected — to  her — close  of  the 

war  lias  left  her  in  an  embarrassing  situation,  for  her  objects  haA'e  not  been  finally 

and  yet  her  intentions  are  plainly  evidenced  and  she  is  called  upon 

>-r  some  explanations  and  some  amends.     This  language  is  undiplomatic,  but  it 

represents  the  cold  fa 

In  this,  as  in  other  matters,  the  war  will  prove  a  distinct  benefit  to  mankind,  not- 
withstandi  it  cost,  for  without  evidence  of  the  kind  the  world,  and  particu- 

larly the  trusting  Tinted  States,  might  have  accepted  Japan's  assurances  until  too 
late  for  preventing  action. 

PUBLICITY    WILL    HELP. 

The  Japanese  merchants  and  business  men  are  only  commencing  to  appreciate  the 

value  of  commercial  honesty,  and  the  military  powers  that  rule  Japan  have  sadly 

i  her  reputation  before  the  world  for  diplomatic  honesty  and  national  honor. 

If  she  had  won  control  of  the  Far  East  by  these  German  methods  she  could  have 

•.rarded  the  world's  criticism.     As  it  is.  puhlicitv.  even  without  public  pressure 

from  her  allies,  will  doubtless  do  much  toward  inducing  a  change  in  her  policy. 

Since  the  war  opened  in  1914  Japan  has  consistently  endeavored  to  force  China  bv 

threat  and  by  bribery  and  by  force  to  accord  her  special  rights  and  concessions  which 

would  be  to  the  injury  of  her  allies,  and  lias  sought  by  force  and  threat  to  have  these 

ret.     And  in  the  case  of  the  21  demands  in  19J5  she  was  guilty 

of  the  unparalleled  piece  of  bad  faith  of  having  her  ambassadors  deny  categorically 

•i'l  friends  whose  interests  were  involved— notably  the  United  States 

it  such  demands  had  been  made  or  granted.  • 

JAPANESE    METHODS. 

In  the  case  of  which  she  wrested  from  Germany  in  order,  as  she  publicly 

•irn  it  to  China,  she  first  showed  a  disposition  to  retain  it  as  her  just 

;K  then  <!•  --  to  turn  it  hack  to  <  'hina  if  paid  therefor 

in  railroad  and  -ud  now  it  appears  that  she  has  utilized 

her  four  years'  i  >f  the  phr-o  to  <o  change  loivl  conditions  and  supplant  other 

•:«se  that  it  will  be  practically  Japanese  territory  no  matter  who 

nominal  title. 

Jap.  to  force  the  Chinese  Government  by  bribe  and  threat  to  have 

Japan  appear  as  spokesman  for  China  at  the  Paris  conference;  tried  to  have  Koo  and 

withdrawn  when  they  faithfully  presented  Chii.;  .  tened  the  Clii- 

: nment    through  (')bata  if  it  disclosed  any  of  the  -  ud  conces- 

vrhich  had  been  wrung  from  China  during  the  war,  which  were  inimical  to  the 

!  the  other  allies  and  which  the  To  conference  had  shown  a  desire 

to  see. 


78  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND  COLONIZATION. 

These  are  only  a  few  of  the  counts  against  Japan  as  a  bad  partner:  some  of  the  others 
perhaps  will  not  become  public,  but  they  are  all  placed  and  indexed  in  the  foreign 
offices  of  the  great  powers:  and  a  knowledge  of  them  on  the  part  of  the  world  will  un- 
doubtedly secure  a  change  of  policy  on  the  part  of  Japan,  and  perhaps  assist  in  de- 
throning the  military  power  in  Japan  that  is  responsible  for  them.  They  are  briefly 
referred  to  now,  as  they  help  to  make  easy  an  understanding  of  matters  to  follow. 

CONTROL   OF   CHINA. 

Japan's  main  efforts  for  the  past  four  or  five  years  have  been  directed  at  securing 
control  of  China.  Dr.  Kengiro  Yamakawa,  president  of  the  Imperial  University  of 
Tokyo,  recently  said  in  the  Nichi-Nichi,  one  of  the  prominent  Japanese  dailies: 

"If  Japan  would  abandon  the  policy  of  expansion  it  would  no  doubt  put  an  end  to 
Chinese  suspicion  of  us.  But  such  can  not  and  could  not  be  done.  It  would  expose 
Japan  to  danger  to  her  national  existence.  Japanese  expansion  in  China  has  always 
been  economic,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  not  continue  to  be  so." 

Dr.  Yamakawa  might  have  added  with  equal  truth  that  if  Japan  were  permitted  to 
take  what  she  wishes  in  China  her  penetration  of  that  country  would  be  entirely 
peaceful. 

STANDING   CHINA    UP    WITH    GUN. 

It  has  been  stated  often,  too,  that  Japan  wishes  no  exclusive  privileges  or  rights  in 
China,  but  is  only  anxious  to  have  an  equal  chance  with  all  other  nations.  Nothing 
could  be  fairer  in  sound — but  the  facts  show  that  Japan  has  been  standing  China  up 
with  a  gun  and  demanding  exclusive  concessions  and  the  right  to  dictate  the  financial , 
military,  and  commercial  future  of  the  country;  to  control  its  revenues;  to  command 
its  army;  to  manage  its  mines — pointing  unerringly  to  the  undoing  of  China  and  the 
elimination  of  the  interests  of  all  other  countries  therein.  She  has  done  this  in  cool 
disregard  of  the  fact  that  she  was  acting  as  an  unfaithful  partner,  robbing  her  allies  of 
their  commercial  assets  in  the  Far  East,  while  they  were  fighting  for  national  existence 
and  the  liberty  of  the  world  in  Europe.  She  has  done  it  in  the  belief  that  Germany 
would  win  with  this  kind  of  policy  in  Europe  and  that  she  could  win  with  it  in  Asia. 
•  In  pursuance  of  her  policy  of  securing  control  of  the  Far  East,  and  particularly  of 
China,  Japan  has  attempted  a  number  of  things  as  enumerated  below,  some  of  which 
will  be  discussed  in  future  articles. 

THINGS   JAPAN    HAS   ATTEMPTED. 

1.  Her  plans  for  propaganda  have  been  elaborate,  including  the  use  of  newspapers 
in  America  and  the  Far  East,  the  making  of  opinion  by  entertainment  of  prominent 
visitors,  speeches,  and  interviews  by  her  diplomats,  use  of  Japan-American  societies. 
She  has  secured  some  of  the  best  results  from  prominent  men  susceptible  to  social 
flattery,  who  accepted  what  they  saw  without  investigation. 

2.  She  has  controlled  for  years  the  incoming  and  outgoing  news  of  Japan  and  it  is 
sterilized  and  colored  so  as  to  best  serve  the  purpose  of  propaganda. 

3.  She  is  attempting  to  secure  similar  control  of  the  incoming  and  outgoing  news  of 
China. 

4.  She  is  attempting  to  secure  by  loans  and  otherwise  control  of  news  communica- 
cation  in  China — telephone  and  telegraph  lines. 

5.  She  is  attempting  to  secure  rail  communication  by  loans  for  roads  building,  or  in 
grant  for  new  roads;  and  to  obtain  exclusive  control  of  minerals  and  raw  material. 

6.  She  has  insisted  that  China  should  not  borrow  from  others  or  make  grants  to 
others,  save  with  Japan's  consent,  and  that  the  Chinese  Army  should  be,  in  effect,, 
controlled  by  Japanese. 

PROMOTES    STRIFE,    THEN    SENDS    ARMY. 

7.  She  has  sought  to  promote  civic  strife  in  China  as  an  excuse  for  entering  with  her 
army.     The  trouble  between  the  North  and  South  is  kept  alive  largely  by  Japanese 
influence.     She  has  loaned  the  money  to  support  the  army  of  the  North,  whose  exist- 
ence threatens  natural  peace.     The  peace  conference  at  Peking  between  the  two  sec- 
tions failed,  it  is  said,  because  of  Japanese  influence. 

8.  She  maintains  under  salary  in  official  position  in  China  provocateurs — peace  dis- 
turbers— to  prevent  the  creation  of  a  unified  goA-ernment  or  the  adoption  of  effective 
opposition  to  her  plans.     These  are  usually,  though -not  always,  Chinese  who  have 
been  educated  in  Japan,  and  are  for  that  reason  more  amenable  to  Japanese  influence. 

9.  She  has  sought  through  these  various  avenues  to  keep  the  outside  world  in  igno- 
rance as  to  the  real  facts  in  the  Far  East,  to  cause  disruption  among  forces  that  might 
oppose  her,  to  cause  distrust  in  China  and  the  Far  East  generally  of  the  United  States. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  79 

THE    WAK'-  EMBARRASSMENT. 

the  M'ar  Japan  found  it  easy  to  take-  what  she  wanted.     Sin<-e  the  armistice 

She  expected  to  secure  control  of  the 

:in  railmad:  she  hope,}  IT  an  <-xprrs<i.  n  from  the  Paris  peace  conference  on 
"racial  discrimination"  which  would  open  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  Australia 
ta  "n  equal  tern  IB.     Mie  desired  as  a  reward  for  her 

participation  in  the  war  :  f  TsiiiLrUiu  and  a  free  hand  in  China. 

In-'  ini:  distrust  <  i  her  throughout  the  world  as  the  facts  come 

lit,  and  a  warning  from  a  fcv  of  her  thinking  and  independent  statesmen — 

;  for  one — that  her  present  militaristic  methods  are  carrying  her  to  a  fall,  and 

that  unless  she  mends  her  ways,  tin-  v/orld,  including  those  whom  she  counts  on  as 

friends,  will  be  allied  against  her. 

In  her  <  !  eria  she  ha-  succeeded  in  losirg  the  good  will  of  all  her 

allies — first  t>y  breaking  her  pledge  and  sending  in  73.000  Japanese  soldiers  when  the 
understanding  called  for  12.000  only,  with  7.000  from  the  United  State?  and  a  small 
number  from  England  and  France,  and  next  by  the  uncontrolled  and  autocratic 
actions  of  three  independent  military  units,  each  acting  on  ite  own  authority,  and 
indulging  in  such  by-play  as  the  arrest  of  Fnglish  generals  and  the  inquisition  of 
French  colonels.  These  things  are  not  spoken  of  publicly,  and  the  real  statesmen 
of  Japan  deplore  them,  but  they  stand  as  Japan's  acts  so  long  as  she  is  ruled  by  the 
military  party. 

ARTICLE  III.  <>UK  < '<  .MMKRCIAL  ASSKT  ix  CHINA. 

>D    WILL    AM)    CONFIDENCE    VNUJl'E    IN    THE    RELATIONS    OF    NATIONS HOW   IT    IS 

THREATENED    BY   JAPANESE    PROPAGANDA    IN   JAPANESE    INTERESTS THE    PARTNER- 
SHIP  JAPAN    Ol 

To  understand  the  effect  on  the  integrity  of  China,  upon  the  interests  of  the  United 
-.  and  upon  the  peace  of  the  world  of  the  policy  of  Japan  in  the  Far  Fast — and 
reference  is  had  to  the  policy  inexorably  pointed  out  by  her  acts  and  not  to  that  inno- 
cent substitute  which  she  courteously  acknowledges  to  the  world — it  is  necessary  to 
refer  to  some  incidents  which  are  not  generally  borne  in  mind  by  the  American  pub- 
lic, though  they  are  readily  ascertained  through  inquiry. 

THE    SENTIMENT    OF    CHINA. 

:itiment  of  China  toward  the  United  States.  I  had  opportunity 
to  learn  it  by  intercourse  with  representatives  of  all  clashes  of  Chinamen  in  Hongkong, 
Canton,  Shanghai,  and  Peking,  sometimes  speaking  in  English  and  sometimes  where 
necessary  communicating  through  an  interpreter.  Whether  it  was  a  building  con- 
tractor in  charge  of  construction  of  a  million -dollar  modern  department  store  in  Can- 
ton; a  wealthy  abbot  and  patriot  entertaining  me  in  his  garden  beside  a  bronze  Bud- 
dha 1.500  years  old,  and  in  the  shade  of  an  immense  pagoda  hoary  with  age:  a  wealthy 
merchant:  a  student:  a  coolie:  the  plague  expert  of  China:  a  justice  of  the  supreme 
court:  the  physician  in  charge  of  sanitation  on  the  Government  railways :  a  Chinese 
editor:  a  newspaper  busine-s  manager,  with  up-to-date  Western  ideas  and  a  wonder- 
ful plant:  whether  he  had  been  educated  in  America,  in  Fngland,  at  Oxford  College, 
Hongkong,  or  even  in  Japan — there  was  always  one  message  for  Americans  spoken 
with  touching  enthusiasm  and  feeling.  It  was  a  message  of  love  and  appreciation 
for  what  Americans  had  done  in  the  past,  absolute  confidence  in  their  disinterested 
friendship  as  demonstrated  by  their  acts,  and  a  hope  that  the  same  kindly  leading 
hand  would  help  ( 'hina  to  preserve  her  nationality  and  survive  the  dangers  by  which 
she  is  threatened. 

NO  NATION  EVER  BEFORE  SO  FAVORED. 

It  is  a  feeling  nation,  .-o  far  as  I  know,  has  ever  before  in  the  world's  his- 

r'or  an  alien  people. 

••nt  which  unfortunately  permits  the  (  hine-e  at  times  to  be  victimised 

r  taking  advu:itai'o  of  his  American  standing  to  add  to  his  bank  roll. 

rhe  man  who  prop"-  !  to  the  (  hine?e  Government  several  million 

dollars'  worth  of  locomotives,  and  who  secured  a  larpe  advance  in  ca-h  on  the  order, 

but  who  was  found  on  later  investigation  to  have  no  connection  with  the  Baldwin 

Loco i;  rks.  which  he  claimed  to  represent.     The  police  of  the  United  States, 

I  understand,  are  still  looking  for  him. 


80  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

A  more  satisfactory  manifestation  of  the  sentiment  was  found  in  the  spontaneous 
contributions  from  Chinese  to  the  American  Red  Cross.  I  heard  of  one  man,  a  small 
farmer  in  the  interior,  who  walked  10  miles  in  order  to  be  able  to  send  in  by  post- 
office  messenger  a  contribution  of  a  dollar — all  he  could  afford — with  a  note  expressing 
his  gratitude  as  a  Chinaman  for  what  America  had  done. 

FEELING    IS    UNANIMOTS. 

I  was  told  by  Americans  long  resident  in  China — newspaper  men  and  others— that 
this  feeling  is  practically  unanimous  among  the  Chinese,  and  that  it  extends  far  back 
into  the  interior,  where  presumably  knowledge  of  world  happenings  does  not  penetrate. 

Consider  this  sentiment  as  a  commercial  asset  and  see  what  it  means.  China  has  a 
population  of  400,000,000,  and  its  purchasing  power,  already  great,  will  become  enor- 
mous when  under  intelligent  and  kindly  aid  its  resources  are  developed,  education 
made  general,  the  status  and  wages  of  the  laborer  increased  i  and  standards  of  living 
raised.  Its  purchasing  power  then  will  be  greater  than  that  of  any  other  nation  on 
the  face  of  the  earth. 

BUSINESS    OURS    FOR    ASKING, 

The  foreign  business  of  this  nation  is  ours  for  the  asking,  and  assuming  only  intel- 
ligent handling  and  fair  treatment,  and  involving  no  violation  of  national  rights, 
commercial  ethics,  and  no  unfairness  to  any  other  nation,  whether  ally  or  not.  Do 
we  want  that  business,  and  will  we  take  steps  to  protect  it?  This,  entirely  apart  from 
the  consideration  of  justice  in  preventing  the  further  subjugation  of  Asia  by  a  nation 
that  might  be  induced  in  the  future  to  use  its  augmented  power  against  the  balance 
of  the  world,  and  particularly  against  the  United  States. 

It  becomes  evident,  too,  why  Japan,  aside  from  her  desire  to  absorb  China,  or  to  so 
control  it  as  to  lead  in  time  to  its  absorption,  and  possibly  as  an  aid  to  attainment  of 
that  ambition  seeks  to  cause  such  distrust  of  the  United  States  in  the  Far  Fast  as  will 
minimize  our  influence  there  and  induce  the  Chinese  to  look  elsewhere  for  friendly 
counsel  and  aid. 

MUST    NULLIFY   JAPANESE    PROPAGANDA. 

If  the  United  States  only  takes  the  necessary  steps  to  nullify  the  vicious  propaganda 
undertaken  by  Japan  for  th.it  purpose  and  to  insure  and  maintain  between  us  and  the 
Far  East  that  intimate  knowledge  of  each  other  that  will  prevent  future  misunderstand- 
ing, Japan  will  be  powerless  to  accomplish  her  purposes.  For  in  this,  as  in  some  other 
matters,  this  Great  War,  terrible  as  has  been  the  misery  and  the  toll,  has  served  a  wise 
and  a  beneficent  purpose,  giving  the  Far  East  a  warning  that  need  only  be  heeded  to 
insure  protection  and  peace  in  that  part  of  the  world. 

Japan,  confident  that  Germany  could  not  be  beaten,  certain  that  the  war  would 
drag  on  for  some  time,  and  seeing  in  the  preoccupation  of  her  allies  her  opportunity  to 
work  her  plans  in  the  Far  East,  abandoned  all  semblance  of  guile  and  persuasion  with 
her  intended  victims  and  plainly  demanded  with  the  necessary  threats  the  things  she 
wanted  immediately  with  reservations  for  the  future.  The  armistice  came  like  a 
thunderbolt  before  her  plans  had  been  fully  consummated,  and  now  as  the  facts  become 
known  she  stands  forth  as  the  Germany  of  the  Pacific,  relentless  and  implacable,  will- 
ing to  use  any  means  to  secure  her  ends. 

HER   INTENTIONS    TOWARD    CHINA. 

What  she  has  done  in  Korea  and  in  Manchuria  she  intended  to  do  in  China,  and  her 
protestations  at  this  time  are  sufficiently  contradicted  by  her  acts. 

In  1894,  when  Japan  made  war  upon  China,  it  was,  she  claimed,  partly  to  insure 
the  independence  of  Korea,  and  the  peace  of  Shimonoseki  recognized  that  independ- 
ence. In  1904  Japan  warred  with  Russia  because  that  power  threatened  the  inde- 
pendence of  Korea;  and  in  1910  Japan  calmly  annexed  Korea  on  the  assumption, 
presumably,  that  it  would  be  easier  thus  to  maintain  its  independence  ! 

In  Manchuria  Japan  sought  ostensibly  only  peaceful  penetration,  a  railroad  franchise, 
and  some  mining  rights.  She  gradually  assumed  control  through  her  army,  and  now 
she  rules  it  with  the  relentless  methods  of  a  Prussian-taught  army.  The  stories  told 
by  American  engineers  of  the  present  ''peaceful  penetration"  of  Manchuria  have 
placed  the  Far  East,  which  has  heard  them,  upon  sufficient  notice  as  to  Japan's 
methods. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  81 

THE    JAPANESE    DEFENSE. 

Japan's  defense  in  this  matter,  as  made  by  Baron  Makino  at  Paris  in  February,  and 
published  throughout  the  country,  consists  partly  of  reverberating  silence  on  some 
-.   and   tin-  plea  ingenuously  made  between  the  lines    that    even   if   guili 

lie  is  only  doing  in  China  what  the  European  Nations  have  done.  Makino 
•ion  to  tlie  fact  that  when  Japan,  as  spoils  of  victory  in  the  war  with  China, 
claimed  and  received  title  and  lease  to  the  I.iaotunu'  Peninsula  i  in  Manchuria),  with 
the  naval  ba<o  ami  fortress  of  Port  Arthur,  and  the  port  of  Dairen.  she  was  robbed 
thereof  by  the  European  powers.  Russia  taking  the  peninsula,  while  England  got 
Wei-Hai-Wei.  This  peninsula  under  lease  and  title  Japan  recovered  as  spoil  after  her 
war  with  Russia. 

There  is  no  reference  in  Making's  statement  to  the  fact  that  in  1909,  after  her  rights 

as  to  the  Antung-Mukden  Railroad  had  expired,  Japan,  by  force  of  arms  and  against 

China's  pr  pleted  that  road  and  is  now  operating  it:  and  in  1915.  while  Europe 

•d  ( 'hina  to  extend  to  the  year  2002,  instead  of  1923,  the  year  when  she 

would  secure  control  of  this  road. 

What  Japan  has  done  in  Tsingtao  and  its  hinterland,  Kiachau,  in  order  to  force  ,terri- 
tory  which  she  took  from  Germany  in  trust  for  China,  to  revert  to  Japanese  control  wi'l 
lained  in  another  article. 

WHY   JAPAN    WANTS    US    IN. 


iat ion  as  indicated  in  this  article  will  explain  also  why  Japan  is  eager  to  go 
o  partnership  with  the  United  States  in  the  exploitation  of  China. 


T 

into 

There  exists  throughout  China  at  this  time  the  most  bitter  hatred  of  Japan  since  her 
intentions  have  become  so  evident.  If  the  United  States  becomes  the  partner  of 
Japan  in  working  her  pleasure  in  China,  the  good  will  of  the  Chinese  which  we  now 
enjoy  will  disappear  and  Japan  will  no  longer  be  under  any  handicap  in  securing 
Chinese  trade.  If  any  of  that  good  will  survives  the  partnership,  then  Japan  will  share 
equally  in  the  profits.  And  incidentally  all  hopes  of  China  saving  herself  from  the 
destiny  intended  for  her  as  a  subject  of  Japan  will  disappear,  while  the  United  States 
will  find  the  fruits  of  partnership  turn  to  ashes,  for  Japan  has  continually  shown  a 
clever  ingenuity  in  taking  the  spoils  and  leaving  her  partners  with  an  empty  bag. 

In  such  a  partnership  the  United  States  would  secure  no  profit,  and  she  would  lose 
all  the  prestige  and  honor  which  has  come  to  her  through  generations  of  fair  dealing. 

WE    WOULD   LOSE    ALL. 

In  the  situation  as  described  is  found  answer,  also,  to  the  suggestion  that  the  United 
States  has  no  concern  in  the  Far  East,  and  that  she  can  save  herself  future  trouble  by 
permitting  Japan  to  work  her  will  there. 

The  United  States  can  no  longer  live  within  herself.  She  must  have  trade  relations 
with  the  balance  of  the  world :  and  she  can  not  afford  to  throw  away  the  opportunity  to 
secure  the  trade  of  China  now  offered  her.  Aside  from  that,  consideration  for  her  own 
future  safety  and  for  the  peace  of  the  world  would  forbid  allowing  Japan  to  carry  out 
her  plans,  which  have  been  prematurely  exposed  by  the  close  of  the  war. 

ARTICLE  IV.  JAPAN'S  CONTROL  OF  FAR  EAST  NEWS. 

HOW  SHE  UTILIZES  IT  TO  FURTHER  HER  INTERESTS — DEFENSIVE  MEASURES  ADOPTED 
BY  THE  UNITED  STATES — NECESSITY  FOR  AN  ADEQUATE  AMERICAN-CONTROLLED 
TRANS-PACIFIC  NEWS  SERVICE— {^ABLE  SERVICE  INADEQUATE. 

For  years  Japan  has  pursued  a  shrewd  and  well-organized  system  of  propaganda 

ried  to  conceal  from  the  Western  World  a  general  knowledge  of  her  real  purposes 

in  the  Far  East,  to  maintain  friendly  relations  with  nations  whose  interests  she  was 

steadily  undermining,  and  to  create  among  the  powers  concerned  in  the  Far  East  a 

mutual  distrust  of  each  other  which  would  prevent  concert  of  action  against  her. 

Because  of  the  disinterested  position  of  the  United  States  and  its  consequent  influence, 

particularly  in  China,  this  propaganda  has  been  used  within  the  past  few  years  to  injure 

V  merican  prestige  in  the  Far  East. 

HOW   PROPAGANDA   IS    SPREAD. 

A  previous  article  referred  to  various  means  utilized  in  spreading  this  propaganda, 

including  prominent  Americans  who  had  been  entertained  in  Japan  and  carefully 

coached  on  one  side  of  the  question  and  who  became  earnest  and  innocent  propagan- 

Tapan- American  societies  for  the  ostensible  promotion  of  friendly  feeling  and 

S.  Doc.  55,  67-1 6 


82  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

commercial  business .  entered  into  by  Americans  and  by  some  Japanese  perhaps  in 
perfect  good  faith;  hired  propagandists  of  various  types  who  traveled  in  America,  and 
control  of  the  news  of  the  Far  East. 

Students  of  the  news  have  wondered  why  we  know  so  little  of  the  Far  East;  why  there 
seldom  comes  anything  prejudicial  to  Japan;  why  when  a  short  special  of  that  character 
does  get  through,  it  is  promptly  denied  or  lengthily  explained  away  until  the  original 
charge  sinks  out  of  sight.  The  traveler  in  the  Far  East  is  surprised  to  find  practically 
no  news  of  America,  but  considerable  of  London,  in  the  newspapers  on  the  eastern 
Asiatic  coast,  and  rarely  anything  of  importance  from  America  that  is  distasteful  to 
prominent  far-eastern  interests. 

HOW   NEWS   IS   CONTROLLED. 

The  explanation  is  that  the  news  of  the  Far  East  is  controlled  practically  by  Renter, 
a  British  news  agency,  and  by  Japan,  and  the  two  have  formed  a  combination.  Before 
the  war  Germany  presented' her  interests  to  the  people  of  the  Far  East  through  the 
Wolff  agency  and  the  Ostasiatische  Lloyd,  a  ramification  of  Wolff. 

Except  during  a  few  months  this  year  and  last  year,  when  the  committee  on 
public  information  sent  American  news  across  the  Pacific,  the  Far  East  for  many  years 
has  received  its  news  of  the  United  States  through  Renter,  the  report  being  prepared 
at  New  York  for  British  tastes,  blue  penciled  by  British  hands  at  London,  expurgated, 
clarified,  and  interpreted  by  British  hands  at  Shanghai,  where  British  feeling  against 
Americans  has  been  most  marked,  and  thence  distributed. 

REUTER' s  ADVANTAGES. 

During  the  first  years  of  the  Great  War,  when  the  United  States  was  neutral,  this 
Reuter  service  was  very  effectively  used  to  so  misinterpret  American  sentiment  and 
acts  as  to  create  a  strong  prejudice  against  us. 

Reuter  has  discriminatory  rates  over  the  far-eastern  cables,  which  are  generally 
under  British  control,  which  would  have  made  it  impractical  for  an  American  news 
report  to  go  over  in  competition.  And  again,  the  Associated  Press  has  until  recently 
regarded  its  proper  sphere  as  within  the  United  States.  Last  January,  however,  it 
commenced  a  complete  leased  wire  daily  report  by  cable  to  the  leading  newspapers 
of  South  America  at  their  request. 

TRADES    WITH   JAPANESE    AGENCY. 

Some  years  ago  Reuter  retired  from  Japan  in  favor  of  the  Kokusai,  the  Japan  National 
News  Agency,  a  Government-controlled  organization.  Under  that  arrangement  the 
Kokusai  receives  from  Reuter  the  world  news  and  distributes  it  through  Japan  after 
it  has  been  properly  sterilized  according  to  Japanese  standards.  The  news  of  Japan, 
which  Reuter  distributes  over  the  world  under  the  Reuter  label,  is  that  which  the 
Kokusai  determines  should  go  out  of  Japan. 

One  result  of  this  news  control  was  observed  at  the  time  of  the  armistice.  The 
world  knew  for  a  week  or  10  days  that  things  were  leading  inevitably  to  the  signing  of 
the  armistice— it  knew  for  30  days  or  more  that  the  defeat  of  the  Germans  was  rapidly 
approaching.  This  news  was  suppressed  by  Kokusai.  and  Japan  knew  nothing  of  it 
until  the  announcement  of  the  signing  of  the  armistice  came  like  a  thunderbolt;  and 
in  one  week  there  are  said  to  have  been  failures  in  Japan  amounting  to  $50,000,000. 
Some  favored  corporations  which  are  said  to  be  close  to  the  Government  had  the  tip 
and  shoved  off  on  an  unsuspecting  market  as  much  of  doubtful  securities  as  the  market 
could  take. 

CABLE  DELAYS  10  TO  14  DAYS. 

While  the  Associated  Press  and  a  few  American  dailies  have  special  correspondents 
in  the  Far  East,  the  cable  facilities  across  the  Pacific  are  so  inadequate  and  the  rates 
so  high  that  a  satisfactory  news  service  can  not  be  maintained .  During  the  years  of  the 
war  it  took  from  10  to  14  days  to  get  a  cable  message  across  the  Pacific. 

JAPAN'S  CONTROL  OF  CHINESE  PAPERS. 

As  Japan  has  control  of  the  news  of  Japan,  so  is  she  attempting  to  control  the  news' of 
China,  both  incoming  and  outgoing. 

In  pursuance  of  that  policy,  she  has  secured  ownership  or  control  of  a  number  of  the 
Chinese  vernacular  newspapers  located  in  the  larger  cities,  and  controls  also  worne 
English  language  newspapers,  including  two  in  Shanghai.  In  Canton,  where  no 
Chinese  newspaper  could  be  purchased,  a  new  one  was  started  by  Japanese  interests. 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  83 

The  vernacular  newspapers  controlled  by  Japan  are  registered  with  the  Japanese 
consulate  and  claim  extraterritorial  rights,  including  trial  by  the  Japan e:-f  consul,  so, 
that  thev  are  practically  immune  from  Chinese  lau>  or  < -(juris,  or  official  displeasure^ 
In  consequence  they  ran  villify  and  blackmail  without  check  or  redress,  and  this 
power  is  freely  used  to  silence  or  coerce  Chinese  officials  and  patriots  who  do  not  bend 

-  to  the  Japanese  will.     The  Chinese  newspapers  conducted  on  a  bu.- 
and  responsible  to  the  courts  for  debts  and  utterances  face  in  this  situation  an 
unfair  and  very  trying  competition. 

A    NEWS    AGENCY    IN    CHINA. 

an  has  also  organized  in  China  a  news  collecting  and  distributing  agency  called 
•ivy,  which  has  the  aid  of  Japanese  consular  agents  in  the 
.n  collecting  news  and  the  assistance  of  the  Japanese  code  books  in 
dtting  it.     This  agency  offers  its  service  of  world  and  China  news  to  the  vernacu- 
lar newspapers  at  a  price  which  would  not  pay  for  office  rent.     As  an  added  induce- 
ment it  offers  registration  at  the  Japanese  consulate  and   the  protection  afforded 

lie  editor  is  "good."' 

Thi-  -  devoted  largely  to  Japanese  propaganda,  and  is  even  more  dangerous 

-papers  that  rely  on  it  for  a  complete  sen-ice  because  of  what  it  suppresses. 

"d  to  keep  from  the  Chinese  the  local  and  foreign  news  which  it  is 

not  in  Japan's  interests  to  have  known,  or  to  so  color  and  modify  it  as  to  make  it  sen-e 

the  ' 

THE    "COMPfi.  -ERVICE. 

vol  of  the  new?  has  In-en  used  of  late  vears  deliberately  for  creating  prejudice 
erica  and  injurv  to  American  interests,  either  by  what  it  failed  to  tell  or  by 
it  told  onlv  partly  or  incorrectly,  to  such  an  extent  that  the  United  5 
through  its  committee  on   public  information,  essayed  to  keep  the  Far  East 
ta  and  acts  in  the  war  by  establishing  a  daily  sen  ice  of  its 
own. 

The  "compub''  report,  as  it  was  calk  i  released  each  day  from  San  Diego 

-,-ards  from  San  and  caught  at  Cavite  (Philippine  Islands  i,  from  which 

point  it  was  relayed  to  China,  being  caught  at  Shanghai  by  the  French  wireless  and  at 
Peking  by  the  United  States  \vireless  in  the  American  concession. 

GIVEN   TO    NEWSPAPERS. 

At  Manila  it  was  used  by  the  three  American  newspapers  and  (after  translation) 
by  the  five  vernacular  newspapers.  It  was  briefed  also,  and  transmitted  to  the  various 
islands  of  the  Philippine  group  for  publication  or  posting. 

jhai,  Peking,  and  Tien  Tsin  it  was  available  at  once  for  English  or  American 

.rhere  could  be  received  by  mail  or  by  wire.     In  addition,  it  was 

briefed  and  translated  into  Chinese,  under  direction  of  Carl  Crow,  representing  the 

committee  on  public  information,  and  mailed  to  all  the   Chinese  newspapers  that 

cared  to  receive  and  use  it — between  200  and  300. 

OFFERED  ALSO  TO  JAPANESE. 

From  Guam  the  report  was  cable  1,  at  expense  of  the  committee,  to  Japan,  where  it 

-papers,  and  a  part  of  it— particularly  the  speeches 

of  Pr  ilson— translated  into  Japanese,  and  offered  to  the  Japanese  dailies, 

which  quote* I 

r  the  re i  •  u^ht  at  Vladivostok,  wired  to  Irkutsk  and  Omsk,  and  dis- 

ail  to  othei  poi: 

In  addition,  after  the  Paris  conference  commenced,  an  excellent  report  thereof  was 
reless  from  Lyons  in  France,  caught  at  Vladivostok,  Peking,  Shanghai,  and 

rom. 

his  way  the  Far  East  \vas  kep  -if  the  position  of  the  United  States  and 

the  vicious  propaganda  of  Japan  lost  mo-  oct.     The  report,  however,  was  not 

an  adequate  news  report  of  world's  affairs,  was  only  a  war  measure  operated  under 
war  autho:  i  ontinued  in  some  places,  and  must  soon  cease  in 

others  if  it  has  not  already  ceased  everywhere. 

EXCHANGE    OF  VRY. 

All  American  interests  in  the  Far  East,  diplomatic  and  commercial,  are  unanimous 
in  expressing  the  opinion  that  the  i  can  not  retain  the  good  will  of  the 

Far  East  and  can  not  protect  her  interests  there  in  the  absence  of  the  exchange  of  new 8 


84  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

reports  across  the  Pacific  which  will  keep  the  United  States  and  the  Far  East  fully 
advised  as  to  the  acts  and  sentiments  of  each  other,  respectively. 

In  China,  Chinese  newspaper  men,  statesmen,  and  business  men  now  recognize  the 
necessity  for  securing  through  an  adequate  news  service,  such  knowledge  01  world 
affairs  that  Japan's  vicious  propaganda  may  be  offset  and  her  purposes  uncovered. 
In  Canton  the  Chinese  have  even  started  an  English  language  newspaper  in  order  to 
keep  before  Americans  and  English  the  things  which  they  should  know  as  to  the 
policy  of  Japan. 

ARTICLE  V.  JAPAN  s  DESIGNS  ON  CHINA. 

THE  SUDDEN  TERMINATION  OF  THE  WAR  EXPOSES  THEM— HER  METHODS  OF  CREATING 
DISSENSION  THAT  SHE  MAY  HAVE  AN  EXCUSE  FOR  INTERFERING  BY  FORCE — THE 
PANORAMA  OF  EVENTS  IN  CHINA  IN  FEBRUARY. 

In  February  of  this  year  I  was  in  Hongkong,  Canton,  Shanghai,  and  Peking,  engaged 
rather  in  investigations  of  conditions  than  in  sightseeing.  What  l  learned  then — 
which  is  only  what  every  one  in  the  Far  East  who  follows  the  march  of  eveuts  knows — • 
constitutes  a  complete  answer  to  the  suave  assurances  made  to  the  \vorld  at  thai  same 
time  as  to  the  pacific  intentions  and  benevolent  acts  of  Japan  in  China.  I  shall  on- 
line here  only  the  conditions  as  they  \vere  in  February — equally  interesting  and 
con /inking  is  the  history  of  Japan's  poUcy  for  the  past  four  \ears,  incidents  ol  which 
ha»e  been  referred  to  in  previous  articles'and  more  of  which  will  be  told  later. 

Incidentally  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  ignorance  of  the  general  Ameri- 
can public  as  to  these  matters  of  vital  concern  to  them — as  shown  in  a  recent  article 
on  the  commercial  asset  which  we  have  in  China's  good  will— is  due  partly  to  the 
difficulties  in  securing  news  communication,  but  more  to  the  elaborate  propaganda 
of  Japan  and  to  her  control  of  the  outgoing  news  of  the  Far  East. 

A   PANORAMA    OF    EVENTS. 

In  February  there  was  in  session  at  Canton  the  old  Chinese  Parliament  of  the  new 
republic,  wh:.ch  had  been  forcibly  dissolved  some  time  before  by  the  former  premier 
with  a  Chinese  army  at  his  back,  paid  by  Japanese  gold.  This  parliament  had  re- 
convened as  a  protest  against  the  existing  conditions  and  with  the  patriotic  desire 
to  do  what  it  could  to  save  China. 

At  Peking  the  new  parliament  was  in  session,  divided  in  its  councils  by  the  in- 
trigues of  Japan,  by  the  demands  of  the  Japanese  paid  army,  and  by  the  loyal  efforts 
of  the  faithful  guard  to  serve  the  country. 

At  Shanghai  the  commissioners  from  North  China  and  from  South  China  deliber- 
ated in  the  large  building  built  by  the  Germans  for  a  club,  but  confiscated  by  China 
at  the  declaration  of  war.  They  had  come  together  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  the 
United  States  and  Great  Britain  to  heal  their  differences  if  possible,  to  put  an  end 
to  civil  strife,  and  to  present  a  united  China  to  the  outside  world. 

In  one  of  the  adjoining  Provinces  the  Chinese  army  under  the  orders  of  its  com- 
mander, Gen.  Hsu  Shu  Cheng — "Little  Hsu,"  as  he  is  called  to  distinguish  him 
from  the  elder  Hsu— was  practicing  the  art  of  warfare  on  a  defenseless  people,  and 
as  a  suggestion  that  its  demands  for  more  Japanese  money  be  favorably  considered. 
The  army  was  with  the  north — it  had  been  instructed  by  Germans  and  Japanese, 
and  its  commanders  are  under  Japanese  influence. 

On  the  Wampu,  near  Canton,  the  Chinese  navy  of  a  few  ships  was  mobilized.  It- 
is  British  taught,  and  it  had  thrown  in  its  fortunes  with  the  south,  whose  policy 
seems  to  the  foreigners  to  be  more  actuated  by  real  love  for  China. 

At  Paris  the  Chinese  peace  commissioners,  Wellington  Koo,  ambassador  at  Wash- 
ington, and  Wong,  also  a  distinguished  Chinese  statesman,  endeavored  to  protect 
China  against  the  intimidation  of  Japan  and  the  traitorous  acts  of  some  of  her  own 
people. 

JAPAN  AS  TROUBLE  BREEDER. 

Bear  in  mind  that  all  the  trouble  and  disruption  which  form  the  subject  matter 
of  this  article  was  directly  and  deliberately  caused  by  Japan  in  furtherance  of  her 
own  ends,  to  make  the  conquest  or  control  of  China  more  easy  and  to  accomplish  it 
as  speedily  as  possible  and  before  Europe  and  America  could  "find  time  to  look  after 
their  interests  in  the  Far  East. 

The  disruption  between  the  north  and  the  south  of  China  was  brought  about 
through  the  intrigues  of  Japan,  by  direct  suggestion  and  aid,  and  through,  means  of 
Chinese  officials,  many  of  them  *  educated  in  Japan,  and  all  well  paid  for  their 
treachery. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  85 

The  south  \vas  assured  it  wa*  not  receiving  proper  treatment   from  the  north  and 

thai   it  had  the  sympathy  of  the  majority  of  the  Japanese  people.     The    north  was 

told  that  differences  between  the  people  of  a   nation  can  only  he  settled  by  military 

and  the  con.p;.  le.     Japan,  therefore,  loaned  large  sums 

;iey  to  the  ne\v  Chinese  Government,  controlled  by  the  north,  with  the  express 

understanding  that  certain  portions  thereof  were  to  be  used  for  military  operations 

ill.     In  thus  instigating:  civil  war  and  then   insuring  the  victory  of 

the   north.  Japan  felt  sh«-  was  aiding  the  clement  which  would  be  most  amenable  to 

influence  and  would  care  least  for  the  integrity  of  China. 

CHINKSK    TRAITORS. 

The  President  of  China  has  the  confidence  of  the  patriotic  element  among  hie 
countrymen,  who  say  that,  while  he  makes  apparently  no  open  or  a.  stand 

against  Japan,  he  i<  fully  alive  to  her  intentions  and  proposes  to  thwart  them,  if  pos- 
sible, but  is  opposing  (tinning  with  cunning.  His  official  family,  however,  is  honey- 
combed with  treachery.  The  following  five  individuals,  all  educated  in  Japan  and 
all  comparatively  young  men,  are  notoriously  paid  tools  of  Japan  who  have  profited 
well  by  their  employment:  Tsao  Ju  Lin,  minister  of  ^communications;  Lu  Chung 
Yu.  head  of  the  Sino-Japanese  Bank;  Gen.  Hsu  Shii-cheng,  head  of  the  army; 
Chum:.  Chinese  minister  in  Japan,  and  Sze  Li  Pen,  councillor  in  the  foreign  office. 
The  latter  acts  as  interpreter  when  Chinese  and  Japanese  commissions  or  officials 
discuss  important  matters,  and  honest  Chinese  officials.  I  am  told,  have  been  horrified 
to  find  that  the  official  record  bore  testimony  that  they  had  made  statements  and 
acceded  to  conditions  quite  different  from  what  was  in  their  minds. 

The  governors  of  some  of  the  Provinces  are  also  Japanese  agents.  This  is  openly 
;iul  apparently  proved  by  his  official  acts,  against  the  governor  of  the 
Shantung  Province,  who  is  married  to  a  Japanese  woman. 

The  effort  to  secure  through  the  Shanghai  conference  a  working  agreement  between 
the  north  and  the  south  was  a  failure,  though  another  conference  is  spoken  of.  The 
south  insisted  that  the  north  should  come  in  with  clean  hands  and  cease  active 
military  operations  against  unorganized  and  unarmed  people.  Japanese  influence 
and  while  there  was  some  oriental  sidestepping  there  was 
no  cessation  ,,f  hostilities;  and  the  conference  adjourned. 

In  parliament  a  measure  was  introduced  for  the  demobilization  of  the  army,  both 
in  the  interests  of  economy  and  because  China  had  no  need  of  an  army  at  this  time. 
This  was  promptly  met  by  an  ultimatum  from  the  army  that  the  government  at 
once  secure  from  Japan  more  of  the  $20,000,000  loan  offered  and  insure  future  pay- 
ments to  the  army  for  some  time. 

The  President  and  Chinese  loyal  statesmen  are  trying  to  prevent  the  taking  of  more 
money  from  Japan  because  derelict  Government  officials  have  pledged  for  the  loan 
some  "of  the  Government  railways  and  certain  additional  concessions,  and  Japan  is 
anxious  to  force  the  loan  on  China  as  one  means  of  securing  possession  of  the  rail- 
roads. The  end  had  not  come  when  I  left  China,  and  I  have  seen  no  statement  cov- 
ering the  matter  since  then. 

An  agent  of  American  financial  interests  went  to  China  in  March,  and  it  is  possible 
that  a  readjustment  of  Chinese  financial  affairs  may  be  made  by  a  loan  participated 
in  by  all  the  powers,  but  in  which  the  United  States  will  predominate.  If  this  hap- 
pens, China  may  be  saved  from  the  clutches  of  Japan. 

JAPAN'S  DEMAND  AT  PARIS. 

At  Paris  Japan  asserted  the  right  to  speak  for  China,  and  when  Koo  and  Wong 
combated  this  Japan  tried  to  have  them  silenced  or  recalled,  making  use  of  various 
threats  to  secure  the  purpose. 

Under  the  Lansing-Ishii  agreement  between  the  United  States  and  Japan  quasi 
recognition  is  given  to  some  indefinite  interests  of  Japan  in  China.  President  Wil- 
son has  not  seen  fit  as  yet  to  make  a  public  explanation  of  this  remarkable  document, 
though  he  has  had  sufficient  inquiries.  I  can  therefore  only  refer  to  it.  But  Japan 
claims  that  under  this  agreement  we  have  conceded  her  full  control  over  Chinese 
affairs,  and  this  is  the  claim  she  attempted  to  make  good  at  ^aris. 

In  fact,  when  President  Wilson  sent  a  congratulatory  telegram  to  the  President  of 
the  Chinese  Republic  on  the  occasion  of  that  Republic's  birthday,  the  Japanese 
papers  declared  his  act  to  be  a  clear  violation  of  the  Lansing-Ishii  agreement  and 
that  the  United  States  had  no  right  to  communicate  with  China  save  through  Japan. 
That  same  claim  was  made  by  an  English -language  newspaper  in  Shanghai,"  the  Mer- 
cury, controlled  by  Japanese. 


86  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION"   AND   COLONIZATION. 

The  issue  was  forced  in  connection  with  the  submission  to  the  peace  conference 
of  the  secret  21  conditions  forced  upon  China  by  Japan  in  1915,  existence  of  which 
was  denied  to  the  world  by  Japan,  which  threatened  China  and  her  officials  with 
severe  penalties  if  she  even  mentioned  that  such  conditions  had  been  exacted.  The 
peace  conference  had  shown  a  desire  to  see  these  conditions  and  other  secret  treaties, 
and  the  Chinese  commissioners  had  indicated  their  willingness  to  produce  them. 
Their  copies  had  been  stolen  from  them  as  they  passed  through  Japan  on  their  way 
to  Paris,  but  duplicates  could  be  secured  by  wireless  if  necessary. 

Japan  used  all  her  power  and  influence,  first,  to  have  Koo  and  Wong  silenced 
and  Japan  recognized  as  China's  spokesman  at  Paris,  and,  failing  that,  to  have  Koo 
and  Wong  instructed  that  the  secret  treaties  forced  at  the  point  of  the  sword  by  Japan 
since  August,  1914,  should  not  be  produced.  Obata,  on  behalf  of  Japan,  made  at 
Peking  the  most  serious  threats  against  China  and  the  officials  of  her  Government 
if  Japan's  wishes  were  not  complied  with,  and  it  looked  for  a  while  as  if  China  must 
yield. 

PUBL/CITY   MAY   SAVE    CHINA. 

In  this  case  publicity  defeated  Japan  and  saved  China,  just  as  publicity  now, 
promptly  and  properly  applied,  will  prevent  attainment  of  Japan's  ultimate  ends 
in  the  Far  East  and  save  the  world  much  tribulation.  The  old  Parliament  at  Canton 
cabled  Koo  and  Wong  to  stand  by  their  guns;  the  commercial  bodies  and  guilds  of 
the  leading  cities,  commencing  in  the  south  and  gradually  spreading  through  the 
north,  did  the  same;  and  such  public  sentiment  was  speedily  created  throughout 
China  that  the  new  Parliament  at  Peking,  notwithstanding  the  influence  of  Japan, 
did  not  dare  recall  Koo  and  Wong  or  withdraw  their  authority,  and  trfey  were  per- 
mitted to  go  ahead  on  their  own  discretion.  Fortunate,  indeed,  for  China  that  she 
was  represented  by  such  men. 

It  is  little  wonder  that  China  was  stirred  by  these  matters  into  active  hatred  of 
Japan  and  a  boycott  of  her  goods,  and  that'she  was  impelled  to  seriously  consider  the 
advice  of  her  friend,  the  United  States,  and  endeavor  to  adjust  her  internal  differences, 
that  she  might  present  a  united  front  to  the  enemy.  With  the  aid  of  her  friends  on 
the  outside,  and  with  full  exploitation  in  China  of  the  traitorous  acts  of  Japanese  paid 
officials  of  China,  she  may  yet  accomplish  a  workable  union  of  the  Chinese  Provinces. 

ARTICLE  VI. — JAPAN'S  RECORD  IN  CHINA. 

WHAT  SHE  HAS  DONE  IN  KOREA,  MANCHURIA,  AND  SHANGTUNG — HOW  SHE  COUNTED 
ON  ENRICHING  HERSELF  THROUGH  THE  WAR — HER  CONTEMPTUOUS  TREATMENT  OP 
AMERICANS. 

Japan  persistently  insists,  through  diplomatic  channels  and  by  her  various  clever 
methods  of  propaganda,  including  American  societies  and  American  business  men, 
that  she  has  no  designs  on  securing  the  territory  of  China  or  any  part  of  it,  or  any 
wish  for  concessions  or  privileges  which  are  not  open  to  all  other  Nations. 

Japan's  record  is  sufficient  disproof  of  her  claims  of  good  faith  in  this  matter,  and 
fortunately  perhaps  for  the  world  that  record  during  the  war  and  because  of  Japanese 
belief  that  it  was  her  great  opportunity  has  been  so  plainly  written  that  it  needs  only 
publicity — the  publicity  which  Japan  is  desperately  striving  to  prevent. 

HOW    KOREA    WAS    PROTECTED. 

Korea  was  under  the  suzerainty  of  China.  Japan  fought  two  wars— one  with  China 
and  one  with  Russia — ostensibly  to  insure  the  independence  of  Korea;  and  then  appro- 
priated the  country  herself.  The  excuse  she  made  was  that  Korea  is  contiguous  to 
Japan — and  therefore  offered  opportunity  for  Japan's  ene,mies  to  menace  her.  She 
afterwards  claimed  a  special  sphere  of  influence  and  control  of  South  Manchuria  on 
the  plea  that  an  enemy  might  occupy  it  to  the  injury  of  Korea.  That  control  of 
South  Manchuria  has  since  been  changed  into  the  most  despotic  possession  under 
Prussian  methods. 

She  subsequently  insicted  that  it  was  necessary  for  her  to  have  control  in  inner 
Manchuria  lest  her  rights  in  south  Manchuria  should  be  threatened. 

Under  that  system  of  reasoning  Japan,  if  unchecked,  might  claim  all  of  China,  and 
eventually  all  of  Asia. 

JAPAN'S  PEACEFUL  METHODS. 

South  Manchuria  is  occupied  in  a  militarv  way  by  the  Japanese.  British  and  other 
nationalities  were  subjected  to  the  greatest  indignities  and  the  excuse  therefor  offered 
by  a  Japanese  vice  consul  in  a  particularly  aggravated  case  was  "in  the  view  and 


JAPAXKSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    ( '< >L<  )X  IX  ATI  ON.  87 

B  •  Government  yon  are  in  Japanese  territory  and  must  submit 
•he  ruling  authority  in  t1 

'irou-j-h  Minchiria  on  their  way  t<»  Siberia  were  hampered 

in  their  j  •  hurian  Railroad  by  the  demand  of  the 

Japanese  tliat  their  authority  and  not  that  <>i  Russia  be  recognized.     The  Chinese 
who  presunuhh-  Iiave  some  little  claim  on  the  territory  were  not  even  permit! 
entertain  the  Italians. 

mad e  attacks  on  the  American  consuls  at  Dalny  and  Newt-hang 

and  on  n.  the  Ame:  il  at  Mukden.     At  Mukden  in  April,   J!>15, 

when  Japan  was  insisting  on  acceptance  by  China  of  the  21  demands,  a  body  of 

-  m.ir-hel  through  the  Walled  fitv.  into  which  they  had  no  right  to 

enter,  and  maneuvered  for  15  minutes  in  front  of  the  American  consulate  general. 

JAPAN'S  WIRELESS  STAT: 

in  has  put  up  a  wireless  station  without  anv  authority  and  in  violation  of  China's 
rsimm  Fu.  on  the  railway  from  Peking  to  Mukden.     She  has  installed 
another  in  the  center  of  China  at  Hankow.  500  miles  up  the  Yangtze  River,  and 
main:  i  there,  both  against  China's  protests.     The  wireless  is  powerful 

and  prevents  the  American  and  British  gunboats  patrolling  the  river  from  communicat- 
ing with  each  other. 

-•ailed  another  wireless  at  Tsingtau,  which  place  she  took  from  Ger- 
many to  return  r>  China  but  is  still  holding.  At  Dairen,  the  Japanese  wireless  station 
in  the  Kwan.LTtung  leasehold  is  apparently  used  to  prevent  communication  between 
or  with  shit*  i ->r  a  dist •-.-  <n(>  miles.  The  Pacific  Mail  frequently  can  not 

with  her  ships  coming  into  Shanghai. 

THE    STORY    OF   TSIXGTAU. 

;  and  its  hinterland,  Kiaochou,  very  aptly  illustrates  the 

met Ii  'es  how  much  sincerity  there  is 'in  her  protestations  of 

.  of  this  port  and  the  hinterland  in  considera- 

>r  t-ii*  in-  varies.     She  probably  would  have  been 

willing  lo  trade  more  missionaries  on  similar  terms.     She  made  elaborate  improve- 

•:i  modern  lines. 

When  Germany  in  i!)  14  was  called  on  by  Japan  to  surrender  the  territory,  she  agreed 
iina  if  compensated  for  improvements  made.    Japan  would  not 

.in  in  her  ultimatum  de  dared  to  Germany  that  Tsingtau  was  to  be  turned  over 
made  the  same  statement  in  response  to  an  inquiry  from  the  United 
•3  as  to  her  intentions. 

RE« 

however,  re-jirded  Tsint;taii  as  a  spoil  of  war  which  should  be  given  to  her 
:  her  service?  to  the  Allies.     She  forced  on  China  secret  treaties  which 
•  •nd  indefinitely  her  rights  there  and  would  give  her  practical  possession 
of  the  town  and  the  port. 

.1  condition  in  one  secret  treaty  by  whi* -h  in  event  of  restoration  of 
ina  a  concesson  under  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of  Japan  was  to  be 
iished  at  a  .iterl  by  the  Japanese  Government;    if  the  foreign 

powers  de?ired  an  international  concession  it  might  be  chosen  afterwards;    and  the 
disposal  of  buildings  and  property  formerly  held  by  Germany  was  to  be  a  matter  of 
uil"  agreement  between  the  Chinese  and  Japanese  Government.     The  mutual- 
ity of  nent  of  that  sort  as  shown  by  China's  history  would  be  something  like 
that  between  the  German  military  governor  of  Belgium  and  an  honest  and  patriotic 
ian  mayor  in  1017. 

HAS    ALREADY    SELECTED    SITE. 

m  has  already  selected  the  site  of  the  concession  which  is  to  be  under  her  exclu- 
sive jurisdiction.  '"It  constitutes  the  most  important  part  of  Tsingtau.  including 
the  port,  the  principal  railway  station,  and  practically  all  the  revenue-producing 
utilities,"  as  explained  by  the  Japan  Chronicle  of  Kobe. 

Through  dipcrimin:  iations  and  taxes  the  Chinese  and  other  nationals  were 

forced  out  of  T.-.  a  extent  and  Japanese  took  their  places.     The  govern- 

ment lands,  revenues  from  which  had  b-;en  devoted  to  improvement  of  the  city  by 
the  Germans,  were  sold  at  nominal  prices  to  Japanese  syndicates  which  proceeded  to 


88  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

install  manufacturing  enterprises  thereon.  The  French  were  asked  to  give  up  the 
land  on  which  their  tennis  courts  were  located  and  refused.  They  were  about  to  be 
forced  when  Great  Britain  and  France  protested.  Japan  desisted.  The  war  came 
on,  and  Japan  through  discriminatory  taxes  forced  confiscation  of  the  land. 

DEMANDS    CONCESSIONS    FIRST. 

In  response  to  various  suggestions  as  to  turning  over  Tsingtau  to  the  Chinese,  for 
over  four  years  Japan  said  nothing  publicly.  A  few  months  ago,  the  war  having  closed , 
she  intimated  her  willingness  to  consider  turning  it  back  if  China  would  pay  therefor 
by  valuable  railroad  and  other  concessions.  It  transpires  now  that  secret  treaties 
forced  on  China  had  provided  for  such  an  adjustment. 

Now  it  is  said  that  even  if  Tsingtau  be  turned  back  to  China  it  still  will  be  controlled 
by  the  Japanese,  and  if  China  attempts  to  restore  former  conditions  Japan  will  seize 
upon  it  as  a  pretext  for  war.  She  has  used  her  four  years  of  possession  so  that  the 
interests  of  China  and  of  Japan's  partners  and  allies  will  be  effectuallv  wiped  out.  It 
remains  to  be  seen  whether  the  peace  conference  and  the  Allies  and  the  United  States; 
will  stand  for  this  arrangement. 

ALREADY  REACHING  FARTHER. 

With  her  power  thus  established  in  Tsingtau  and  its  hinterland  of  Kiaochou,  Japan r 
following  her  established  principle,  sought  control  of  the  entire  Province  of  Shantung, 
the  plea  being  that  such  control  was  necessary  to  protect  her  rights  in  Tsingtau.  The 
Chinese  Government  was  forced  by  the  same  secret  treaty  method  "to  give  full  assent 
to  all  matters  upon  which  the  Japanese  Government  may  hereafter  agree  with  the 
German  Government  relating  to  the  disposition  of  all  rights,  interests,  and  concessions 
which  Germany,  by  virtue  of  treaties  or  otherwise,  possesses  in  relation  to  the  Province 
of  Shantung."  ' 

Under  another  secret  agreement,  this  time  made  with  the  Chinese  minister  to  Tokyo 
in  1918,  but  never  ratified  by  the  Chinese  Government,  the  control  of  the  Shantung 
Railway,  running  through  the  Province,  and  of  the  entire  railway  zone,  becomes^ 
Japanese  without  qualification  and  without  time  limit.  Article  6  of  that  agreement 
guards  against  any  disturbance  of  Japan's  position  by  the  peace  conference,  for  it  pro- 
vides that,  regardless  of  what  disposition  shall  be  made  as  to  ownership  of  the  railway, 
it  shall  be  placed  under  joint  management  of  China  and  Japan.  Japan,  through 
Obata,  insisted  that  this  agreement  did  not  need  ratification  by  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment, being  purely  a  "commercial  agreement." 

HOW   IT   WAS   DONE. 

The  Japanese  Government  last  autumn  advanced  $10,000.000  to  China,  through  her 
trusted  representatives,  'in  return  for  the  transfer  to  Japan  of  the  options  allowed! 
Germany  in  1913  on  an  extension  of  the  line  to  the  Peking-Hankow  Railway,  with  an 
option  on  construction  of  a  branch  from  Kaomi  to  Hsuchow,  at  which  point  it  would 
make  connection  with  the  Belgian  transcontinental  line  from  the  sea  coast  to  Turkestan. 
China  has  not  yet  learned  what  became  of  all  the  money.  Some  of  it,  apparently,  was 
used  for  fostering  trouble  between  north  and  south  China,  by  supplying  arms  and' 
pay  for  an  army  for  the  north.  Clearly  there  was  something  crooked  about  this  agree- 
ment on  the  part  of  some  one  in  China,  for,  when  China  offered  to  expose  the  secret 
treaties  to  the  Paris  conference,  Japan  threatened  to  publish,  and  did  publish,  this 
Shantung  Railway  agreement. 

Baron  Makino,  in  February,  made  a  defense  of  Japan's  acts  in  China  for  the  Paris 
conference,  in  the  course  of  which  he  said  that  the  details  of  this  agreement  as  to 
Tsingtau  and  Shantung  had  not  been  made  public  under  a  mutual  understanding, 
and  because  they  were  preliminary  to  certain  business  matters,  as  yet  in  an  incomplete- 
stage.  He  stated  positively,  however,  that  "the  agreement  is  in  no  sense  oppressive, 
nor  does  it  provide  for  illegitimate  or  arbitrary  control  by  Japan  of  any  territory  or 
China's  territorial  rights." 


It  is  true  that  some  conditions  of  some  of  these  secret  agreements  do  not  seem 
onerous  to  an  outsider,  if  in  force  between  two  nations  of  equal  strength  and  good 
faith.  The  best  information  as  to  what  they  mean  for  China,  and  other  nations,  is  to 
read  in  the  record  made  by  Japan's  acts  her  interpretation  of  the  powers  which  these 
agreements  confer.  The  record  is  conclusive.  Nothing  else  is  necessary  to  establish 
the  justice  of  the  title  of  these  articles — "The  Germany  of  Asia."  In  Shantung,  with: 


JAPAN MSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  89 

a  military  controlled  railway  /one  and  Chinese  officials  bribed  to  complacency.  Japan 
lias  lit-.'ii  running  things  very  much  as  in  Manchuria.  The  methods  were  raade  in 
Germany,  hut  the  Japanese  are  apt  pupils. 

tCLB   VII — THK   KOREAN  INIIEPENDENVE  MOVEMENT. 

A  REMARKABLE  [N8TANC1  Of  PASSIVE  RESISTANCE    BY   A    NATION'  OF   20,000.000   PEOPLE 

THK    CKHMAM.IKK     REPRESSIVE    MEASURES    OF    JAPAN SHE    AIMS    TO    DEPRIVE    THE 

KOREANS    OF    LANCTACE.    RECORDED    HISTORY,    AND    NATIONAL   IDENTITY. 

man  may  know,  until  under  exceptional  advantages  he  has  investigated  the 
"tmd.  how  the  march  of  events  in  the  Far  East  has  been  concealed 
from  r  years  past  by  a  thick  veil,  devised  partly  by  Japanese  cunning, 

and  owing ite  effectiveness  largely  to  the  world's  absorption  in  other  matters.  Material 
aid,  too.  was  had  from  inadequate  and  congested  cable  facilities,  which  did  not 
transmit  ordinary  business  or  personal  message? — no  matter  how  pressing — across 
the  ocean  in  less  than  10  to  U  days.  War  put  the  wireless  in  Government  hands, 
barring  private  messages  and  newsservice,  and  made  excuse  for  a  censorship  which 
has  i  to  the  limit:  so  that,  even  since  the  armistice,  we  see  things  through 

that  veil  in  such  indistinct  or  distorted  fashion  that  we  know  really  nothing,  and 
what  we  think  we  know  we  must  some  day  unlearn. 

i  is  that  the  western  world  has  not  learned  yet  the  genesis,  the  meaning,  and 
the  real  facts  concerning  the  Korean  independence  demonstration  commencing  on 
March  1 — perhaps  the  most  wonderful  instance  of  national  self-control  and  organized 
Distance  for  accomplishment  of  an  ideal  that  the  world  has- ever  known. 
It  is  too  early  to  prophesy,  but  it  seems  not  unlikely  that  this  Korean  demonstration 
ultimately  will  have  an  effect  on  the  Japanese  policy  and  the  future  history  of  the 
Far  East  which  a  revolution  could  not  have  accomplished. 

SUPPRESSING   THE    FACTS. 

Japan  attempted,  and  I  think  unwisely,  to  suppress  the  facts  as  to  this  demonstra- 
tion and  permitted  the  publication  in  the  Japanese  vernacular  papers  of  expurgated, 
•<1.  and  colored  accounts  calculated  to  prejudice  the  world  as  to  the  motives 
and  the  acts  <  1  the  Koreans. 

For  instance,  every  effort  was  made  to  suppress  and  prevent  outside  knowledge  of 
the  original  proclamation  published  all  over  Korea  at  the  opening  of  the  demonstra- 
tion— a  temperate,  dignified,  eloquent  statement  which  declined  to  deal  in  recrimi- 
nation, which  blamed  the  Koreans  themselves,  partly,  for  their  troubles,  but  which 
•  •d  that  they  were  entitled  to  national  existence,  of  which  they  had  been  forcibly 
and  unfairly  deprived.  It  suggested  that  Japan,  in  restoring  Korean  independence, 
would  do  more  toward  regaining  confidence  of  the  world  and  insuring  permanent 
peace  in  the  Far  East  than  could  be  done  in  any  other  way. 

Every  effort  was  made  to  prevent  copies  of  this  document  getting  out  of  Korea. 
Houses  and  individuals  were  searched;  even  while  I  was  in  Seoul  two  Americans 
connected  with  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  were  arrested  and  searched  in  the  belief  they  had 
copies  of  the  document. 

HOW   THE    PROCLAMATION    CAME    OUT. 

So  far  as  I  know,  the  first  accurate  translation  of  that  document  waa  brought  out 
by  myself  and  offered  to  the  Japan  Advertiser  at  Tokyo  for  publication  and  to  the 
Associated  Press.  The  Government  forbade  its  publication.  And,  so  far  as  I  can 
learn,  the  first  copy  to  reach  the  United  States  is  that  which  I  brought  to  San  Fran- 
cisco and  which  was  given  out  by  the  Associated  Press  there. 

In  Honolulu  I  was  informed  that  the  newspapers  there  could  not  receive  reliable 
accounts  of  the  Korean  trouble  through  letters  from  their  Tokyo  correspondents  sent 
by  special  messengers  because  no  steamer  passenger  from  the  Orient  was  permitted 
to  land  on  the  Honolulu  dock  carrying  letters  for  delivery  or  mailing  unless  such 
letters  were  turned  over  to  postal  officials,  by  whom  they  would  be  submitted  to 
censorship. 

It  is  within  my  own  knowledge  that  fellow  passengers  on  the  Shinyo  Maru  who 
had  with  them  correspondence  concerning  the  Korean  troubles  for  delivery  to  Hono- 
lulu newspapers  were  asked  to  surrender  them  to  the  customs  and  post-office  officials 
at  the  gate,  and  when  they  refused,  were  ordered  to  take  them  back  to  the  ship  and 
threatened  with  $1,000  fine  if  they  attempted  to  deliver  the  letters.  In  my  own  case 
I  was  not  permitted  to  carry  off  the  Honolulu  dock  for  mailing  a  letter  plainly  addressed 
to  the  American  minister  at  Peking,  but,  at  order  of  the  customs  official,  turned 
it  over,  with  a  nickel  for  postage,  to  the  uniformed  postal  employee  at  his  side. 


90  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

HOW   THE    FACTS    WERE    LEARNED. 

With  Mrs.  McClatchy  I  was  in  Seoul,  the  capital  of  Korea,  for  two  days  and  a  half 
during  the  demonstration  and  secured  a  fair  knowledge  of  the  matter  through  inter- 
course with  a  number  of  Americans  and  Europeans  long  resident  in  Korea,  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  situation  and  enjoying  the  confidence  of  Koreans,  and,  in  several 
cases,  eyewitnesses  of  leading  incidents. 

During  these  two  days  and  a  half  we  were  permitted  to  go  about  freely  in  our 
rickshas  through  the  crowded  streets  taking  snap  pictures;  but  we  attempted  no 
conversation  with  Koreans,  lest  we  get  them  into  trouble.  We  were  early  warned 
that  we  were  being  followed  by  two  detectives  in  plain  clothes  who  made  inquiries 
wherever  we  stopped  as  to  our  business  and  conversation,  and  particularly  as  to 
whether  we  talked  to  Koreans. 

We  traveled  by  rail  through  the  length  of  Korea  from  Antung  to  Seoul  and  from 
Seoul  to  the  southern  end  of  the  peninsula  at  Fusan,  a  journey  of  two  daylights,  and 
met  on  the  train  a  number  of  Americans,  long  resident  in  the  country,  some  of  them 
Californians,  and  even  Sacramentans,  interested  or  employed  in  the  American  quart/s- 
mining  and  gold-dredging  operations  below  Seoul.  The  first  half  of  this  journey  was 
made  on  March  3,  the  second  on  March  6. 

From  sources  in  Japan  after  our  arrival  there  I  learned  more.  And  this,  then,  is 
the  story  of  the  Korean  independence  demonstration  as  I  understand  it. 

GATHERING   FOR  THE    EMPEROR'S   FUNERAL. 

On  Monday,  March  3,  the  funeral  of  the  former  Korean  Emperor  Yi  was  to  take  place. 
Yi  was  not  entitled  to  particular  consideration  at  the  hands  of  his  people,  and  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death  did  not  enjoy  their  affection.  But  his  death  transformed  him 
into  a  national  hero,  for  it  was  reported,  and  generally  believed  by  the  Koreans,  that 
he  had  committed  suicide  in  order  to  force  a  postponement  for  three  years,  under 
Korean  custom,  of  the  marriage  of  young  Prince  Yi.  a  boy,  to  a  Japanese  princess. 
The  prince,  nominally  a  guest  of  the  Japanese  nation,  is  really  a  prisoner  in  his  palace, 
permitted  no  intercourse  with  the  Koreans,  and  never  leaving  the  palace  grounds 
unless  in  charge  of  Japanese  guards.  The  marriage  was  dictated  by  Japan  as  one 
means  of  sinking  Korean  nationalism  and  aiding  in  assimilation  of  her  people,  and 
was  correspondingly  resented  by  the  Koreans. 

And  so  the  worthless  old  emperor  suddenly  became  a  hero  to  his  former  subject, 
20,000,000  people,  a  captive  nation  under  Japan's  iron  rale.  They  desire  to  give  him 
burial  according  to  the  ancient  Korean  rites,  but  this  was  refused  them  by  the  military 
government  which  rules  Korea,  and  arrangements  for  a  great  Japanese  military  funeral 
with  Shinto  ceremonies  went  on  apace. 

From  all  parts  of  the  Korean  Peninsula  the  Koreans  flocked  to  Seoul,  the  capital, 
for  10  days  preceding  the  funeral,  coming  at  the  rate  of  5,000  a  day.  Even  on  Monday, 
March  3,  as  we  traveled  by  train  down  the  peninsula  we  saw  almost  a  steady  procession 
of  white-robed  and  curiously  hatted  Koreans  walking  on  the  highway  toward  the 
nearest  railway  station  that  they  might  take  train  for  the  capital.  There  had  never 
been  before  in  the  history  of  the  country  such  a  crowd  in  Seoul. 

A    WELL-TIMED    DEMONSTRATION. 

Suddenly,  on  the  Saturday  preceding  the  funeral,  March  1,  at  2  o'clock  p.  m., 
without  warning  or  hint  to  the  foreign  population  and  without  suspicion  evidently 
on  the  part  of  the  Japanese  rulers,  there  was  inaugurated  in  every  large  city  of  Korea 
on  behalf  of  its  20,000,000  subject  people,  a  peaceful  demonstration  and  demand  for 
national  independence.  This  demonstration  continued  in  various  forms  throughout 
the  Korean  Peninsula  up  to  the  date  of  our  departure  from  Yokohama  on  March  17. 
Since  that  time  the  veil  which  conceals  or  distorts  happenings  in  the  Far  East  has 
dropped  for  us,  as  it  has  for  all  westerners. 

In  Seoul  the  demonstration  consisted  of  a  reading  of  the  proclamation  in  a  public 
park;  of  the  rushing  of  many  thousands  of  the  white-robed  Koreans  down  the  wide 
main  street  shouting  "Mansei,"  the  Korean  equivalent  of  the  Japanese  ''Banzai"; 
of  exhortation  to  students  of  the  various  schools  to  join  in  the  demonstration  and  to 
maintain  a  peaceful  agitation  until  they  secured  national  freedom;  of  an  attempt  to 
enter  the  palace  gates  and  present  a  petition  to  the  young  Prince  Yi,  etc. 

The  police  and  gendarmes  could  not  stop  the  crowd  at  first,  but  soldiers  were  called 
out,  and  clubbed  muskets  and  swords  were  used  effectively,  over  150  prisoners  being 
taken  to  jail  that  afternoon,  some  of  them  rather  severely  injured. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  91 

•nilar  demonstrations  v.-«-r<>  made  on  Monday  and  on  "\\Vdnesday.  but 
iid  not  !  ii.-  .!ap;u;  ;>r<>par«-d  and  several  hundred  demon- 

/irl  students.     The  demonstrations 
in  oth  iUirchara 

NDERFUL    NATIONAL    PASSIVE    RESISTAN- 

re  or  les.*  severity  atta< -lied  to  the  arrest  of  the  Koreans.     Eyewitnesses 

rold  me  of  girl  student*  being  set  upon  by  Japanese  coolies  with  clubs  and 

•od  upon,  and  h«nne  marched  off  hy  the  gendarmes  and  tied  together  in  couples 

by  their  thumbs.     l~p  to  the  time  •  ul.  March  6,  firearms  had  not  been  used 

by  tt  in  that  <  iry  as  far  as  I  could  learn,  and  while  there  -were  numerous 

injuries  from  clubs,  clubbed  muskets,  and  swords,  no  Koreans  had  been  killed. 

The  astonishing  thing  a'eout  the  demonstration  was  that  under  the  terms  of  the 
proclamation  and  exhortation  of  the  leaders  no  injury  was  done  to  property,  and  no 
violence  attempted  by  the  Koreans,  even  in  retaliation  for  what  seemed  unnecessary 
brutality  on  the  part  of  the  gendarmes  and  soldiers  in  making  arrests.  This  is  the  more 
astonishing  when  the  temperamental  character  of  the  Koreans  is  had  in  mind,  and 
their  inclination  to  frenzy  in  mob  formation,  which  in  the  early  days  of  the  Hermit 
Kingdom  caused  the  death  of  several  missionaries,  who  were  torn  to  pieces  by  Korean 
hands  and  teeth. 

The  vernacular  press  of  Japan  during  the  first  week  of  the  demonstration  was  filled 
with  accounts  from  special  correspodnents,  declaring  that  in  Seoul  and  elsewhere 
throughout  the  peninsula  the  Koreans  had  attacked,  injured,  and  even  killed  gen- 
darni* -  md  soldiers,  and  injured  prop 

Up  to  the  morning  of  March  6.  when  we  left  Seoul,  I  am  confident  no  such  thing 

occurred  in  that  city:  and  I  have  reason  to  believe  it  did  not  occur  elsewhere.     The 

•onclusive  evidence  on  this  point  is  the  interview  published  in  the  Japan  Ad- 

-  the  Japanese  minister  of  communications.  Xoda.  who,  with  other  high 

officials  of  the  Government,  went  to  Seoul  to  attend  the  funeral  of  former  Emperor  Yi. 

Xoda  did  not  leave  Seoul  until  March  5.  and  his  interview,  published  on  his  return 

to  Tokyo,  declared  that  the  Koreans  had  not  committed  acts  of  violence  or  injured 

either  in  Seoul  or  anywhere  else  in  Korea. 

FURTHER    ORGANIZED    EFFORT^. 

On  the  morning  on  which  we  left  Seoul,  five  days  after  the  demonstrations  com- 
menced, there  appeared  on  posts  and  walls  a  second  proclamation  from  the  Korean 
leaders,  though  unsigned,  in  which  the  people  were  congratulated  on  the  manner 
in  whir-h  they  testified  to  Japan  and  to  the  world  their  desire  to  be  free,  and  on  the 
mtrol  and  forbearance  with  which  they  had  endured  injury  and  arrest.     They 
reminded  that  as  Koreans  they  must  stand  up  for  the  sacred  cause  to  the  last 
man.  and  they  were  cautioned  again  to  do  no  violence  and  no  injury  to  property, 
.vho  does  this.''  the  proclamation  said,  "is  an  enemy  to  his  country,  and  will 
most  seriously  injure  the  cans-  .nslation  of  the  document  was  given  me 

while  waiting  for  the  train,  by  a  missionary  who  had  seen  a  copy  of  it. 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  in  country  districts  the  Koreans  later  may  have  been  incited 

to  retaliation  by  the  methods  of  their  rulers.     The  vernacular  press  of  Japan  for  a 

few  (1  accounts  of  death  or  injury  to  single  members 

of  local  gendarmerie,  coupled  usually  with  the  significant  statement  in  each  case, 

that  ••casualties"  among  the  Koreans  amounted  to  40,  or  60,  as  the  case  might  be. 

"ding  to  these  accounts  the  Japanese  in  the  outside  districts  were,  in  instances, 

The  Koreans  could  secure  no  weapons  unless  clubs  or  stones.     But 

••'ints  had  practically  Ceased  when  we  sailed  for  California. 

'iwhile  the  Koreans  had  carried  on  the  policy  of  passive  resistance  by  closing 

up  all  the  schools— the  Korean  children  having  ceased  to  attend,  and  by  ceasing  work 

in  various  public  utility  and  manufacturing  enterprises. 

"PRELIinXARY   EXAMINATIONS.  '* 

The  Government  had  made  arrests  of  about  4,000  agitators,  and  the  trials  of  these 

'tis,  it  was  officially  declared,  would  be  commenced  toward  the  end  of  March, 

examinations"  had  been  completed.     Preliminary  examinations  preced- 

ial  at  the  time  of  the  Korean  conspiracy  cases  some  years  ago  meant  inquiry 

by  torture,  under  which  the  helpless  victim  confessed  to  anything  with  which  he  was 

charged.     In  those  conspiracy  cases  106  prisoners  thus  confessed  full  guilt  and  were 

need  on  trial  by  punishment  accordingly.     The  world  having  received  an  inkling 


92  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

of  the  facts,  and  the  American  and  British  minister,  it  is  whispered,  having  suggested 
to  the  Japanese  Government  the  propriety  of  further  investigation,  a  second  trial  was 
ordered,  and  98  of  the  106  were  adjudged  innocent  and  discharged.  Among  them 
was  one  who  was  in  prison  at  the  time  the  offense  with  which  he  was  charged  was 
committed.  I  met  in  Korea  Americans  who  had  seen  the  scars  inflicted  by  torture 
on  some  of  these  Koreans. 

Some  apprehend  that  the  prominent  leaders  of  the  independence  demonstration 
will  be  similarly  induced  during  the  "examinations"  to  make  confession  as  to  their 
pernicious  activities  and  what  was  behind  them.  But  it  is  doubtful  if  Japan,  with 
her  past  experience,  and  with  the  eyes  of  the  world  upon  her  now,  will  resort  to  torture. 
There  is  a  growing  sentiment  in  Japan  against  the  despotic  rule  of  the  military  in 
Japanese  colonies,  and  that  sentiment  is  quite  sensitive  to  the  world's  opinion. 

THE   CHUNDOKYO. 

The  original  proclamation  was  signed  by  33  prominent  Koreans,  religious  leaders 
and  teachers,  carefully  selected  so  as  to  represent  the  Chundokyo,  the  Buddhists,  and 
the  three  Christian  religions  most  prominent  in  Korea— the  Methodist  Episcopal,  the 
Presbyterian,  and  the  Catholic.  It  was  intended  thus  to  demonstrate  to  the  world 
that  the  movement  for  independence  was  not  factional.  These  leaders  were,  of  course, 
at  once  arrested. 

The  first  signature  to  the  proclamation  was  that  of  the  head  of  the  Chundokyo;  and 
here  again  the  Japanese  rulers  received  a  distinct  shock,  for  on  the  Chundokyo  and 
on  its  head  they  had  confidently  relied  for  effective  assistance  in  so  subjugating  the 
Koreans  that  there  would  be  no  trace  left  of  their  nationality  in  the  coming  generations. 

The  Chundokyo  is  a  cult  whose  teachings  are  said  to  be  a  combination  of  Buddhism 
and  Taiism  and  ancestral  worship  and  Korean  superstition.  The  cult  was  encouraged 
by  the  Japanese  on  the  theory,  it  is  said,  that  it  would  stop  the  spread  of  Christianity, 
whose  teachings,  with  the  flavor  of  democracy  which  accompanied  them,  were  believed 
to  be  bad  for  the  political  digestion  of  the  Koreans.  Once  the  cult  had  supplanted 
Christianity  it  could  be  made  to  serve  the  purpose  of  the  Japanese  by  eliminating 
from  its  teachings  those  features  which  reminded  the  Koreans  of  their  wonderful 
history  as  a  nation,  and  it  would  thus  assist  in  their  racial  absorption  by  the  Japanese. 

However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  the  Chundokyo  and  its  leader  were  playing 
the  Japanese  game,  apparently,  for  years  by  inducing  the  Koreans  to  submit  quietly 
to  Japanese  rule;  that  the  Japanese  encouraged  its  growth— it  is  said  to  have  now 
about  3,000,000  members;  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  Japanese  espionage  system 
and  the  spies  who  were  doubtless  located  in  various  branches  of  the  cult,  Korean 
intrigue  was  a  match  for  Japanese  intrigue,  and  a  nation  kept  the  secret  until  the 
time  was  ripe.  I 

A    KOREAN    MANIFESTO    IN    JAPAN. 

In  Japan  a  number  of  Korean  students  shortly  before  issued  a  proclamation  for 
Korean  independence,  which  was  in  effect  a  declaration  of  war.  These  students 
were  arrested,  tried,  and  convicted,  and  are  already  serving  terms  in  prison.  That 
situation  was  easy  to  handle.  The  Korean  national  movement  under  leadership  of 
the  Chundokyo  will  prove  a  more  difficult  problem  for  Japan. 

A   MOVEMENT  IN   WORLD   DEMOCRACY. 

As  to  the  inception  of  this  Korean  movement  there  is  of  course  much  of  which  I 
know  nothing.  I  have  reason  to  believe,  however,  that  it  was  inspired  in  a  way  by 
the  war  and  its  assumed  influence  in  making  the  world  safe  for  democracy;  by  a  mis- 
taken belief  on  the  part  of  the  Koreans  that  the  principle  of  self-determination  of 
peoples,  as  enunciated  by  President  Wilson,  and  as  made  the  basis  for  certain  decisions 
of  the  Paris  peace  conference,  could  be  applied  at  this  time  to  Korea;  and  that  it 
was  only  necessary  for  Korea  to  declare  her  wish  to  be  free,  and  Japan  would  be  com- 
pelled to  give  her  independence.  I  know  personally  some  of  the  Koreans  had  that 
idea,  and  it  would  explain  in  part  their  carefully  planned  demonstration,  indicating 
unanimity  of  sentiment,  and  their  determined  abstention  from  violence  or  retaliation, 
in  order  that  the  world  might  not  be  prejudiced. 

The  forcing  of  the  young  Prince  Yi  into  a  Japanese  marriage,  the  belief  that  the  old 
Emperor  killed  himself  to  frustrate  that  plan,  the  refusal  to  allow  him  burial  by 
Korean  rites — all  these  doubtless  helped  to  fan  the  sentiment  of  the  impressionable 
people  into  flame  and  make  it  easy  to  set  the  stage  for  the  demonstration. 

Then  Japan  has  steadily  made  enemies  of  the  Koreans,  when  she  might  have  made 
friends.  After  another  year,  for  instance,  they  will  not  be  permitted  to  learn  their 


JAPAN  KSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  93 

•own  language  in  the  schools     thoy  must  use  Japanese  exclusively.      '  :  they 

In  countless  other  ways,  following  tin-  <  lerman  8] 

:  the  pride  and  sentiment 

of  tl:  \vhen    tin-  action  would    nor  SIM-IH    nece-^ary  lor  the  maintenance  of 

reignty. 

the  patriarchal  ho;> 

iih  an  in-  '  dary.     It  is  made  imprac- 

to  attend   the  high  ricksha   man  in  Se 

:-n  his  liviiiir  in  lhat  occupation  unles<    !i  •  discards  his  national 
the  Japanese.     And  I  i;  railroad  officials  and 

M-rean  pa- 


WHAT    JAPAN    HAS    DONE    FOR    HOP 

\vho  have  studied  them  as  a  kindly  people 
~:nrilat»d  l.y  the  Japanese,  if.  after  the  first  forcible  n 
military  methode  and  control  had  given  way  to  civil  government;  if  Korean 
.-11  wiped  ort  by  education.  but  their  language  and  their  pride  of 
and  ambition  created  in  them  by  conferring  public  positions  on  some 
of  th-  r  it. 

•ued.  v.-ith  truth,  that  Japan  has  done  many  excellent  things  for  deyelop- 

ind  i?npr->Yeincnt  of  sanitary  and  other  conditions;  and  some  insist 

;>!(•  as  individual?  are  in  a  better  way  to  progress  under  Japanese 

rule,  rough  and  unkind  and  unfair  ss  it  is.  than  would  have  been  possible  as  an  inde- 

pendent nation  under  the  misrule  of  their  emperors  and  the  grafting  official  class. 

an  woman,  who  was  a  slave,  subject  to  the  pleasure  of  her  master,  her 

dered.  and  to  be  discarded  when  he  wished,  has  now  certain 

a  divorce  on  proper  showing.     Under  the  old  system,  the 

•f  official  graft  and  social  conditions,  had  every 

incentive  to  develop  into  a  bully  or  a  coward,  and  withal  a  liar  and  a  thief.     The 

Japanese  rule,  notwithstanding  me  iron  hand  of  the  conqueror,  is  helping  to  improve 

some  And  this,  notwithstanding  that  the  Koreans,  who  claim 

from  venereal  disease,  and  who  had  no  prostitutes,  have 

the  Chinese,  while  the  Japanese  have  forced  on  them 

the  V  ni,  under  which  a  woman  may  be  sold  or  pledged  to  a  brothel 

keeper  for  five  ugh  she  may  claim  cancellation  of  the  contract  by  appeal 

;rt. 

The  Japanese  have  built  a  good  railroad  running  the  entire  length  of  Korea;  are 

>rward  the  construction  of  excellent  highways;  have  done  remarkably 

good  work  in  forestation  of  the  barren  hills;  have  made  property  and  life  safe;  have 

urated  compulsory  education  —  and  even  a  common-grade  course  for  everyone 

ian  ignorance  for  the  multitude.     But  they  have  wiped  out  any  semblance 

of  liberty:  and  liberty,  with  all  peoples,  is  now  the  first  consideration. 

The  Korean  pays  for  all  these  improvements,  and  for  the  profit  of  his  conqueror,  in 

»;  but  he  knows  what  those  taxes  are.  and  though  they  may  amount 

to  as  much  as  40  per  cent,  they  still  do  not  handicap  him  as  did  the  confiscation  which 

faced  the  old  Korean  who  was  found  by  an  envious  official  to  be  acquiring  a  surplus. 

HOW    JAPAN"    FACES    THE    PROBLEM. 

of  the  interesting  phases  of  the  situation  is  the  manner  in  which  Japan  faces 

the  problem  .     Quito  evidently  she  is  nonplussed  by  the  passive  resistance  of  20.000.000 

people  who  offer  no  possible  excuse,  according  to  the  world's  standards,  for  acts  of 

brutal  repression,  and  who  simply  ask  in  a  dignified  and  temperate  declaration  or 

on  for  the  exercise  of  that  self-determination  which  their  good  friend,  "Mister 

'•ed  them  is  the  right  of  every  people. 

The  ston,.^  of  th"  vniacnkn  Japan  that  acts  of  violence  were  committed 

from  •  uitors  were  frankly  and  publicly  denied  by  two  of  Japan's 

The  efforts  to  make  ill  will  oy  declaring  that  American 
d  the  movement  have  been  defeated  by  the  result  of  an 

official  Japanese  investigation,  which  acquits  those  accused  even  of  knowledge  of  the 
matt 

Apparently  t  -*>  administration  can  not  save  its  face  by  making  outside 

-  and  publicists  who  hold  that  the 

government  of  Japanese  colonies  by  military  authorities  i-  a  mistake  certain  to  make 
trouble  for  Japan,  have  not  failed  "to  take,  advantage  of  this  situation. 

In  the  Japanese  Parliament  the  administration  has  been  asked  some  very  pointed 
ons  looking  to  the  merit  of  military  repression  in  securing  results  in  Korea  and 


94  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION  AND   COLONIZATION. 

elsewhere  and  indicating  a  desire,  if  not  an  intention,  on  the  part  of  some  to  call  for 
an  investigation  and  to  demand  that  civil  commissions  instead  of  military  governors 
shall  hereafter  control  Korea  and  other  outside  tributary  territory. 

From  statements  made  to  me  by  Japanese  of  standing,  I  gather  that  the  Korean 
movement  has  made  such  an  impression  on  thinking  Japanese  that  something  will  be 
done,  probably.  Not  immediately,  of  course — the  administration  must  save  its  face; 
and  it  would  not  do  to  yield  to  a  demand  of  this  kind  from  a  subject  people  and  thus 
acknowledge  a  blunder;  but  later,  and  gradually,  when  the  action  need  not  occasion 
international  comments.  Of  course,  independence  will  not  be  granted.  If  anything 
is  done,  it  will  be  in  the  way  of  reforms  in  governing  the  Koreans  and  in  an  attempt 
to  make  them  feel  less  a  subject  people. 

If  I  read  aright  between  the  lines  of  certain  published  statements,  an  effort  will  be 
made  to  have  the  Koreans  modify  their  declaration  or  petition  and  ask  rather  for 
reform  in  government  and  some  voice  in  public  affairs  in  place  of  the  independence 
upon  which  they  have  set  their  hearts. 

This  Korean  declaration,  with  the  comment  it  causes,  is  only  one  of  many  evidences 
of  a  change  that  is  taking  place  in  Japan,  which  may  before  long  treat  its  military 
rulers  to  a  disagreeable  surprise. 

ARTICLE  VIII.  THE  PHILIPPINE  INDEPENDENCE  MOVEMENT. 

THE  STORY  OF  INTRIGUE  BEHIND  THE  MOVEMENT — THE  DANGER  OF  INDEPKN  DENCE 
WITHOUT  PROTECTION — HOW  VOTES  ARE  MADE  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  AND  WHO  IS 
LIKELY  TO  PROFIT  THEREBY. 

Occasional  reference  is  made  in  the  telegrams  from  ^Yashington  to  the  piv 
there  of  Manuel  Quezon,  president  of  the  Philippine  Senate,  and  of  a  commission 
from  the  islands  asking  Congress  to  grant  independence  to  the  Philippines.  There 
have  been  recommendations  favoring  this  petition  from  Burton  Harrison.  Governor 
General  of  the  islands  (who  has  done  more  to  discredit  the  American  Nation  in  the 
Far  East  than  any  other  official  who  has  been  there)  and  kindly  messages  from 
President  Wilson  and  some  of  his  Cabinet. 

There  is  a  very  interesting  story  concerning  this  matter  which  any  visitor  to  Manila 
will  hear,  much  of  which  I  know  to  be  true  and  none  of  which  I  have  any  reason  to 
doubt. 

THE    POLITICAL   LEADERS. 

The  great  political  leaders  in  the  islands  at  present  are  Quezon  and  Sergio  Osmena, 
who  is  speaker  of  the  lower  house  of  the  Philippine  Congress.  Quezon  is  said  to  have 
more  magnetism.  Osmena  to  have  the  better  balance.  Aguinaldo  commands  the 
admiration  of  the  natives  and  could  easily  become  a  political  leader  if  he  would. 
Up  to  this  time  he  has  busied  himself  with  farming  and  commercial  pursuits  and  has 
abstained  from  making  a  cry  for  independence  the  excuse  for  securing  political  posi- 
tion. 

^  Quezon  and  Osmena  were  elected  on  the  independence  issue,  on  their  impas- 
sioned insistence  that  the  islands  should  be  independent  and  the  assurance  if  they 
and  their  followers  were  elected  the  end  would  be  attained. 

WHAT   NATIVES    ARE    TOLD. 

I  met  in  Manila  an  American  who  attended  some  of  the  political  meetings  in  the 
various  islands,  and  who,  unknown  to  the  leaders,  understood  the  three  principal 
dialects.  He  told  me  that  he  heard  some  of  these  leaders  assure  the  ignorant  natives 
that  if  they  secured  independence  they  would  be  free  of  all  taxes  and  obnoxious 
laws  and  restraint  imposed  by  the  Americans,  and  would  be  in  a  position  to  do  what 
they  pleased  and  to  become  rich  while  doing  it.  They  were  told  that  steady  agitation 
for  independence  would  bring  it;  and  quite  naturally  they  cast  their  franchises  for 
the  men  who  promised  them  all  these  things. 

CIVEN    AUTONOMY. 

As  time  progressed  the  Unite  i  St.nte;:'  gave  a  steadily  increasing  measure  of  autonomy 
to  the  islands,  but  there  was  no  indication  of  immediate  grant  of  independence.  A*s 
a  matter  of  fact,  the  intelligent  leaders  among  the  Filipinos  became  convinced  that 
independence  would  bring  destruction  instead  of  prosperity  to  the  islands. 

They  satisfied  themselves  that  the  United  States  could  riot  afford  to  make  them 
independent  and  at  the  same  time  guarantee  that  independence,  thus  becoming 
sponsor  for  the  international  policy  and  acts  of  a  people  who  are  not  yet  fitted  to  steer 


JA  IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  95 

their  state  bark  unai  •  -.-e  loft  entirely  without  the  protection  of  the 

•  til-1  f:ill  prey  almost  at  once  to  Japan,  which  could  easily  find  a 
lion. 

I'.VL    RESERVATI 

ill  talked  independence  they  did   it  with  decided  mental 

of  the  Philippines  was  before 
unoxper;  rke  amendment  providing  for 

.rs  from  that  date. 

•  Philippine   !  .  icken  with   consternation,   and  cablegrams  and 

•  1  that  the  bill  do  not  i 

ndence — as  a  matter  of  fact,  you  see,  we 

can  not  t -ilk  anything  else;  political  exigency — but  for  God's  sake  don't  give  it  to  us." 
1  and  they  •  i  i  !)•>•    (_:<•[  what  they  were  publicly  clamoring 
for. 

WANTED    SUBJ  UED. 


It  is  also  re]  •  quite  generally  in  Manila's  political  circles  that 

requested  President 
•s  not  to  bring  up  the  subject 

of    P!  far  as  the   public    knows  the   subject 

was  not  brought  up.  • 

•.  the  "01.  making  it 

uncomfortable  for  the  Government,  meaning  the  Quezon-Osmena  contin- 
gent 

The  opposition  c!  ernment   '  i-.l  been  elected  on  the 

independence  i-  cure  it,  and  yet  had  accomplished 

nothing  in  that  li:.  .nirently  had  no  intention  of  doing  so. 

NATIVES    BETRAYED. 

ive  voters  were  being  b«  "hey  were  not  to  enjoy  all  the 

\\ith  independence.     Was  it  to  be  tolerated?     Of  a  certainty, 

no.     Then  rise,  my  trie-  t  members  of  a  puissant  race.     Throw  out  these 

men  ;;  ion — in  their  place.     We  will  be  faithful  to  the  trust. 

There  is  nothing  the  matter  with  that  argument,  for  it  provides  just  the  sort  of 

molasses  n<  ind  of  fly  at  this  particular  season.     And, 

mark  you.  the  elections  are  approaching.     There  was  produced  what  Messrs.  Quezon 

and  <  '  <>iild  perhaps  acknowledge  in  private  to  be  an  en  situation. 

There  was  bin  one  way  to  solve  it  apparently.     The  opposition  was  put  in  the  same 

; ^ointment  of  a  nonparfisan  commission  whose  members  were  named 

from  '\itli  the  duty  of  approaching 

ion  with  a  demand  for  independence. 

ST    SHARE    BLAMF. 

;ils.  the  opposition  must  share  the  blame  with  the  Govern- 

.ind  the  '  .1  be  safe.     If  it.  succeed-  nila  insists 

lies  are  prayii  not — then  they  can  only  hope  for  long 

•olicy  of  the  independent 
i-  to  be  will  be, 
and  at 

ould  the  i  i'  the  Phili ;  irely 

10  have  a  President.     >> 

who  could  discharge  osition  v.:  than 

o  secure  er:joyment  of  that  honor  for  a  few 

• -.me  of  those  patriots  is  i  to  risk  having  the  young 

republic  Kore.;:  For  IOOK  you  is,  nations, 

If  i'  irue,  the  lack  of  backbone  and  political  horn  could  not 

ith  prot*-  '^an  not  afford  to  accept 

will  be  equally  in  in  governing  an  independent 

ious. 

with 

nient  that  it  would  be  no  kindness 
on  the  part  of  ing  hand  for  some  time  yet. 


96  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

PART  2. 

THE  UNITED  STATES  DESTINED  TO  BECOME  A  JAPANESE  PROVINCE  UNLESS  JAPANESE 
IMMIGRATION  Is  FORBIDDEN  ABSOLUTELY — THE  "GENTLEMEN'S  AGREEMENT" 
AND  GULICK'S  PERCENTAGE  PLAN  ONLY  TRAPS. 

[In  five  articles.] 
EXPLANATORY. 

Commencing  on  June  12.  1919.  the  House  Committee  on  Immigration,  Hon.  Albert 
Johnson  of  Washington,  chairman,  held  at  Washington.  D.  C..  an  extended  hearing 
in  connection  with  the  proposed  bill  offered  by  the  "League  for  Constructive  Immi- 
gration Legislation."  Dr.  Sidney  Gulick,  the  founder  and  secretary  of  the  league 
and  originator  of  the  plan,  explained  it  in  detail. 

Subsequently  there  were  read  into  the  record  of  the  hearing,  in  refutation  of  Dr. 
Gulick's  theories  and  assertions,  certain  articles  from  the  Sacramento  Bee,  written 
by  the  publisher  thereof,  V.  S.  McClatchy.  and  published  June  9,  11,  and  13.  Sub- 
sequently, on  September  25,  Mr.  McClatchy  appeared  before  this  committee,  and  later, 
on  October  10,  before  .the  Senate  Immigration  Committee.  The  facts  and  figures 
thus  presented  by  him  have  stood  since  without  disproval;  and  they  covered  not 
only  the  features  of  the  bill  and  probable  results  of  its  passage,  but  also  the  existing 
conditions  in  connection  with  Asiatic  immigration.  • 

In  response  to  many  requests,  the  articles  (slightly  revised)  are  published  in  this 
form  for  general  distribution. 

It  developed  during  the  June  hearing,  in  the  testimony  of  Dr.  Charles  McFarland, 
secretary  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches  of  Christ  of  America,  that  the  organization 
named  was  not  then  furnishing  funds  for  Dr.  Gulick's  work  and  that  he  was  being 
financed,  partly  at  least,  by  Andrew  Carnegie,  through  the  Commission  on  Peace  and 
Arbitration. 

THE  FUTURE  OF  THE  REPUBLIC  AT  STAKE. 

[Editorial  from  Sacramento  Bee,  June  17, 1919.] 

The  experience  of  the  past  four  years  has  convinced  most  Americans  that  our  immi- 
gration and  naturalization  laws  are  entirely  too  liberal,  and  that  if  we  are  to  preserve 
the  high  standards  of  American  citizenship  we  must  be  more  careful  in  the  selection 
of  material  from  which  that  citizenship  is  molded.  The  sentiment  is  general  that 
immigration,  if  it  be  not  stopped  for  some  years,  should  be  restricted  and  carefully 
selected. 

With  the  prevalence  of  that  sentiment,  it  has  been  an  easy  matter  during  the  past 
year  to  organize  what  is  called  the  League  for  Constructive  Immigration  Legislation 
and  to  secure  for  it  indorsement  and  subscriptions  from  a  long  list — 1,000,  it  is  said — 
of  representative  and  loyal  Americans  from  all  walks  of  life  and  entertaining  many 
shades  of  political  opinion.  In  that  list  are  found  governors,  public  officials  and  poli- 
ticians, university  presidents,  bank  presidents,  prominent  editors,  lawyers  and 
physicians,  national  labor  leaders,  and  heads  of  chambers  of  commerce. 

It  now  develops  that  the  main  object  of  the  promoters  of  the  enterprise  is  not  the 
same  as  the  intent  of  this  long  list  of  indorsers;  that  the  "constructive  immigration 
legislation"  suggested  is  intended  by  those  promoters  simply  as  a  means  for  opening 
our  gates  to  Asiatic  immigrants  and  making  them  eligible  for  naturalization;  and  that 
this  purpose  was  not  generally  apparent  to  the  1.000  national  committeemen  of  the 
league  when  their  indorsement  and  their  subscriptions  for  a  movement  ostensibly 
to  restrict  foreign  immigration  in  the  interests  of  American  citizenship  were  solicited. 

The  whole  story,  with  an  overwhelming  array  of  facts  and  figures,  largely  from  the 
promoters  themselves,  was  told  in  three  articles  written  by  the  publisher  of  the  Bee. 

Under  the  "gentlemen's  agreement,"  whose  spirit  called  for  a  restriction  of  Jap- 
anese immigration  similar  to  that  enforced  against  the  Chinese  by  law,  Japan  is  sending 
us  10,000  to  12,000  of  her  subjects  a  year  openly,  and  more  across  the  border  clandes- 
tinely. Our  Japanese  population,  instead  of  decreasing,  has  multiplied  sixfold  since 
1900.  The  Chinese  population  has  decreased  to  between  one-half  and  one-third  of 
the  original  number.  And  the  Japanese  birth  rate  per  thousand  in  California  com- 
munities where  they  have  concentrated  is  five  times  the  white  birth  rate  and  increasing. 

Nearly  half  the  population  of  Hawaii  and  more  than  half  the  annual  births  are 
Japanese;  and  that  Territory  will  be  governed  in  a  few  years,  under  present  condi- 
tions, as  a  Japanese  Province,  though  under  the  American  flag.  What  has  happened 
there  is  an  indication  of  what  has  already  commenced  in  California. 

It  has  been  conclusively  proved  that  the  two  civilizations  will  not  exist  together; 
that  under  economic  competition,  and  because  of  difference  in  standards  of  living 
and  in  racial  characteristics,  the  Anglo-Saxon  is  displaced  by  the  Japanese. 


IMMIGRATION    /LBTD  COLONIZATIi  97 

The  "  constructive*  immigration"  pL;n  and  ihe  proi.  -iation  \vill  increase 

.11  aii<l  lui-  QO.     The  *k  "l  Sidney  (itilick.  who 

\i<  time  in  this  country,  since  his  arrival  from  Japan  live  yi  in  the 

adoption  of  his  "i!  u  policy."  \vhich  would  open  our  gates 

-  and  citi; 

•  •hief  value  cf  plan  and  bill  at  this  time  i*  t-»  offer  proof  of  the  Be  that 

einatirally  in  this  countr;  rman 

::<!  that  the  most  efficient  propagandists  are  loyal  but 

Th-  1  in  the  Hee's  articles  seem  to  demand  at  once  such  protective 

applied  to  diminish  the  consequences  of  our  blunder  and  Japan's 
;ith. 

•nent  "  should  he  at  once  canceled,  and  all  Japanese  immi- 
u.  including  picture  brides,  forbidden  by  law.  as  is  done  in  Canada  and  Aus- 
tralia— such  a  law  as  Japan  h*  see  a'jain-t  China  and  Korea:  Japanese  should 
:ed.   if  possible,   lea.  in-   Hawaii  for  the  mainland,  and  laws  forbidding 
-hip  of  land  by  aliens  not  eligible  to  citizenship  should  be  made  effective. 
It  is  pertinent  at  this  time  to  ask  why  this  country  should  adopt,  at  the  "request  of 
Japan  or  any  other  nation,  a  principle  "under  which  races  are  to  be  admitted  in  the 
future,  not  on  the  basis  of  their  value  to  us  as  citizens  but  in  proportion  to  the  number 
of  their  fellows  who  are  already  here:  why  we  should  admit  as  immigrants,  much  less 
/.ens.  the  various  peoples  of  Asia  in  the  face  of  present  knowledge  and  the  expe- 

•  of  Hawaii  and  California;  why.  if  it  be  desirable  to  restrict  immigration,  we  do 
not  fix  the  number  we  are  willing  to  admit  and  select,  on  merit  and  because  of  their 
value  to  us  in  upbuilding  a  homogeneous  people,  the  most  likely  individuals  from 

offering? 

Shall  we  hereafter  conduct  this  Nation  so  as  best  to  preserve  its  institutions  and 
insure  its  perpetuity?  Or  shall  we.  as  in  the  past,  open  our  doors  on  request  or  demand, 
to  the  elements  that  will  make  for  disunion  in  a  national  crisis  and  invite  a  yellow 
flood  that  will  eventually  dispossess  the  white  race? 

These  are  questions  which  must  be  decided  now;  and  on  a  wise  decision  may  depend 
the  future  salvation  of  the  world's  great  Republic. 

ARTICLE  I.  SIDNEY  GULICK'S  MISSION  TO  AMERICA. 

VEW  ORIENTAL  POLICY" — SECURING  INDORSEMENT  OF  A  GREAT  CHURCH  FEDER- 
ATION— ORGANIZATION  OF  THE  LEAGUE  FOR  "CONSTRUCTIVE  IMMIGRATION" — WHY 
THE  JAPANESE  Is  UNDESIRABLE  AS  IMMIGRANT  AND  CITIZEN. 

[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  June  9,  1919.] 

Japanese  propaganda  is  being  carried  on  in  this  country  as  determinedly  and  as 

successfully  as  was  German  propaganda  before  we  entered  the  war.     The  end  sought 

same — the  conquest  of  the  United  States.     The  means  are  different.     Conquest 

by  arms  was  shown  within  the  past  two  years  to  be  impracticable.     Conquest  by 

•  •ful  penetration"  is  now  the  plan. 

There  is  now  openly  operating  in  the  United  States  an  organization  whose  work, 
if  successful,  will  make  the  country  in  a  comparatively  few  generations  a  province  of 
Japan. 

The  promoter  and  manager  of  the  organization  is  a  professor  of  the  Imperial  Uni- 
versity of  Kyoto,  Japan,  who  has  been  in  this  country  on  furlough  for  five  years  and 

•  •d  during  that  time  in  this  work.     The  president  of  the  organization  is  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  Japan  Society  of  America. 

•leverly  has  the  plan  of  organization  been  carried  out  under  the  guise  of  pro- 
rican  citizenship  and  restriction  of  immigration  generally  that  1,000 
i^an  citizens  in  various  States  of  the  Union  have  given  it  inno- 
cently their  indorsement  and  financial  support. 

The  organization  has  prepared  a  bill  for  presentation  to  Congress  which  will  let 

down  the  bars  and  pave  the  way  for  future  contributory  legislation  to  hasten  the  end. 

The  first  work  of  the  promoter  five  years  ago  was  to  secure  the  indorsement  and 

financial  assistance  of  a  combination  of  Protestant  churches  representing  over  100,000 

minister?  and  over  17,000,000  members,   which  organization  pledged  itself  to  the 

scheme  and  efficiently  aided  it — also  undoubtedly  in  ignorance  of  its  full  significance. 

TTawaii  is  already  hopelessly  Japanese,  that  race  now  comprising  one-half  the  total 

population  of  the  Territory,  and  having  more  than  four  times  the  number  of  Caucasian 

or  any  other  race. 

S.  Doc.  55,  67-1 7 


98  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 


r 


In  a  few  years  the  Hawaiian-born  Japanese  will  rule  the  Territory  by  their  votes, 
and  rule  it  not  as  Americans,  but  as  Japanese,  while  under  the  proposed  legislation 
the  Japanese  vote  would  be  given  immediate  preponderance. 

What  has  already  happened  in  Hawaii  is  now  rapidly  progressing  in  California,  and 
it  is  only  a  question  of  time  under  existing  conditions — and  even  without  the  aid  of 
the  proposed  legislation — when  all  the  fertile  spots  of  the  State  will  be  peopled  by 
Japanese  to  the  exclusion  of  whites. 

Our  civilization  can  not  exist  beside  theirs  in  the  face  of  economic  competition  and 
a  birth  rate  per  1,000  five  times  or  more  as  great  as  ours. 

What  is  happening  in  California  will  be  brought  about  in  all  spots  of  the  United 
States  sufficiently  fertile  and  advantageously  located  to  attract  the  settlement  of  the 
Japanese,  provided  conditions  permit  their  steady  and  rapid  increase  within  our 
borders,  as  contemplated  by  the  promoters  of  the  plan. 

If  the  plan  now  urged  upon  Congress  be  adopted  this  year,  the  Japanese  population 
of  the  United  States  will  be  100,000,000  in  140  years  from  now,  on  the  basis  of  a  ratio 
of  natural  increase  about  half  of  that  now  shown  by  the  Japanese  in  California. 

Under  the  gentlemen's  agreement,  as  now  operated  by  Japan,  the  process  would  be 
slower,  but  equally  effective.  In  either  event  this  country  would  become  a  Province 
of  Japan. 

This  article  is  opened  with  the  several  remarkable  statements  above.  By  the  great 
mass  of  Americans  who  do  not  know  the  writer,  these  statements  will  be  classed  as  the 
vaporings  of  an  inspired  lunatic.  They  will  appear  particularly  ridiculous  to  citizens 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  who  have  no  point  of  contact  with  the  peoples  of  the  Far 
East. 

There  are  many  thousands,  however,  confined  almost  entirely  to  the  Pacific  slope, 
who  know  the  general  situation,  but  most  of  these  will  be  astounded  at  the  details. 

The  statements  are  not  only  true  in  all  particulars,  but  conclusive  proof  will  be 
furnished  in  this  and  the  succeeding  articles. 

JAPANESE    PROPAGANGA   IN   AMERICA. 

In  previously  published  articles  I  have  called  attention  to  some  of  the  methods  of 
propaganda  pursued  by  Japan  for  lulling  this  country  into  fancied  security  and  keeping 
her  eyes  closed,  so  that  Japan's  objects  could  be  the  more  readily  and  the  more  quickly 
accomplished. 

There  are  the  various  Japan-American  societies,  organized  ostensibly  to  promote 
friendly  relations,  but  used  generally  to  secure  the  active  but  innocent  assistance  of 
prominent  Americans  in  propaganda  work;  the  commercial  and  trade  organizations 
used  in  the  same  way;  the  entertainment  in  Japan  of  prominent  Americans,  who 
come  back  with  a  dazzling  picture  of  one  side  of  the  shield,  and  who  apparently  do- 
not  know  that  the  shield  has  a  reverse  side;  men  like  Gary  of  the  Steel  Corporation, 
Jacob  Schiff,  the  banker,  and  others  who  in  public  speeches  and  interviews  make 
assertions  and  give  assurances  which  any  one  familiar  with  far  eastern  conditions 
knows  are  entirely  wrong;  banquets  and  speeches  where  most  publicity  can  be 
secured;  special  annual  Japanese  numbers  of  American  newspapers;  public  lectures 
and  interviews  with  hired  propagandists,  both  Japanese  and  American;  Japanese 
news  bureaus  and  magazines.  Generally,  these  means  are  resorted  to  along  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  and  east  of  the  Mississippi,  where  there  is  no  oriental  question,  where 
the  public,  being  ignorant,  will  not  question  statements  made,  and  where  the  greatest 
number  of  Americans  can  be  reached  with  least  effort  and  least  expense. 

It  is  thus  that  Japan  has  created  a  public  sentiment  in  this  country  which  must  be 
corrected  if  the  Nation  is  to  be  saved. 

As  will  be  seen  from  these  article?,  the  propaganda  has  now  taken  on  the  form  of 
enlisting  the  churches  in  a  demand  based  on  the  brotherhood  of  man  and  an  assumed 
willingness  to  risk  national  interests  in  order  to  promote  evangelization,  and  enlisting 
the  intelligent  classes  of  the  community  in  so-called  ''constructive  immigration " 
legislation  saddled  with  conditions  which  will  give  Japan  what  she  wants. 

THE   INSTRUMENT   OP   " PEACEFUL   PENETRATION*." 

The  organization  referred  to,  whose  promoters  aim  to  secure  in  this,  the  most  favored 
land  in  the  world,  homes  for  the  surplus  population  of  Japan,  is  known  as  the  League 
for  Constructive  Immigration  Legislation,  with  offices  at  No.  105  East  Twenty-second 
Street,  New  York  City. 

The  president  is  Hamilton  Holt,  of  New  York  City,  editor  of  the  Independent,  one 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Japan  Society  of  America,  and  the  recipient  from  the  Mikado 
of  the  Japanese  Order  of  the  Sacred  Treasure. 


JAPAN KSE  I.M.MK; RATION  AND  COLONIZATION.  99 

In  it^  published  list  of  1,00<>  and  subscribers  will  be  found  the  nam 

men  <  ,d  National  reputation  from  every  section  of  the  country — ministers,. 

•  •aptains  of  industry,  national 
"ommerce,  merchant.-',  governors,  and  capitalists. 

majority  of  the-e  -p<msor.<  arc  men  who  would  not  knowingly  associate 
•  •nt  with  a  movement  whose  result  would  be  su'-h  a--  here  charged 
a-  th<-  intent  of  the  promoters  of  the  league. 

The  organization  i-  a  remarkable  tribute  to  the  cleverness  of  the  Japanese  in  the 
work  nda  in  this  country.  And  in  this  case,  as  in  the  ca<e  of  (ierman  propa- 

gandii  -red  the  war,  moet  of  the  e  Te  -tive  work  is  being  done  by  earnest 

and  well-intentioned  American  citizens  cleverly  deceived  and  skillfully  led. 

The  pla;:  iri'-t  all  annual  immigration  from  each  race  to  a  fixed  per- 

centage of  the  number  of  people  of  that  race  who  are  American  citizens,  whether 
naturalized  or  born  here.     The  promoter  explains  that,  so  far  as  Chinese  and  Japanese 
n-  erned.  the  number  admitted  under  such  a  plan  will  be  negligible  and  easily 
:ated:  and  that  a  policy  of  the  sort  will  salve  the  wounded  pride  of  Japan  by 
•riving  her  national-  the  same  treatment  -rded  European?,  and  thus  obviate 

chance   of  international  complications. 

Any  measure  for  restricting  immigration  appeals  to  the  average  thinking  American-' 

•  he  war.  and  under  such  an  explanation  it  is  not  remarkable  that  prominent  men 

throughout  the  country,  who  know  nothing  of  the  experience  of  Hawaii  and  California 

with  the  Japanese  and  who  had  no  time  for  investigation,  gave  indorsement  and  sup- 

•nt . 

DR.  GULICK  AND  HIS  NEW  POLICY. 

The  moving  spirit  in  this  enterprise,  the  promoter  and  manager,  who  bears  the  modest 
title  of  ••s(MTOtary."  is  Dr.  Sidney  L.  Gulick.  who  describe^  him-elf  on  the  title-pages 
:ne  of  his  writings  a-  "Professor  in  Doshisha  University  and  lecturer  in  the 
Imperial  University  of  Kyoto.  Japan." 

Dr.  Guli<k  wa-  bnrn  of  missionary  parents  in  the  Far  East  and  reared  there  with 
•d  oriental  children.  He  was  educated  in  America  and  returned  to  Japan  as  a 
nary  about  30  years  ago  and  has  made  his  home  there  since.  He  is  an  able  man, 

e,  and  has  written  books  on  the  Japanese. 

In  1!)13  he  left  Japan  on  a  furlough  and  has  been  in  America  since,  at  work  in  pro- 
moting hi-  "new  oriental  policy."     This  policy,  briefly  stated,  contemplate?  ''grant- 
ii  thi-  land  the  same  privileges  'which  we  grant  to  citizens  of  the  most 
1  nations."  and  "pla' ing  in  the  Federal  Government,  instead  of  in  the  State, 
.i-ibility  in  all  legal  and  legislative  matters  involving  aliens."    This  policy  would 
in  the  immigration  and  naturalization  laws,  and  probably  in  the 
veil. 

THE    CHURCHES    TAKE    A    HAND. 

Dr.  Gulick's  first  work  on  coming  to  this  country  wa<  to  secure  indorsement  of  his 
"new  oriental  policy"  bythe  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  of  America,  and 
he  was  employed,  under  salary,  by  the  council  to  promote  the  plan. 
The  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches  of  Christ  comprises  constituent  churches  of  3O 

taut  denominations,  with  103,023  ministers  and  a  membership  of  17,438,826 
The   li-t   of  denominations   include--   Baptist,    Evangelical,    Lutheran,   Mennonite-,. 
Methodist  fall  branches i,  African  (all  branches),  Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Reformed,. 
United  Brethren,  and  others.     (Flow.-- 

The  Federal  Council  has  a  "committee  on  relations  with  Japan,"  and  in  1914  one- 
fifth  of  all  the  council's  revenues  were  used  by  this  committee.  The  council  had! 
then  no  committee  on  relations  with  any  other  Asiatic  nation.  (Flowers. ) 

The  council  ha<  indorsed  the  ''new  oriental  policy"  of   Dr.  Gulick,  probably  in 
the   belief  that  an  adjustment  of  international  and  race  relationship  along  lines 
lupan  would  render  more  easy  the  promotion  of  the  Christian  Gospel 
among  the  Japane:e. 

unlikely  that  the  mini-ters  of  the  100,000  American  churche-  who  have  been 

;itted  thu-  to  thi~  movement  have  much  knowledge  of  the  fa«"t^  which  appear  in 

les;  it  i--  certain  that  they  do  not  realize  the  gravity  of  the  situation.     The 

•".000  church  m  tions,  probably  have  little  knowledge  of 

.  but  the  action  of  the  CMiin-'il  '_rive-  them  a  definite  intere-t  therein. 

CONSTRUCTIVE    IMMIGRATION    LEGISLATION. 

by  the   I ..  .-ini'-tive   Immigration   Legislation- 

and  indor  .led  meeting  in  Washington  of  persons  interested  in  immigration 

imably  members' of  the  league — is  apparently  the  same  as  suggested 


100  .JAPAXKSE    IM.MKJHATIOX    AX!)    ( 'OLO  X  IXATIOX. 

tentatively  by  Dr.  Gulick.  It  proposes  to  so  amend  the  immigration  and  naturaliza- 
tion laws  as  to  conform  to  his  "new  oriental  policy/'  and  incidentally  it  impo?e^ 
certain  restrictions  on  general  immigration. 

The  measure  limits  the  maximum  number  of  immigrants  in  a  single  year  from  any 
nation,  race,  or  group  having  a  single  mother  toftgue  to  3  to  10  percent  of  those  from 
the  same  land  who  are  already  naturalized  American  citizens,  and  of  the  native  born, 
according  to  the  United  States  census. 

There  are  other  features,  however,  which  are  important,  to  be  considered  in  con- 
nection with  this  declared  principle,  because  they  affect  materially  its  practical 
operation. 

First.  Originally  the  10  per  cent  limit  did  not  include  aliens  coming  to  join  a  hus- 
band, wife,  "father,  mother,  son,  daughter,  grandfather,  grandmother,  grandson,  or 
granddaughter.  Later  this  exception  was  limited  to  father  or  grandfather,  wife, 
mother,  grandmother,  or  unmarried  or  widowed  daughter  coming  to  join  relatives 
already  here. 

Second.  All  laws  and  understandings  as  to  exclusion  of  Chinese  and  Japanese  are 
to  be  canceled,  and  all  such  nationals  now  here,  or  such  as  may  come  hereafter,  are 
to  become  eligible  for  citizenship. 

Third.  Any  alien  who  seeks  admission  to  the  United  States  because  of  religious  per- 
secution in  his  own  country,  either  in  overt  act  or  through  law  or  regulation,  is  to  be 
admitted  and  become  at  once  eligible  for  citizenship. 

Fourth.  Any  number  of  aliens  may  be  admitted  if  they  come  as  "students,"  and 
no  provision  is  made  for  their  return  to  their  own  country. 

Further  study  may  disclose  other  features  having  equally  vital  bearing  on  the 
operation  of  the  proposed  measure. 

JAPANESE    UNDESIRABLE   IMMIGRANTS. 

Criticism  of  this  proposed  legislation  in  these  articles  is  confined  generally  to  con- 
sideration of  its  effect  upon  our  Japanese  problem,  and  is  based  on  the  postulate  that 
the  Japanese  is  for  us  an  undesirable  immigrant  and  an  undesirable  citizen. 

lie  is  an  undesirable  immigrant  for  economic  rather  than  for  racial  reasons,  and  the 
strongest  of  these  reasons  are  creditable  rather  than  discreditable  to  him. 

His  standards  of  living  are  lower  than  ours;  he  will  work  longer  hours  for  less  money; 
he  is  thrifty,  industrious,  and  ambitious;  he  is  a  competent  farmer,  truck  gardener, 
and  orchardist;  he  can  and  does  underbid  American  labor  whenever  necessary  in  any 
community,  until  he  has  driven  it  out;  then  his  wages  rise  to  American  standards; 
ultimately  he  declines  to  work  for  wages,  insisting  on  leasing  where  he  can  not  buy 
the  farm  or  orchard.  The  white  owner  finds  it  more  profitable  to  lease  on  shares  to 
the  Japanese,  who  will  work,  under  the  cooperative  plan,  12,  15,  or  18  hours  a  day, 
than  to  operate  the  place  himself  with  white  or  Japanese  labor,  at  high  wages,  for  8 
or  9  hours'  work.  The  whites  will  not  mix  with  the  Japanese  and  gradually  leave  the 
community. 

It  is  not  in  one  industry,  but  in  many,  that  the  Japanese  displace  us.  It  has  been 
repeatedly  proven  that  our  civilization  does  not  survive  in  open  competition  with 
theirs — it  can  not,  unless  we  accept  their  standards  of  living. 

AN    UNDESIRABLE    CITIZEN. 

The  Japanese  is  an  undesirable  citizen  because  he  does  not  assimilate.  He  does 
not  intermarry,  nor  is  it  desirable  that  he  should.  He  does  not  become  an  American, 
save  in  very,  rare  instances,  always  remaining  a  Japanese.  Even  when  born  in  this 
country,  and  educated  in  our  common  schools,  he  is  still  compelled  to  attend  Japanese 
school  before  and  after  the  public  school  hours.  He  is  taught  by  Japanese  teachers, 
who  usually  speak  no  English,  and  who  have  neither  knowledge  of  nor  sympathy 
with  the  principles  of  American  government  and  citizenship.  He  absorbs  Japanese 
ideals  and  patriotism,  and  that  contempt  for  all  other  nations  which  is  the  spirit  of 
every  Japanese  school  textbook. 

OUR    SCHOOL   TEACHING    NULLIFIED. 

The  testimony  of  Dr.  Gulick  on  this  point,  as  given  on  pages  19  and  20  of  his  pam- 
phlet, "Hawaii's  American-Japanese  problem,"  will  perhaps  be  considered  con- 
clusive. He  says: 

"It  is  not  to  be  assumed  that  the  education  they  (Japanese  children)  receive  in  the 
public  schools,  which  they  leave  at  14  or  15  years  of  age,  is  adequate  to  prepare  them 
for  citizenship  during  the  six  or  seven  years  after  they  get  out  from  under  the  influence 


I.MMHIIIATIMN    A1TD    COLOXI/ATIMN  101 

r  American  teacher  f*  will  he  isolated  fnan  Knglish-speaking 

.  they  will  1'"  ass.icia'ed   chieflv  with  men  of  their  own  race,   imbibing. 
•he\-  approach  manhood.     The  mere  fan.  accordingly, 
.in   liirth.   public  school  education,   and   tlie  requisite    age    should  i: 

,;!ification  for  the  suffrage;  for  it  is  to  be  remembered  that 

during  the  entire  period  of  schooling  not  onh  l,a\e  they  been  in  oriental  homes  but 

heart  have  l.een  diligently  drilled  in  Japanese  schools  by  Japanese 

:any  of  whom  have  little  acquaintance,  and  no  sympathy  with  American 

a  Christian  civilization." 
a,  Dr.  Gulick  says  on  pap'  1  I: 

••It'.  hey  maintain  their  traditional  conceptions  of  God,  nature,  and 

man;  of  male  and  female:  of  husband  and  wife;  of  parent  and  child;  of  ruler  and  ruled; 
>•  and  the  individual;  the  permanent  maintenance  in  Hawaii  of  American 
racy,  American  homes,  and  American  liberty  is  impossible." 

JAPAN"    RETAINS    CONTROL    OK    HKK    PKOPLE. 

The  ihc.,ry  of   the   Japanese  Government  has  always  been  that  once  a  Japanese 

always  a  Japanese,  and  that  the  children  of   Japanese,  wherever  born  and    under 

whatevi-r  circumstances,  are  Japanese,  subject  to  the  power  of  the  Japanese  Govern- 

eii  where  an  individual  Japanese  claims  the  right  to  expatriate  himself,  he 

requirement  that  though  he  might  be  naturalized  by  another  nation, 

if  he  had  not  already  served  his  term  in  the  Japanese  army  he  must  respond,  no  matter 

he  might  l>e.      !n  the  same  way,  all  children  born  of  Japanese  anvwhere  are 

ien-d  subject^  of  Japan;  and  she  exercises  in  California  and  in  Hawaii  the  same 

rigid  discipline  over  them  as  to  schooling  and  other  matte'--   a-  would  be  exercised  in 

in  itself. 

Dr.  Gulick  says,  in  the  pamphlet  already  quoted,  at  page  38: 
'The  Japanese  alone,  of  all  immigrants,  educate  their  children  most  earnestly  in 
their  national  language  and  customs." 

Th-  Parliament,  some  two  years  ago,  passed  what  was  called  the  nation- 

ality option  bill,  under  which  foreign-born  Japanese  children  might  declare  at  the 
•  •n  whether  they  wish  to  remain  Japanese  or  become  citizens  of  the  land  in 
which  they  were  born:  but  Japan  reserves  the  right  to  grant  or  withhold  permission. 
So  that  even  in  this  bill  Japan  specifically  calls  attention  to  the  fundamental  principle 
that  a  child  born  of  Japanese  parents  anywhere  is  a  Japanese  subject,  with  the  duties 
and  ol  >t  renounce  those  obligations  save  with  permi- 

It  should  be  noted,  too,  that  this  bill,  like  all  bills  passed  by  the  Japanese  Parliament, 
does  not  !>oc,>me  operative  unless  and  until  promulgated  by  the  Emperor;  and  so  far 
as  my  knowledge  goes,  it  has  not  yet  been  promulgated. 

II.  PRESENT  CONDITIONS  AS  TO  ASIATIC  IMMIGRATION. 

H\WAII     ]'.  •  JAPANESE    VOTES     WILL    SOON     RULE     WHERE    JAPANESE    IX- 

FI.l    KN<   E    NOW    DOMINATES--  -.JAPANESE    IN    UNITED    STATES    M  r  I.TI  \'\.\  :  TURK 

BR!  .!>    WHITE    COMMrNITIES    DI<P!  \IA~S 

BXPERIB1 

[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  June  11,  1919.1 


and 

•  •r  in  the  Imperial  rniversity  of  Kyoto.  Japan,"  and  as  now  pr>  him 

on  behalf  of  the  organizations  nanied,  to  the  American  public  and  to  the  Congress  of 
the  I'nited  States:  'he  organization  of  the  two  associations  has  been  gone  into  and  some 
given  as  to  the  probable  interest  which  their  chief  promoters  have  in  the  subject 
•  ictivi'  immigration"  legislation,  so  formulated  as  to  carrv  out  the  ''new 
oriental  policy"  of  Dr.  Gulick:  the  probability  of  making  good  American  citizens  out 
en  if  born  here  and  educated  in  our  public  schools,  has  been  considered; 
and.  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Gulick.  himself,  that  probability  appears  to  be  so  remote 
chamre  their  present  characteristics  and  customs,  ''the  per- 
•Mt  maintenance  in  Hawaii  of  American  democracy,  American  homes,  and  Ameri- 
can liberty  i--  impossible." 


THE    WHITE    RACE    OR    THE    YELLOW. 


The  admission  of  Japanese  to  this  country  under  such  conditions  as  would  permit 
their  increase  means  the  ultimate  surrender  of  the  country  to  them,  as  Hawaii  has 
already  been  surrendered,  and  as  California  will  be  unless  protective  measures  are  at 
once  adopted.  It  would  then  be  only  a  question  of  time  before  the  desirable  sections 


102  JAPANESE  'IMMIGRATION    AND    COLON  IZATIOX. 

of  the  United' "States,"  one -alter' an'otli el',  are  peopled  and  controlled  by  the  Japanese, 
and  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the  brave  becomes  a  province  of  Japan. 

Dr.  Gulick  insists  that  his  plan  will  e";ectuallv  limit  the  influx  of  Japanese  and  other 
nationals  to  a  number  which  can  be  readily  assimilated.  I  do  not  attempt  to  discuss 
the  application  of  the  measure  to  European  nationals  whom  we  may  invite  to  come. 

But  so  far  as  concerns  Asiatics  generally,  and  particularly  Japanese,  it  is  certain 
that  this  Nation  can  not  with  safety  assume  that  any  number,  however,  small  as  com- 
pared to  our  population,  can  be  admitted  with  hope  of  assimilation  or  without  grave 
danger  to  some  or  many  American  communities. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  Japanese  are  the  most  prolific  nation  with  which 
-we  have  to  deal  in  immigration;  that  their  births  exceed  their  deaths  annually  by 
700,000  or  more,  and  that  they  are  driven  by  necessity  to  find  place  for  that  excess 
population.  No  European  nation  faces  any  such  condition.  The  Japanese  naturally 
are  looking  for  the  most  desirable  location  for  their  people.  But  do  we  wish  to  sur- 
render this  country  to  them?  Or  shall  we  insist  that  this  country  shall  be  preserved 
for  the  white  race?  The  issue  is  squarely  before  us,  and  we  can  not  afford  to  evade  or 
compromise  with  it. 

AN    ECONOMIC,    NOT   A    RACIAL    QUESTION". 

In  this  connection  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  opposition  to  Japanese  immigra- 
tion on  the  part  of  those  who  have  studied  it  is  not  based  on  racial  prejudice,  but  on 
unanswerable  economic  grounds.  Because  of  different  standards  of  living,  different 
tastes  and  dij  'erent  discipline,  the  Japanese  easily  drive  the  whites  out  of  any  com- 
munity in  which  the  two  civilizations  meet  in  economic  competition.  It  is  for  this 
reason  that  the  Japanese  is  an  undesirable  immigrant,  for  it  is  assumed  that  the  Ameri- 
can Nation  desires  to  retain  this  country  for  the  white  race. 

The  economic  factor  referred  to  is  recognized  by  the  Japanese  in  their  own  environ- 
ment. They  forbid  under  Imperial  Ordinance  No.  352  the  immigration  into  Japan  of 
Chinese  and  Korean  labor.  The  reason  which  they  assign  for  this  policy  is  precisely 
that  offered  by  the  Pacific  coast,  and  by  Canada  and  by  Australia  for  excluding  the 
Japanese.  They  say  that  the  standards  of  living  of  Chin  ese  and  Koreans  are  very  much 
lower  than  the  Japanese,  and  they  can  not,  therefore,  in  fairness  to  their  own  people, 
permit  this  cheap  labor  to  come  into  Japan  in  competition.  And  because  of  the 
greater  differences  in  various  ways  the  American  Nation  needs  more  protection  against 
Japanese  immigration  than  Japan  needs  against  Chinese  or  Koreans. 

In  December,  1918,  200  Chinese  coolies  were  imported  into  the  Prefecture  of  Hiro- 
shima, Japan,  to  work  in  a  charcoal  factory  under  contract  for  two  years  at  1  yen  (50 
cents)  per  day.  Under  instructions  from  the  Government 'in  Tokio  the  Japanese  pro- 
vincial governor  refused  to  sanction  their  stay.  Early  in  January,  1919,  the  coolies 
were  shipped  home  from  Shimonseki,  and  the  entire  expense  of  the  enterprise  ($25,000) 
had  to  be  paid  by  the  Chugoku  Iron  Works  of  Hiroshima,  which  imported  the  coolies. 

The  Herald  of  Asia  of  Tokyo,  in  commenting  on  the  facts,  said  in  its  issue  of  Decem- 
ber 28,  1918: 

"This  is  the  first  importation  of  Chinese  labor  into  Japan.  We  hope  that  it  will 
be  the  last  experiment  ever  to  be  made.  If  it  is  brought  into  this  country  in  any 
large  force  the  welfare  of  our  laborers  will  be  seriously  affected." 

Japan's  demand  before  the  Paris  conference  for  "racial  equality"  was  simply  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  principle  under  which  she  might  force  her  excess  popu- 
lation into  the  United  States,  Canada,  Australia,  and  elsewhere  on  the  same  terms 
as  might  be  accorded  other  nationals.  That  demand  was  made  in  charming  disre- 
gard of  her  own  stand  against  the  Chinese  and  Koreans;  but  Japan  has  learned  that 
it  is  not  necessary  for  her  to  be  consistent  in  her  dealings  with  America.  She  has 
thus  far  been  conceded  what  she  demanded,  regardless  of  its  absurdity  or  impropriety. 

CONDITIONS    UNDER    EXISTING    LAW. 

Before  consideration  is  given  to  the  changes  which  will  be  made  by  the  operation 
of  the  proposed  legislation  it  is  worth  while  to  examine  conditions  as  maintained 
under  existing  laws  and  regulations,  and  consider  the  inevitable  results' therefrom  if 
the  present  policy  is  continued.  Afterwards  it  will  be  shown  how  this  condition 
will  be  made  worse  and  the  end  hastened  by  the  so-called  "constructive  immigra- 
tion" legislation. 

Hawaii  and  California  afford  at  present  the  most  illuminating  example  of  what 
Japan  seeks  for  her  people  under  the  Stars  and  Stripes,  and  what  will  be  left  for  the 
white  American  if  she  succeeds.  Remember,  too,  that  the  conditions  to  which  atten- 
tion will  be  called  have  been  and  are  being  brought  about  under  a  so-called  "gentle- 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  103 

men's  agreement."  the  theory  of  which,  as  carefully  explained  to  the  Pacific  coast  at 
the  time,  was  that  Japan  was  to  restrict  under  her  own  regulations  Japanese  immi- 
gration to  this  country  as  effectually  a-  <  'hint-so  immigration  was  restricted  by  our 
prohibitive  laws. 

THE    LESSON    OF   HAWAII. 

\Ve  commence  with  Hawaii,  and  in  this  matter  we  shall  make  Dr.  Gulick  our  prin- 
cipal witness.  In  March,  l!»ir)%  ho  made  certain  investigations  in  the  Hawaiian 
Islands,  the  results  of  which  were  embodied  in  the  pamphlet  hereinbefore  quoted, 
Hawaiia's  American-Japanese  Problem,"  published  in  Honolulu  by  the  Star-Bulletin. 
Unless  otherwise  stated,  quotations  credited  to  Dr.  Gulick  are  from  that  publication. 

There  (p.  8)  Dr.  Gulick  states  that  for  the  preceding  seven  years  (1908-1915)  under 
the  "gentlemen's  agreement"  no  fresh  labor  immigrants  had  come  from  Japan.  In 
1910,  he  says,  out  of  a  total  population  in  the  islands  of  191,909  the  Japanese  numbered 
79.1574.  of  which  24,891  were  females.  In  1914  the  total  population  was  213,000,  of 
whom  89,715  were  Japanese,  24.550  Hawaiian,  24,450  Caucasian,  23,299  Portuguese, 
21,631  Chinese,  14,992  Filipinos,  and  14,518  all  other  races.  In  that  year  the  Japanese 
school  enrollment  in  the  Territorial  schools  was  30  per  cent  of  the  total. 

In  1918  (according  to  a  statement  of  the  superintendent  of  schools  of  Hawaii — San 

Francisco  Examiner,  May  18,  1919)  the  Japanese  population  had  increased  to  103,000, 

ly  one-half  the  total  population,"  while  Japanese  school  children  comprised 

40  per  cent  of  the  entire  enrollment,  and  of  the  increase  in  school  children  in  1917 

and  1918  more  than  one-half  was  Japanese. 

The  1918  report  of  Secretary  of  the  Interior  Franklin  K.  Lane  places  the  Japanese 
population  of  Hawaii  in  1917  at  106,000,  while  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Commerce 
estimates  the  total  population  at  219,000. 

The  American  Yearbook  for  1917  says,  as  of  June  30  of  that  year:  "The  estimated 
population  (Hawaii)  was  250,027.  The  Japanese  contributed  more  than  half  the 
increase." 

Japanese  newspapers  in  Honolulu  to-day  have  a  large  circulation,  and  one  prints 
an  English  section. 

In  1915  in  Honolulu  out  of  a  total  of  107  prostitutes,  82  were  Japanese  (Gulick).  In 
1914  the  official  register  of  Hawaii  shows  that  out  of  3.149  marriages.  1,806  were  Jap- 
anese. In  1915  a  large  majority  of  the  Japanese  men — perhaps  two-thirds — were 
married,  women  having  been  permitted  to  come  from  Japan  to  marry  them  (Gulick). 
The  proportion  has  doubtless  been  increased  since. 

So  in  eight  years  the  Japanese  population  of  Hawaii  has  increased  24,000,  or  about 
30  per  cent,  and  now  the  total  annual  increase  in  population  in  this  Territory  is  more 
than  half  Japanese;  while  in  four  years  past  the  Japanese  school  children  have  in- 
creased 30  per  cent,  and  they  already  comprise  more  than  50  per  cent  of  the  yearly 
increase  of  school  enrollment. 

In  the  absence  of  immigration  from  Japan,  as  claimed  by  Dr.  Gulick,  the  increase 
in  Japanese  population  of  Hawaii  can  be  accounted  for  only  by  the  great  birth  rate, 
stimulated  by  the  importation  of  "picture  brides."  In  1907,  when  the  "gentlemen's 
agreement"  went  into  effect,  the  Japanese  in  California  were  nearly  all  males;  in 
Hawaii,  while  I  have  not  the  figures,  there  were  probably  nearly  four  males  to  one 
female.  The  "picture  brides"  have  been  coming  from  Japan  in  a  steady  stream 
since.  The  census  of  school  children  shows  the  result. 

THE  "PICTURE  BRIDES." 

The  "picture  bride"  plan  was  doubtless  originated  to  get  around  the  intent  of  the 
"gentlemen's  agreement;"  to  increase  as  rapidly  as  possible  the  number  of  Japanese 
under  our  flat:,  and  particularly  to  defeat  the  operation  of  the  alien  land  laws  passed 
by  several  States,  including  California.  Apparently  the  plan  could  have  had  no  value 
in  Japan  itself,  where  the  average  density  of  population  is  389  per  square  mile,  the 
highest  in  the  world  for  a  similar  stretch  of  territory,  and  where,  if  all  the  available 
women  were  staked  out  at  equal  distances  throughout  the  Empire  they  would  be  only 
300  feet  apart  in  any  direction. 

Th^  is  the  plan:  A  Jaj  anese  male  v -ho  has  secured  admission  to  the  United  States 
sends  his  phot.  .'a pan.  and  his  fiionds.  or  th«-  ••"-.•ure  for  him  a 

complaisant  bride  who  v.  Lctuie.     !•'•  .  to  the  United 

-  a  manias-,  and  our  Government,  on  request. 

has  s<  •  -1  it.     The  bride,  with  the  photc.,  *r  the 

American  port,  and  then-  on  the  dock,  vdth  the  aid  of  the  phot;>'_rraj  h. 
husband  i'mm  tin-  prospective  brid-  aitimr,  and  is  admitted  as  an  immigrant 

under  at  had  sul, sequent  to  adoption  of  tl  nt." 


V 


104  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

That  woman  promptly  fulfills  her  duty  by  bearing  children,  as  many  as  one  a  year, 
and  each  child  is  carefully  registered  as  an  American  citizen,  entitled  to  all  privileges 
as  such,  including  the  claimed  right  of  possessing  land  through  a  guardian. 

Incidentally  the  woman  swells  the  labor  market,  for  she  works  continually  in  the 
shop  or  store,  or  field,  with  her  child  near  her.  She  does  the  work  of  a  man  wherever 
she  may  be  placed. 

The  accusation  has  been  made  that  the  "picture  bride"  does  not  always  confine 
her  usefulness  to  one  husband,  or  even  to  one  State,  but  is  available  where  her  services 
will  haA'e  most  value,  and  that  is  in  the  States  which  have  passed  antialien  land  laws, 

rThe  official  figures  by  fiscal  years  obtained  at  Washington  show  that  the  total  num- 
ber of  picture  brides  sent  from  Japan  to  the  United  States  and  Hawaii  in  less  than 
five  years  past  (July  1,  1914,  to  April  30,  1919)  is  20,323,  of  whom  6,864  landed  in 
Hawaii. 

JAPAN    CONTROLS    HAWAII. 

Dr.  Gulick  says  (p.  15):  "Within  a  score  of  years  the  maiority  of  voters  in  the  Terri- 
tory of  Hawaii  will  be  of  Japanese  and  Chinese  ancestry."  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the 
Chinese  cut  very  little  figure,  and  the  Japanese  already  outnumber  the  Caucasian, 
or  any  other  race  in  the  islands,  in  the  proportion  of  at  least  4  to  1. 

In  the  English  section  of  the  Honolulu  Japanese  newspaper,  the  Daily  Nippu  Jiji, 
May  26,  1919,  appears  the  statement  that  "10  or  15  years  hence  there  will  be  a  great 
hope  for  a  dominating  influence  of  the  Japanese."  That  "hope"  receives  ample 
justification  in  these  figures  offered  by  the  Nippu  Jiji.  The  number  of  Japanese 
electors  in  Hawaii  in  1910  was  only  13;  in  ]912,  48;  in  1914,  112;  in  1916,  179.  In 
1919  there  were  207  Japanese  electors  on  the  island  of  Oahu  alone  (Honolulu  is  on 
this  island),  and  many  on  the  other  islands.  The  Japanese  children  in  the  schools 
as  they  come  of  age  will  furnish  in  1923,  897  male  electors  and  558  and  682  additional 
in  the  two  years  following.  The  total  number  of  Japanese  male  electors  in  1933  will 
be  7,934.  If  the  vote  be  extended  to  women  the  number  will  be  about  doubled. 

This  situation  induces  the  Japanese  newspaper  to  proudly  announce  that  in  1933 
the  Japanese  vote  in  Hawaii  will  decide  whether  Republicans  or  Democrats  shall  win. 

In  Hawaii,  therefore,  it  is  only  a  question  of  a  few  years  when,  under  existing  laws 
and  regulations,  the  Japanese  born  under  the  American  flag  will  outvote  any  other 
race,  and  in  a  generation  they  will  probably  outvote  all  other  races  combined. 

The  Gulick  plan,  which  makes  every  resident  Japanese  eligible  for  citizenship, 
would  give  .the  Japanese  at  once  almost  as  large  a  voting  strength  as  all  other  races 
combined. 

A    LOST   TERRITORY. 

The  situation  as  outlined  induces  the  belief  on  the  part  of  many  that  Hawaii  is 
already  practically  lost  to  Americans  and  to  the  United  States,  and  that  there  is  not 
any  feasible  plan  by  which  she  can  be  reclaimed. 

Indeed  the  Nippu  Jiji  in  the  issue  above  quoted  declares  that  the  Japanese  now — 
to-day — "are  in  the  position  to  exert  dominant  influence  in  the  political  and  social 
affairs  of  Hawaii." 

That  this  is  no  idle  boast  on  the  part  of  the  leading  Japanese  daily  of  Honolulu  is 
sufficiently  attested  by  the  following  news  item: 

"HONOLULU,  May  31,  1919. 

"The  foreign-language  school  bill,  requiring  teachers  desiring  certificates  to  show  a 
knowledge  of  the  English  language,  American  history,  and  American  civics,  has  been 
tabled  by  the  upper  house  of  the  Territorial  legislature.  The  bill  was  strongly  opposed 
by  Japanese  educators  and  editors  on  the  ground  that  it  would  force  Japanese  schools 
to  close." 

Consider  in  connection  with  this  item  the  facts  which  have  been  stated  before,  as 
to  the  control  of  her  people  exercised  by  Japan  in  this  country,  the  manner  in  which 
children  are  forced  to  attend  Japanese  schools  and  imbibe  Japanese  principles  and 
ideals.  If  a  Territory  of  the  United  States  may  not  refuse  a  teacher's  certificate  to 
one  who  can  not  speak  English,  and  who  knows  nothing  of  American  government 
and  American  ideals;  if  a  Territorial  legislature  is  subject  to  Japan's  views  as  to  Ameri- 
can principles  before  the  resident  Japanese  have  secured  the  necessary  voting  strength, 
what  will  be  the  result  after  they  exercise  the  franchise  in  sufficient  number? 

CONTROL    OF   INDUSTRY. 

The  dominance  of  the  Japanese  in  Hawaii  has  naturally  given  them  exclusive  con- 
trol of  various  industries,  such  as  shoemaking,  which  in  years  gone  by  employed 
only  white  labor.  The  Japanese  is  very  adaptable  and  he  reaches  out,  as  soon  as 
possible,  for  position  and  control  in  the  most  favorable  localities,  and  in  such  occupa- 


.I.\  MI,  KATinX    AND    COLONIZATION.  105 

i-m.     While  IT- 

.'.'-plantation  h:  from  thai  toil  when  he  ran.     The 

•ii"ularl\  ;;iost  of  them  wish  to  go- 

trinities  it 

CA1.I1  DUMA.   THK  <  »ST. 

!:i  Hawaii  is  simply  an  i: 
•ma.     Ti.' 

in  California  b-  ily  pi- l;in_-  oul  the  ri-  lest  hi-  -.        I 

i!  i 'in  thcni.     His  predilectioD  iW  C-..H- 
iorej  <>i  ail  the 
. -mental  Unit--  I  re  living  in  California.     California  th»-i-- 

•'.dying  the  problem  an-1 

:lts  likely  to  foll.iw  the  continued  and  in  n      / 

ntry. 

ifornia  i<  the  outpost  of  American  civilization,  lighting  agair.r-t  the  "peaceful    / 
pe.net;  the  Japanese,  and  thus  far  she  has  had  only  abuse  therefor  from  the    I 

which  she  is  defending.     The  present  policy  of  the  United 
in  permitting  admissions  under  the  "gentlemen's  agreement/'    I 
in  opening  I  and  in  discouraging — and  preventing,  when 

iw<  limiting  the  effects  of  the  evil,  lias  created  a  critical     1 
situation  which  makes  remedial  measures  the  more  difficult.  ^J 

OUR    JAPANESE    POPT  LATIOX . 

It  i<  very  difficult  to  ascertain  the  numher  of  Japanese  now  in  the  United  Sti 
There  are  no  official  Government  figures  since  tin-  I  1910.     The  only  lr_ 

available  are  th<*f  iiirni^hotl  by  tlie  six  .la)-  continental  United 

for  their  respective  districts.     According  to  these  reports,  the  total  Japu 
popuK  .'70.  of  which  only  2.381 

n  the    New  York  district.     All  the  balance  are 
coast  district',  and  of  these  San  Francisco  and  1 
ttle  di8tri<  nd  Portland  district  5.40:].     San  Fran- 

cisco and  !  rifts  cover  six  States,  but  the  greater  portion  of  the  popu- 

lation credited  ifornia.  to  wit — 55.' 

for  1ft! !»  it  will  pi 

there  were  12.000  Japanese  births,     it  is  not  unreason;1  that,  on  t 

the  Japanese  population  of  continental  Uri-  t  far  short 

number  of  Japanese  in  the  United 

\vhich  41.35i;  were  in  California.     The  Japanese  births  in  Cali- 
fornia alone  from   I'.Un  t  .     The  official  reports  of  the 
Unit-                                       bv  tli"  Xew   York  in  its  Japanese  nu: 
March  1'',.  1!H^.  sh'-w  that  the  number  of  .I:;t                  -"ring  the  Unit 

lie  number  departi?  i7.     Allowing  for  biitl- 

than  in  California,  and  for  immigration  in  1918  as  estimated  by  Er.  Gulick.  and  for 
Japanese  population  would  be  well  over  150,000. 

:\IA    THE    TEST    C.ROl  XD. 

It  is  saf,  a  two-thirds  of  the  total,  or  100,000,  live  in  Cali- 

fornia.    In  California,  too.  th-  have  concentrated  to  a  great  extent  in  the 

|iiin  Vail  rich  lands  and  agricultural  advantages 

attract  them.     For  insta-  .108  Japanese  births  in  ti 

1917.  &     This  concentration  is  one  of  the 

phases  of  their  "peaceful  penetration,"  and  it  enables  u.-  the  better  to  judge  of  results 
when  their  number  will  ha\e  become  sufficient ly  larire  to  take  possession  of  all  the 
favored  lo  they  m>w  hold.  It  furn 

cient  answer,  too,  to  the  argument  that  15o.oo<»  Japanese  distributed  among  100,000,- 
000  A  no  harm.  The  150. 000  are  not  distributed  so  as  to  ina!. 

weak  solution  referred  to.  They  throw  their  entire  force  into  a  few  communities 
where  they  can  make  their  numbers,  with  their  economic  advantages,  tell,  and  they 
choose  those  communities,  those  industries,  and  those  conditions  which  will  yield 
them  most  return  for  least  effort. 


106  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

THE  INCREASE  OF  JAPANESE. 

As  to  the  increase  in  Japanese  population  in  this  country  which  may  be  looked 
for  under  present  conditions,  and  without  any  contributory  legislation  of  the  "con- 
structive" character  suggested  by  Dr.  Gulick,  these  facts  are  significant: 

The  United  States  Census  showed  that  in  1900  there  were  in  the  United  States 
24,326  Japanese,  of  which  985  were  females — a  proportion  of  about  25  to  1.  In  1910 
the  Japanese  population  had  trebled,  the  figures  showing  72,157,  of  which  9,087  were 
females — a  proportion  of  7  to  1.  The  estimates  already  made  above  indicate  that 
since  1910  the  Japanese  population  has  more  than  doubled,  and  it  is  known  the  pro- 
portion of  females  to  males  has  very  largely  increased. 

INCREASE    OF   JAPANESE    IN    CALIFORNIA. 

In  1910,  three  years  after  the  "gentlemen's  agreement"  went  into  effect,  there 
were  in  this  State  about  6  Japanese  males  to  1  female.  With  the  introduction 
of  the  "picture  bride"  plan,  the  proportion  of  females  has  very  rapidly  increased. 
It  is  now  perhaps  1  to  4  or  less.  The  result  is  sufficiently  attested  by  the  fact  that 
Japanese  births  in  California  in  1917  numbered  twenty  times  as  many  as  in  1907, 
though  the'  Japanese  official  reports  claim  that  the  total  Japanese  population  of  the 
State  had  increased  in  that  time  only  about  40  per  cent. 

The  biennial  report  of  the  California  State  Board  of  Health,  July,  1916,  to  July, 
1918,  shows  the  following  as  the  registered  number  of  Japanese  births  for  the  respec- 
tive years,  from  1906  to  1918,  inclusive:  134,  331,  455,  682,  719,  995,  1,467.  2,21.5, 
2,874,  3,342,  3,721,  4,108,  and  4,365.  Total  for  13  years,  25,298. 

Due  to  the  increase  in  Japanese  births  above  indicated,  the  percentage  of  white 
births  to  the  total  in  the  State  has  steadily  decreased  from  98.4  in  1906  to  90.6  in  1917. 

In  Sacramento  city  Japanese  authorities  claim  to-day  a  Japanese  population  of 
2,589.  The  United  States  Census  for  1910  showed  1,437  Japanese  in  the  city.  The 
total  white  population  of  the  city  now  is  about  75,000.  The  report  of  the  State  board 
of  health  for  the  year  1918  shows  within  the  city  177  Japanese  births  and  1,073  white 
births. 

That  is  to  say,  the  Japanese  birth  rate  per  1,000  in  Sacramento  City  is  already 
five  times  as  great  as  the  white  birth  rate.  As  the  influx  of  ''picture  brides"  raises 
the  proportion  of  females  in  the  Japanese  colony,  the  birth  rate  will  steadily  increase 
without  a  doubt.  The  average  Japanese  births  per  month  in  Sacramento  City  have 
doubled  since  1914;  that  is,  from  10  to  20. 

The  report  of  the  State  board  of  health  above  quoted  shows  that  in  the  rural  por- 
tion of  Sacramento  County,  outside  of  Sacramento  City,  in  1918  there  were  236  Japanese 
births  and  only  221  white  births,  although  the  white  population  is  many  times  as 
great  as  the  Japanese.  There  are  no  population  statistics  available  for  this  year, 
but  in  1910  the  census  shows  2,437  Japanese  and  19,335  whites  in  the  county  out- 
side the  city. 

According  to  the  Los  Angeles  Times  of  June  30,  1919,  the  Japanese  births  in  the 
county  of  Los  Angeles,  outside  the  incorporated  cities,  for  the  month  of  May,  1919, 
Were  one-third  as  numerous  as  the  white  births.  Los  Angeles  County  is  the  most 
populous  county  in  the  State,  with  a  large  suburban  and  country  population.  The 
Japanese  population  of  the  districts  referred  to  is  a  small  fraction  only  of  the  white 
population  in  those  districts. 

The  increase  in  Japanese  population  in  the  Pacific  Coast  States  will  receive  addi- 
tional impetus  under,  the  Gulick  plan  from  the  fact  that  all  Japanese  in  Hawaii, 
whether  born  there  or  born  in  Japan,  will  be  free  to  come  to  the  mainland,  and  that 
most  of  them  will  wish  to  do  so  because  of  the  attractions  it  offers  to  them.  See  Dr. 
Gulick's  statement  in  his  Hawaiian  pamphlet  before  referred  to. 

THE    CHINESE   PROBLEM. 

The  Chinese  and  the  Japanese  have  been  mentioned  in  the  same  category  by  the 
proponents  of  the  "constructive  immigration"  legislation  in  such  a  way  as  to  give 
the  impression  that  the  conditions  affecting  both  and  the  Nation's  problem  as  to 
both  are  the  same.  That  is  an  entirely  erroneous  impression.  The  Chinese,  under 
the  operation  of  the  exclusion  act.  have  steadily  decreased  in  number.  The  Japanese, 
under  the  "gentlemen's  agreement,''  which  was  supposed  to  secure  the  same  result 
without  hurting  Japan's  pride,  have  steadily  and  rapidly  increased. 

In  Hawaii  in  1900  the  Chinese  numbered  15,301:  in"l910  there  were  21,674,  but 
there  has  apparently  been  no  increase  since  then,  Dr.  Gulick's  figures  for  1914  being 
21,63.1. 


JAPANESE    IMMlii RATION    AND   COLONIZATION.  107 

In  the  lulled  States  there  were  in  1900  89,S<tt  Chinese:  in  1910  the  number  was 

'liable  figir  :  hen. 

diforuia  the  chines"  numbered  in  l*<»o.  72.172:  in  1900,  45,753 ; in  1910,  36,24&—  ,__ 
p.-r  cent  in  LM  years,  and  there  has  been  a  steady  decrease  since. 

's  the  same  decrease    1V)0.  t,371;  19<)<i.  3,254;  1910,  2,143. 
all   l'nited   Stat.-s  Censui 

The  Chinese  births  at  present  are  only  about  one-tenth  the  number  of  the  Japanese 

births.     In  the  entire  State  the  total  births  for  1917  Were:  Japanese  4,107,  Chinese  419. 

The  Chinese,   in  addition  to  having  no  increase  from  immigration,  are  steadily 

i'rom  departun  s  to  China  and  from  a  death  rate  which  is  now  about  twice   . 
the  birth  rate.     The  State  totals  for  1917  were:   Deaths  818,  births  419;  and  for  the 
12  years.    190i,   1917.  deaths  8,547,  births  3,683.  \ 

lii  contrast  therewith  not  only  do  the  Japan'  »  large  accessions  from  imnri- 

.  but  their  birth  rate  is  now  between  four  and  five  times  as  great  as  their  death 
••.hile  in   IWti  their  death  rate  was  several  times  their  birth  rate.     The  steady 
iiirth  percentages  lias  been  due,  of  course,  to  the  importation  of  "picture 
In  1917  the  births  were  4,108,  deaths  910;  in  1906,  births  134,  deaths  384; 
•  r  the  12  y<  1917.  births  2'>.9:«.  deaths  6,775. 

The  Chinese  therefore  d->  not  present  a  national  problem  because  of  probable  increase 
under  existing  conditions  and  laws,  while  the  Japanese  do  present  a  very  serious 

problem. 

WIPING    OUT   AMERICAN'    COMMUNITIES. 

Now  for  another  phase  of  the  problem:  The  destruction  of  home  and  family-life  | 
and  the  wiping  out  of  American  communities  under  stress  of  Japanese  competition  1 
and  meth  / 

The  town  of  Florin  in  Sacramento  County,  8  miles  southeast  of  Sacramento  city, 
in  the  heart  of  the  strawberry  district,  has*  a  Japanese  population  of  1,050,  supple- 
mented in  picking  season  by  about  500  more.  The  Japanese  proudly  point  to  it  as 
a  monument  to  their  methods  and  enterprise.  It  is  all  that  they  claim  for  it.  It  is 
more,  h  -tone  to  the  hopes  of  the  former  American  population  of  Florin, 

almost  entirely  wiped  out  by  contact  with  far   eastern  civili/ation.     It  is  a  warn- 
difornia  and  to  the  American  Nation  as  to  the  inevitable  end  in 
all  favored  spots  in  this  country  if  the  "peaceful  penetration"  of  the  Japanese  is 
not  arrested. 

The  Japanese  did  not  create  Florin  or  the  strawberry  business.  The  Japanese 
do  not  create.  They  imitate,  improve,  appropriate.  In  the  memory  of  young  people 
of  to-day.  Florin  wa<  an  ••x«-lusivt-ly  American  settlement  of  5,  10,  23  acre  farms, 
devoted  largely  to  strawberry  and  grape  ciflture,  on  each  farm  a  happy  home,  the 
Sacramento  daily  newspaper  delivered  attach  doorstep.  The  town  was  the  center 
of  the  district  and  from  it  were  shipped  berries  and  grapes  in  carload  lots  as  far  east 
as  the  Missouri  River. 

The  .Jap:r  and  coveted.     They  secured  a  few  farms  in  the  center  of  the 

district  and  gradually  added  more,  and  'they  improved  the  culture.     The  economic 

and  gradually  drove  the  white  families  away,  and  in  time  even  the 

isiness  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Japanese.     To-day  there  is  no 

American  newspaper  distributed  in  that  district,  and  it  is  in  effect  a  part  of  Japan 

Wanted  into  the  heart  of  California.     The  school  for  the  entire  district  has  a 

•ti tendance  of  U7  and  101  are  Japanese.     In  one  class  there  are  41  Japanese  and 

6  white  child) • 

Walnut  drove,  on  the  Sa  ramento  River  in  Sacramento  County,  is  now  a  Japanese 
settlement.  Most  of  the  rich  river  ranches  in  the  delta  of  the  Sacramento  River 
are  now  managed  by  Japanese  under  lease,  where  they  could  not  secure  ownership 
under  law.  and  the  white  resident  and  his  family  have  melted  away. 

THE    ECONOMIC   PRESSURE. 

On  the  American  River,  about  12  miles  east  of  Sacramento  Citv,  is  the  little  station 
hew.  the  shipping  point  for  the  productive  orchards  and  vineyards  for  miles 
around.     In  ye  hite  labor  was  employed  in  these  orchards,  and  many  fam- 

ilies resided  in  the  district,  the  women  and  children  assisting  in  the  work  of  picking 
and  par-king  the  crop,  while  the  little  red  schoolhouse  did  its  work  in  const  r.. 
American  citizenship. 

!ay.  while  the  orchards  are  still  owned  by  whites,  they  are  leased  to   '• 
the  help  is  all  Japanese,  and  most  of  the  white  families  have  disappeared.     Th 
onlv  one  owner  who  still  mai.  vn  property,  and  with  white  help:  but  to  do 

it  he  mu-'  luring  the  ,r  transient  labor,  workinir  short  hours  at 


108  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

high  wages.  And  he  is  in  competition  with  the  surrounding  Japanese-managed 
orchards,  operated  under  the  cooperative  system,  with  ambitious,  interested  labor, 
working  sometimes  15  and  18  hours  a  day.  And  he  must  send  his  young  children 
by  stage  to  Sacramento  City  every  day  for  schooling.  For  the  district  school  is  at- 
tended by  Japanese,  interested  in  learning  English  for  business  purposes,  and  no 
American  mother  will  permit  her  little  girl  to  remain  in  school  with  grown  Japanese 
youths.  When  it  is  said  that  this  orchardist  could  make  more  money  from  his  holding 
by  leasing  to  Japanese  than  by  operating  himself,  with  white  labor,  or  even  with 
Japanese  labor,  the  great  economic  pressure  will  be  better  comprehended. 

There  are  similar  instances  in  the  adjoining  countv  of  Placer,  where,  it  is  said,  80 
per  cent  of  the  orchards  are  leased  to  Japanese,  and  some  schools  show  as  many  as 
five  Japanese  children  to  one  white.  Through  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  will  be  found 
similar  settlements  of  Japanese;  and  similar  results  as  to  displacement  of  whites. 

Japanese  authorities  claim — and  it  is  probably  true — that  the  Japanese  produce  in 
California  90  per  cent  of  the  strawberry  and  cantaloupe  crop;  80  per  cent  of  onions, 
asparagus,  tomatoes,  celery,  lettuce,  and  cut  flowers;  55  per  cent  of  cabbage  and 
seeds;  40  per  cent  of  potatoes;  20  per  cent  of  beans,  and  10  per  cent  of  the  grapes, 
fruit,  and  rice. 

This  estimate  was  made  early  in  1918,  probably  based  on  1917  statistics.  In  the 
items  of  rice  and  fruit  it  is  certain  that  the  percentage  is  now  much  greater  than  quoted. 

In  June,  1919,  the  consumers  and  dealers  in  San  Francisco  were  forced  to  protect 
themselves  by  boycotting  strawberries,  because  the  Japanese  growers  in  combination 
were  forcing  dealers  to  pay  as  high  as  $17  per  chest,  while  the  canneries  were  given  a 
price  of  $9.'iO. 

CALIFORNIA'S  EFFORTS  AT  PROTECTION. 

California  passed  in  1913,  notwithstanding  the  earnest  protests  of  the  Federal 
administration,  an  alien  land  law  bill  similar  to  that  already  passed  in  certain  other 
States.  In  those  other  States  the  same  measure  had  met  no  opposition  from  the 
administration,  the  reason  being  that  the  Japanese  are  more  solicitious  as  to  securing 
privileges  in  California,  where  for  the  present  they  are  centralizing  their  efforts,  and 
had  made  no  protests  as  to  such  legislation  in  the  other  States. 

The  California  act  forbids  the  selling  or  leasing  for  more  than  three  vears  of  land 
to  any  person  not  eligible  for  American  citizenship.  Some  good  resulted,  but  re- 
cently the  Japanese  have  evaded  the  provisions  of  the  act  by  placing  title  to  land  in 
the  names  of  Japanese  babies  born  in  California,  and  by  organizing  corporations  with 
dummy  directors  and  purchasing  land  in  the  name  of  the  corporations.  The  secre- 
tary of  state  reports  72  such  corporations  formed  between  January  1,  3918,  and  March 
1,  1919.  One  such  corporation  took  over  a  171-acre  Fresno  County  orchard  in  May, 
1919,  at  a  price  of  $171,000.  In  Tulare  County  it  is  declared  that  the  Japanese  bought 
last  year  over  5,000  acres  of  bearing  orchards. 

The  session  of  the  California  Legislature  in  March,  19]  9,  attempted  to  remedy  the 
matter  through  a  bill  amending  the  act  by  forbidding  leasing  entirely,  and  by  pre- 
venting the  use  of  incorporations  for  the  purpose  named.  The  bill  was  killed  at  the 
request  of  the  Federal  administration  lest  there  be  complications  with  Japan. 

At  the  same  session  a  bill  was  introduced  limiting  the  age  of  admission  to  the  lower 
grades  of  the  public  schools,  the  association  of  little  girls  with  grown  Japanese  youths 
having  been  found  objectionable.  The  bill  was  killed  at  the  request  of  the  Federal 
administration  lest  there  be  complications  with  Japan. 

At  the  same  session  a  measure  was  introduced  looking  to  stopping  the  further  ad- 
mission of  "picture  brides"  into  the  State.  The  measure  was  killed  at  the  instance 
of  the  Federal  administration  lest  there  be  complications  with  Japan. 

At  the  same  session  a  bill  was  introduced  to  segregate  the  Japanese  and  other  Asi- 
atics into  separate  schools.  Killed  at  the  request  of  the  administration  lest  there 
be  complications  Avith  Japan. 

In  Collier's  for  June  7,  1913,  will  be  found  an  article  by  Peter  Clark  MacFarlane, 
describing  conditions  of  Japanese  settlement  in  California  as  he  found  them.  He 
was  sent  out  by  Collier's  to  investigate  the  matter  because  of  the  general  opinion  in 
Eastern  States  that  California  was  unduly  prejudiced. 

AT  THE  BORDER  AND  IN  WASHINGTON. 

The  rich  Imperial  Valley  lies  astride  our  national  border,  partly  in  California  and 
principally  in  Mexico.  It  is  already  peopled  largely  by  Japanese,  who  find  it  an  easy 
matter  to  evade  custom  officials  and  enter  the  United  States  here.  The  Japanese 
are  displacing  whites  in  the  valley,  not  only  in  agricultural  pursuits  but  also  in 
business,  by  cleverly  concerted  economic  pressure. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AXD   COLONIZATION.  109 

In  this  valley  is  1  Tract  of  land,   in  arly   1.000,000  acres,  owned  by 

inch  a  Japanese  syndicate  some  time 
•  1  to  p'.uvhas.'.     Public  attention  was  called  to'the  irattcr  through 

Ian  frustrated. 
In  S  <>f  Washington,  tl,- 

in  in  any 

.  r.douhtedly  di.  :Yered  by  the  people 

,\i;h  Ja{)an  would  be  thereby  materially 
Ion  with  the  Seattle  people.  -..-  1  in  pub! 

whether  ".hi.-tle  and  wh 

in  the  future  will  not  l.e  alarn 

i  t..  -tud/  these  and  similar  phases  <•;'  th»-  problem,  for  they  demon- 
Dainty  what   will  happen   in  ri  ultural  sec  tiop  of 
California                      there  are  here  enough  Japan                     mplish  the  result. 

The  li^ir  -n  prove  coii'  lusively  that.  e\en  without  more  favorable 

"ii.  the  Japanese  only  needs  time  to  take  possession  of  what  he 
in  i  'alifornia. 
what  he  will  do  i:i  California  he  will  do  later  in  other  Stales  that  offer  attrac- 

•NsTRurnvK  IMMIGRATION  P>ILL. 

ADMITS   CO  FO    1   FRENCHMAN    OR   HOLIANDER — WILL  GIVE    THE    UNITED  STATES 

2,000.000  JAPANESE    POPULATION   IN   40  YEARS  AND  OVER   100  000,000  IN  140  YEARS-    - 
\UDS  WHICH  SHOULD  BE    ADOPTED. 

[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  June  13, 1919.] 

In  the  two  arti<  les  preceding  an  outline  has  been  presented  of  our  present  Asiatic- 
immigration  problem,  more  particularly  with  regard  to  the  Japanese.  Following  is 
a  brief  of  the  points  thus  far  made: 

THE    CHIN 

re  concerned,  there  is  at  present  no  problem.     The  statistic  s 

show  that  under  the  operations  of  the  exclusion  a"t.  and  because  of  the  scarcity  of 

f  deaths  over  births,  the  Chinese  population  is  very  rapidly 

cent.     In  Hawaii  there  are  now  about 

one-fifth  as  many  Chinese  as  Japanese:  in  continental  United  States  perhaps  about 
hird. 

inore  valuable  and  less  undesirable  as  immigrant  and  born 

n  than  the  Japanese.     That  is  the  general  opinion  on  the  Paci  where 

-t  opportunity  for  judging.     The  Chinaman  is  reliable  and  honest — no 

<  ountryman.  not  excepting  the  American,  has  so  high  a  standard  of  commercial 

sty.     lie  b  e  than  the  Japanese.  l^>s  inclined  to  take  offense,  and 

with  a  hi  of  humor.     He  is  more  inclined  to  remain  in  fixed  occupation 

and  i  an  labor  and  to  American  institutions.     The  Amerkan- 

I'hinaman  nui'-  r  citizen  because  China  has  not  the  hold  on  him  that 

Japan  has  on  the  Japan- 

-n  and  hieh -class  men  hams  regretfully 
admi'  ither  honest  nor  reliable. 

CHE    JA,  :,'H.5I.EM. 

lie  other  h;  >  one.     While  the  intro- 

.iate  that  the-  Japanese  is  an  undesirable 

immigrant  and  an  undesiralc.  •imptifn   was  later  reasonably  well 

!^h"d  by  the  re-urd  of  his  a<  con  |  ii  and  California,  and  by 

v  (inlick. 

-hen 

it  w.i  t  it  would 

.filial  thn-u'-'h  J;>p;'  • -trie  tion  on  'Jn:  -imilar  to 

'ion. 

iolated  ir:  pirit.     At  present  10.000 

throucrh  our  contii.ental  por- - 

••\i«  an   border.     Vir. 

•or  Phelai,  v.ith  the  Icnow; 

if  nc-  auihorities.  inclu<i;  Jar  ofli«  ialf,    and  anyone 


110  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND  COLONIZATION. 

conversant  with  the  manner  in  which  the  Japanese  Government  retains  authority 
and  control  over  Japanese  in  this  country,  even  over  those  born  here,  knows  that  this 
secret  immigration  could  not  continue  without  knowledge  thereof  in  <  onsular  offices. 

In  order  to  increase  the  resident, Japanese  population  as  rapidly  as  possible  over 
20,000  ''picture  brides"  have  been  admitted  in  five  years  past,  and  they  have  per- 
formed their  allotted  task  of  bearing  Japanese  children  as  rapidly  aw  possible — fre- 
quently, if  not  usually,  at  the  rate  of  one  per  year.  In  California  the  Japanese  birth 
rate  per  thousand  is  already  five  times  as  great  as  the  white  birth  rate,  and  increasing. 

Under  the  understanding,  the  Japanese  population  of  continental  United  States 
should  have  decreased  since  ]900,  as  has  the  Chinese.  Instead  it  has  multiplied 
sixfold.  There  are  already  150,000  Japanese  in  this  country,  about  two-thirds  of 
them  in  California,  and  three-quarters  of  that  allotment  have  settled  in  7  of  the 
State's  58  counties,  where  they  are  concentrated  generally  in  a  few  communities. 

The  manner  in  which  the  Japanese  displace  white  labor  in  industries  and  entire 
communities  has  been  explained  and  concrete  examples  furnished.  It  is  evident 
therefrom  that  Japanese  to  the  number  of  a  small  fraction  of  the  whites  in  any  State 
can  take  absolute  economic  control  of  the  most  favored  sections  of  that  State  if  they 
once  secure  entrance. 

Hawaii's  situation  under  existing  conditions  is  hopeless.  The  Japanese  already  com- 
prise almost  half  the  entire  population  and  four  times  as  many  as  the  Caucasian  or 
any  other  race.  More  than  half  the  yearly  increase  in  births  and  school  enrollment 
is  now  Japanese.  In  a  few  years  the  native-born  Japanese  vote  will  hold  the  balance 
of  power,  and  in  a  generation  can  defy  a  combination  of  all  other  races  in  the  Territory. 
The  proposed  "constructive  immigration"  legislation  would  bring  about  that  result 
immediately  by  making  Japanese  eligible  to  citizenship;  and  the  power  thus  obtained 
will  be  used  by  them  as  Japanese,  not  as  Americans.  Nothing  couloVbe  more  con- 
clusive on  this  point  than  the  testimony  of  Dr.  Sidney  Gulick  himself. 

Dr.  Gulick  explains  how  the  Japanese,  even  when  born  under  the  American  flag  and 
taught  in  our  public  schools,  is  drilled  in  loyalty  to  Japan  and  her  ideals  by  compulsory 
attendance  in  Japanese  schools  and  by  association  with  his  own  race.  Pie  says  that 
if  the  Japanese  in  Hawaii  maintain  their  traditional  conception  of  themselves,  their 
neighbors,  and  their  duties  ''the  permanent  maintenance  in  Hawaii  of  American 
democracy,  American  homes,  and  American  liberty  is  impossible." 

The  leading  Japanese  newspaper  of  Honolulu  has  been  quoted  in  its  boast — well 
founded — that  the  Japanese  soon  will  control  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  by  their  votes. 
It  adds  that  they  are  even  now  in  position  to  exert  dominant  influence  in  the  political 
and  social  affairs  of  the  Territory;  and  that  statement  was  fully  confirmed  when  the 
Territorial  Legislature  in  May,  1919,  on  the  demand  of  the  Japanese,  killed  a  bill 
which  provided  that  the  Territory  should  not  issue  teachers'  certificates  to  those  who 
did  not  have  some  knowledge  of  the  English  language  and  of  American  history  and 
civics. 

What  has  happened  in  Hawaii  is  happening  in  localities  in  California  and  will  be- 
extended  if  protective  measures  are  not  adopted  over  this  coast,  and  ultimately 
throughout  the  Nation. 

CONDITIONS,    NOW   BAD,    WOULD    BECOME    WORSE. 

To  one  who  has  studied  the  situation,  it  is  evident  that  our  immigration  and  naturali- 
zation laws  should  be  amended  at  once  so  as  to  minimize  as  far  as  possible  the  evils 
existing  and  the  greater  ones  which  threaten  in  the  future  from  the  maintenance  in 
our  midst  of  an  alien,  unassimilable  and  rapidly  increasing  Asiatic  population.  It 
would  be  suicidal  to  inaugurate  a  policy  which  will  inevitably  increase  that  evil  and 
lead  in  time  to  the  conquest  of  the  white  race  by  economic  elimination. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  show  how  the  passage  of  the  proposed  ' '  constructive 
immigration"  legislation,  formulated  by  Dr.  Sidney  Gulick  and  indorsed  by  the 
league  he  has  organized,  or  the  adoption  of  the  policy  therein  outlined,  would  increase 
the  evil  rather  than  alleviate  it. 

An  outline  of  the  bill  which  Congress  is  to  be  asked  to  pass  was  presented  in  the 
first  of  these  articles.  It  proposes  to  make  effective  Dr.  Gulick's  "new  oriental 
policy  "  of  opening  our  gates  to  all  orientals  on  the  same  basis  as  accorded  to  the  most 
favored  nations.  Incidentally  it  limits  immigration  in  any  year  from  any  race 
to  a  fixed  percentage — 3  to  10 — of  the  members  of  that  race  citizens  of  the  United 
States,  either  by  birth,  as  per  the  census  of  1920.  or  by  naturalization  in  any  year,  and 
has  several  minor  provisions.  The  outline  of  the  bill  as  used  in  these  articles  was 
secured  from  the  printed  matter  issued  by  the  New  York  headquarters  of  the  League 
for  Constructive  Immigration  Legislation. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  Ill 

CKIl'ICIs\r    OF    HH.I.'s    (IF.NKKAT.    I'UIMMI 

First  there  ar-  .nion  a  iV  •  Moral  principles 

embodied  in  the  l>ill. 

1.   \Vliy  establish  at  t]iis  time  a  principle  under  which  we  shall  obi  -fives 

in  a  in  ->t  any  pc;  I  all  of  the  nations  of  the  earth  as  immigrants 

and 

en  if  such  polic  ..\\-  it  may  not  be  a  few  years  hence,  and  the  precedent 

established  may  <-av.se  awkward  c<>mp!ir:r 

L'.  \Vliy  include  all  .nations  in  the  category?  The  mere  fact  thai  one  race  has  been 
permitte  1  to  secure  citi/.enship  for  some  of  its  nationals  in  the  past  is  not  proof  that 
the  action  admitting  them  was  wise,  <>r  that  others  of  the  same -race  may  be  accepted 
as  immigrants  ^n<l  citi/ens  witli  advantage. 

:',.  \Vliy  ]>lace  all  nations  on  an  assumed  basis  of  equality  when  it  is  clear  that  some 
nations  will  ire.'ierally  furnish  much  more  desirable  citizens  and  immigrants  than 
others0  And  is  it  not  possible  that  certain  nationalities  may  be  regarded  favorably 
as  immigrants  and  citi/ens  now  and  unfavorably  some  years  hence? 

4.  Why  base  tlie  number  of  admissions  from  each  race  in  the  future  on  the  number 
of  those  already  here?  If  we  have  made  mistakes  in  the  past  are  we  not  to  be  permitted 
to  correct  them?  In  the  past,  with  the  exception  of  orientals,  those  came  to  our  shores 
who  desired  to  come,  not  those  whom  we  selected.  Under  such  circumstances  are 
we  to  bind  ourselves  to  exclude  desirable  immigrants  and  citizens  because  undesirable 
ones  have  more  racial  brothers  already  here? 

PROPORTIONS    IMPOSED    BY    BILL. 

what  the  bill  of  the  League  for  Constructive  Immigration  legislation 
would  commit  us  in  the  way  of  selective  immigration.  Consulting  the  tables  of  the 
census  abstract  for  1910.  so  far  a-^  they  ca  i  he  matter,  to  ascertain  the  number 

of  citi/ens  naturalized  and  bom.  of  the  different  cases,  which  must  serve  as  the  basis 
of  our  admissions  annually,  we  get  the  following  astonishing  result: 

For  every  single  immigrant  that  we  are  willing  to  accept  under  the  Gulick  plan 
from  France.  Holland.  Wales,  or  Mexico,  after  the  first  thousand  to  which  any  Nation 
'.led.  we  are  committed  to  accept  the  following  number  from  each  of  the  respec- 
tive countries  named:  Germany.  69;  Ireland.  30:  England.  15:  Canada.  15:  Russia, 
Sweden.  7:  Italy.  7:  Xorwa;  .and.  4;  Denmark.  Hungary, 

and  Switzerland,  each  '2.  From  Belgium.  Portugal,  and  Spain  we  could  not  admit' a 
single  immigrant  unless  we  admitted  from  100  to  600  Germans,  and  a  corresponding 
number  of  other  nationalities  as  enumerated.  As  between  Chinese  {and  Japanese  we 
would  be  called  on  in  a  short  time  to  admit  10  of  the  latter  to  1  of  the  former. 

Slightly  different  results  in  estimates  of  this  character  will  be  obtained  according 
to  the  sources  of  basic  information  as  to  citizens,  born  and  naturalized,  and  according 
to  incidental  assumptions  indulged  in.  Dr.  Gulick  furnishes  an  estimate  according 
to  which  we  would  have  to  admit  only  30  Germans  for  every  Frenchman,  Hollander, 
or  Mexican. 

Estimates  of  this  character,  no  matter  by  whon  prepared,  if  based  on  any  reliable 
.ill  furnish  results  demonstrating  the  utter  absurdity,  from  an  American 
point  of  view,  of  the  percentage  plan  of  restriction. 

If  we  are  to  amend  our  immigration  laws  so  as  to  maintain  or  raise  the  standard  of 
American  citizenship  and  insure  the  perpetuity  of  the  American  Nation,  we  should 
not  commit  ourselves  to  admit  the  peoples  of  the  earth  in  any  such  proportions  as 
called  for  by  this  plan. 

HOW    JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    WOULD    INCREASE. 

In  estimates  of  this  kind  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  basic  factor  of  native 
born  under  the  Gulick  plan  will  be  taken  from  the  1920  census,  which  will  be  first 
available  in  1U22.  There  is  an  incentive  for  a  large  birth  record  prior  to  that  date. 
It  may,  or  may  not.  have  any  significance  that  during  the  five  years  of  Dr.  Gulick 's 
activity  in  the  interests  of  this  matter,  1914  to  1919,  Japan  sent  over  20,232  picture 
brides  who  have  faithfully  performed  their  allotted  task  of  increasing  the  Japanese 
birth  record. 

If  T:.  ::>le  element  in  our  immigration,  which  will  not  intermarry 

or  assimilate,  it  m  iv  not  therefore  be  BO  much  the  actual  number  admitted  as  their 
future  increase  which  should  give  us  most  pause.  It  should  be  remembered  that  in 
California  the  official  records  show  that  in  certain  localities  where  they  have  con- 
centrated the  Japanese  have  a  birth  rate  five  times  as  great  as  the  whites,  although 


112  JAPANKSK    I  M  .MIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION. 

their  females,  in  proportion  to  males,  are  only  perhaps  one-fourth  as  numerous  as 
among  tVie  whites.  Under  such  conditions  it  would  be  only  a  question  of  time  when 
the  Japanese  in  this  country  would  exceed  in  numbers  another  race  which  at  this 
time  might  be  twenty  times  as  numerous  here.  Even  the  advantage  which  the  other 
.race  might  have  at  the  start  in  allotment  because  of  its  number  of  naturalized  citizens 
would  not  prevent  it  being  overtaken  in  time. 

EVANGELIZING    JAPANESE    FOR    CITIZENSHIP. 

The  proposed  iiteasure  makes  alJ  Asiatics  here  or  to  come  eligible  to  citizenship  and 
encourages  their  coming  inasmuch  as  it  fixes  a  proportion  within  which  they  may  be 
.admitted,  while  under  existing  understanding  they  are  classed  as  undesirable. 

Dr.  Gulick  says  in  nis  pamphlet,  published  in  1915,  "Hawaii's  American-Japanese 
Problem, ' '  as  quoted  in  the  first  article: 

•^"Jf  as  Asiatics  they  (the  Japanese)  maintain  their  traditional  conception  of  God, 
nature,  and  man;  of  male  and  female;  of  husband  and  wife;  of  parent  and  child;  of 
I  ruler  and  ruled;  of  the  State  and  the  individual;  the  permanent  maintenance  in 
\  Hawaii  of  American  democracy,  American  homes,  and  American  liberty  is  impossible. ' ' 
\  The  Japanese  born  and  educated  in  Japan,  with  very  rare  exceptions,  certainly  do 
^  retain  these  conceptions  even  while  living  in  the  United  States. 

Dr.  Gulick  again  says  that  the  Japanese  born  here  and  taught  in  our  public  schools 
are  not  thereby  prepared  for  American  citizenship  since  they  are  drilled  before  and 
after  public  school  hours  at  home  and  by  Japanese  teachers,  most  of  whom  do  not 
speak  English  and  "many  of  whom  have  little  acquaintance  and  no  sympathy  with 
American  institutions  or  a  Christian  civilization." 

Why  then  is  Dr.  Gulick  so  solicitous  to  have  the  United  States  establish  a  principle 
by  which  the  Japanese  will  be  formally  recognized  as  desirable  immigrants  and  citizens 
.and  encourage  conditions  which  will  greatly  increase  the  number  of  native-born 
.Japanese?     The  answer  appears  in  the  same  pamphlet,  and  is  quoted  below: 

GULICK 'S    EXPERIMENTAL   PLAN. 

"Is  it  not  axiomatic  that  the  successful  welding  together  of  the  many  races  now  in 
Hawaii  in  such  wise  as  to  make  possible  the  maintenance  of  genuine  democracy,  with 
progressive  victory  over  graft,  lust,  venereal  disease,  and  alcohol,  depends  upon  the 
substantial  Christianization  of  the  rising  generation  of  Asiatics?' ' 

"American  and  Asiatic  civlizations  rest  on  postulates  fundamentally  different  and 
antagonistic.  The  two  civilizations  can  not  be  assimilated,  but  this  does  not  prevent 
•an  Asiatic  under  proper  social  conditions  from  giving  up  his  inherited  civilization 
and  adopting  the  American.  Exactly  because  Hawaii  is  the  meeting  place  of  so  many 
diverse  races  is  the  propaganda  and  practice  of  vital  Christianity  the  more  pressing. ' ' 

Evidently  Dr.  Gulick  is  satisfied,  notwithstanding  all  the  difficulties  he  points  out, 
that  a  Japanese  may  be  turned  into  a  valuable  American  citizen  by  acceptance  of 
Christianity,  assisted  doubtless  by  other  minor  agencies. 

It  would'appear,  therefore,  that  Dr.  Gulick,  in  promoting  his  "new  oriental  policy' ' 
and  urging  the  adoption  of  his  proposed  "constructive  immigration"  legislation,  is 
willing  to  risk  a  grave  menance  to  American  citizenship  and  the  safety  of  the  American 
Republic  in  order  to  promote  a  doubtful  experiment  in  evangelization. 

But  should  we  permit  Dr.  Gulick 's  optimistic  enthusiasm  in  evangelization  to  lead 
the  Nation  into  serious  difficulties?  And  will  the  Japanese  Government  encourage  or 
permit  the  Christianizing  of  its  people  in  return  for  our  indorsement  of  Dr.  Gulick 's 
• '  new  oriental  policy? ' '  And  if  the  Japanese  are  unanimously  or  generally  evangelized 
under  this  arrangement,  may  we  safely  assume  that  they  will  at  once  lose  all  those 
characteristics  which  have  made  them,  in  Dr.  Gulick 's  opinion,  poor  material  for 
American  citizenship? 

1  do  not  wish  to  be  considered  a  pessimist,  but  it  would  be  untruthful  to  say  that  I 
do  not  entertain  grave  doubts  in  the  matter. 

A    QUESTION    OF  POLICY. 

Dr.  Gulick  insists,  too,  that  the  United  States  will  benefit  by  the  proposed  law, 
as  the  number  of  Japanese  immigrants  admitted  will  be  less  than  under  existing  con- 
ditions. He  declares  that  in  1918,  10,213  Japanese  were  admitted,  and  that  in  1919 
the  number  will  be  12,000;  and  that  the  number  admitted  under  his  plan,  even  on 
a  10  per  cent  basis,  will  be  much  less.  As  shown  later,  he  is  clearly  mistaken  on  this 
point,  but  concede  for  the  moment  that  he  is  right.  ' 

Dr.  Gulick  frankly  allows  that  the  adult  Japanese,  when  he  arrives  here,  is  an  un- 
desirable American  citizen,  and  that  e'ven  the  American-born  Japanese,  under  exist- 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND  COLONIZATION.  113 

is  not  likely  to  make  a  good  citizen.     His  figures  prove  that  the  Jap- 

•  •rnment  i>  steadily  violating  the  spirit  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement," 
under  \vhich  the  Japane-e  \\-cre  to  be  kept  out:  and  yet  he  recommends  urgently  that 

•  miaHy  recognize  the  Japanese  as  eligible  to  citi/enship  and  encourage  them  to 

jhlishing  an  annual  Japanese  umoigralioD  <iuota. 

I>r.  <  iulick  claims  American  citizenship,  but  I  am  at  a  loss  to  understand  his  reason- 
ing.    It  \\-ould  seem  to  me,  under  such  circumstances,  since  the  Japanese  make  poor 
:.'l  the  Japanese  ( iovernmcnt  is  deliberately  violating  the  intent  of  the  agree- 
ment, a  staunch  American  citizen  would  urge  our  Government  to  c?ncel  at  once  the 
lemen's  aLTeruient."  to  stop  the  importation  of  ''picture  brides/'  to  bar  further 
Japanese  immigration,  and  to  encourage  the  individual  States  to  puss  alien  land  laws. 
In  other  words,  the  tirst  <  are  of  an  American  citizen  would  naturally  l,e  for  the  pro- 

•  ii  of  Ani'-ri'-an  institution^  and  the  American  franchise,  rather* than  solicitude 
to  meet  the  demands,  inconsistent  and  probably  harmful  to  us,  of  a  foreign  nation, 
however  friendly  we  ir.iirht  he  with  that  nation. 

THE    PLAN    IN<  HKASKS    JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION. 

It  1  dready  that  the  bad  faith  of  Japan  in  shipping  to  us  each 

io.OOO  or  more  Japanese  in  violation  of  the  letter  and  spirit  of  the  gentlemen's 
;.icnt  is  not  a  good  reason  for  formal  recognition  by  us  of  the  Japanese  as  immi- 
grants and  citizens,  even  if  thereby  we  receive  annually  a  smaller  influx  legally  than 
is  now  forced  on  us  illegally.     While  Dr.  (iulick  claims  the  admissions  will  be  smaller, 
acts  contradict  him.     He  has  published  tables  showing  the  highest  allotment 
to  Japan  annually  under  the  percentage  plan  as  5,800.     But  this  estimate  is  for  1918 
and  preceding  vears  based  on  the  assumption  that  the  plan  had  been  put  into  effect 
in  HMD.     He  offers  no  figures  for  the  future  in  which  we  are  really  concerned,  so  far 
.ave  read,  except  in  an  article  published  in  the  New  York  Independent  in  May, 
1919,  wherein  he  declares  that  the  Japanese  immigration  under  this  plan  in  1935  will 
not  exceed  5,400. 

I  have  carried  Dr.  Gulick's  tables  beyond  1918,  where  he  stops  them,  and  far  into 
the  future — 200  years — which  is  short  enough  time  to  consider  in  the  life  of  a  great 
nation  like  this.  The  details  of  those  tables  will  be  reserved  for  another  article. 
This  summary  will  suffice  for  present  purpo- 

If  the  Gulick  plan  were  in  force  on  July  1,  1919,  and  no  immigrants  were  admitted 
in  excess  of  the  "allotment"  to  each  race,  the  Japanese  immigration  for  each  of  the 
years  !'.»]!»,  11)20,  and  1921  would  be  cut  down  to  2,500.  In  1922  it  would  be  7,500— 
for  J<»2<)  being  then  available  with  the  record  of  native-born.  In  1923  or 
1!)24  the  allotment  would  be  increased  by  10  per  cent  of  the  number  of  present  resi- 
dents who  would  have  become  naturalized,  say  less  than  25  per  cent,  50,000;  and  each 
year  thereafter  it  would  be  increased  by  10  per  cent  of  the  number  of  those  immi- 
grants coming  in  five  years  before  who  had  become  citizens. 

The  annual  immigration  in  either  1923  or  1924  would  therefore  jump  to  a  figure  in 
i.  and  would  steadily  increase  thereafter,  reaching  16,000  in  1933  and 
23,000  in  ! 

INCREASE  IN  JAPANESE  POPULATION. 

The  increase  in  total  Japanese  population  is,  however,   the  important  and  the 
alarming  feature.     At  present  the  records  in  California  show  a  net  annual  increase  of 
Japanese  population,  due  to  excess  of  births  over  deaths,  of  between  3^  and  4  per  cent. 
•uing  that  this  increase  will  be  onh  ut  in  the  future,  and  that  the  total 

Japanese  population  in  1923  will  be  300,000  (the  present  population  is  estimated  at 
250,000),  the  population  including  immigration  would  double  in  less  than  20  years. 
In  M»4:J  it  would  be  875,000. 

At  the  same  rate  in  40  years  from  1923  the  Japanese  population  of  the  United  States 
under  operation  of  the  Gulick  plan  would  be,  in  round  figures  2,000,000;  in  80  vears, 
10,000,000;  in  140  •'0,000,000. 

Long  i.efore  then  the  white  race  would  have  succumbed  in  the  economic  competi- 
tion and  the  world's  glorious  Republic  would  have  become  a  Province  of  Japan. 

ilts  under  the  i:<-n; iem.-n's  agreement  as  now  operated  by  Japan  will  be  slower 
of  attainment  but  equally  certain  in  the  end. 

ALL  ASIATICS    ELIGIBLE. 

The  bill  makes  all  ion  to  the  United  States  eligible  for  citizen- 

ship. The  effect  of  this  in  the  Territory  of  Hawaii  would  be  to  create  at  once  a  citizenry 
of  Japanese  almost  equal  in  number  to  the  voters  of  all  other  races  combined  and  four 
times  as  numerous  as  those  of  t "he  <  aucasian  or  any  other  race. 

S.  Doc.  55,  67-1 8 


114  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

Thes^  Japanese  would  manage  Hawaii — not  as  a  Territory  of  the  United  States  but 
as  a  Province  of  Japan.  The  testimony  offered  on  this  score  in  these  articles  is  con- 
vincing. 

Another  effect  of  this  provision  would  be  to  permit  the  newly  made  citizens  in 
EUwaii  to  come  to  the  mainland  and  swell  the  number  of  their  race  in  California. 
Tney  would  come,  as  they  are  eager  to  settle  in  California  because  of  its  superior 
advantages  iiT  many  ways.  They  could  come  many  thousands  strong  and  still  leave 
enough  of  their  race  in  Hawaii  to  control  it.  Thev  are  not  supposed  to  come  to  tho 
mainland  now  under  the  "gentlemen's  agreement." 

There  are  many.  Asiatics  who  are  less  desirable  aq  citizens  and  immigrants  than  the 
Japanese.  Our  objections  to  the  Japanese  are  based  on  grounds  which  are  in  a  measure 
creditable  to  them;  but  certain  other  Asiatics,  while  not  offering  the  danger  in  eco- 
nomic competition  which  we  find  in  the  Japanese,  are  objectionable  on  other  grounds — 
sanitary,  physical,  and  mental. 

THE    STUDENT    PROVISION. 

The  student  provision  permits  any  number  of  "students"  to  come  in,  and  no  pro- 
vision is  made  as  to  their  occupation  while  here  or  as  to  their  return.  Under  this- 
provision  many  thousands  of  Japanese  could  come  into  the  United  States,  attend 
school  for  a  few  months,  and  then  distribute  themselves  through  the  country  as 
laborers.  This  is  so  patent  that  it  seems  strange  it  should  have  escaped  the  attention 
of  the  framers  of  the  bill. 

AN    ASYLUM    FOR   THE    PERSECUTED. 

Again,  it- is  proposed  that  any  alien  claiming  religious  persecution  in  his  own  coun- 
try, either  in  overt  act  or  through  law  or  regulation,  shall  be  admitted  into  this  coun- 
try on  application  and  become  at  once  eligible  for  citizenship. 

This  country  can  not  longer  afford  to  serve  as  an  asylum  for  everyone  claiming  per- 
secution elsewhere,  however  unfitted  he  may  be  for  American  citizenship,  if  we  are 
to  maintain  a  standard  of  citizenship  which  will  insure  the  perpetuity  of  the  Nation. 

Under  the  provision  named  we  would  have  to  admit  without  questioi  every  Russian 
Jew,  every  Armenian,  and  every  Christian  Asiatic  who  might  be  persecuted  in  his 
own  country.  There  would  be  in  all  of  these  classes  individuals  who  would  make 
desirable  citizens,  but  it  would  be  unwise  to  pledge  ourselves  to  admit  everyone  who 
applied. 

It  can  not  be  doubted  that  the  responsible  heads  of  the  Federal  Council  of  Churches 
of  Christ  of  America,  and  nearly  all — possibly  all — of  the  1,000  national  committee- 
men  who  stood  sponsors  for  the  "new  oriental  policy"  and  the  percentage  plan  for 
restriction  of  immigration  put  forth  in  the  name  of  the  League  of  Constructive  Immi- 
gration Legislation  had  no  knowledge  of  the  facts  given  to  the  public  in  these  articles 
and  no  conception  of  the  results  which  may  be  feared  from  any  encouragement  of 
Asiatic  immigration. 

SUGGESTED    SAFEGUARDS. 

Consideration  of  the  facts  presented  in  these  articles  naturally  suggested  the  follow- 
ing as  points  worthy  at  least  of  careful  thought  on  the  part  of  Uncle  Sam  in  connection 
with  the  immigration  problem: 

Why  not  decide  now  and  for  all  time  that  our  immigration  policy,  our  naturalization 
policy,  and  all  our  national  policies  shall  be  based,  not  on  what  someone  else  desires 
or  demands,  but  on  what  is  best  for  the  comfort  and  happiness  of  the  loyal  American 
citizen,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  American  home,  and  for  the  preservation  of  the 
American  Nation? 

If  it  be  wise  to  restrict  immigration,  and  our  experience  indicates  that  it  is  wise 
to  do  so,  why  not  decide  on  the  number  we  care  to  admit  each  year,  and  select  them 
from  the  most  desirable  who  present  themselves,  regardless  of  the  number  of  their 
respective  races  who  are  already  here?  Let  each  applicant  be  judged  on  individual 
merit. 

So  far  as  the  Japanese  are  concerned,  since  the  facts  conclusively  demonstrate 
that  their  continued  immigration  threaten  our  labor,  our  industries,  our  economic 
life,  and  eventually  our  existence  as  a  nation,  why  hesitate  to  adopt  at  once  the  only 
remedial  measures  which  can  save  us.  These  remedies,  as  originally  suggested  by 
me.  are: 

First.  Cancellation  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement." 

Second.  Exclusion  of  "picture  brides." 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  115 

Third.  A  -elusion  of  Japanese  as  immigrants,  as  other  Asiatic?  are  ex- 

chi'i 

Fourth.  Confirmation  and  le.eali/ation  of  the  principle  that  Asiatics  shall  be  forever 

MI  citixenship. 

Fifth.  Amendment  <>t'  section  1  of  Article  XIV  of  the  Federal  ConstitutiOD  so  as  to 
child  born  in  the  Tinted  States  of  foreign  parents  shall  be  eligible  to 
nship  unless  both  parents  are  eligible  to  such  citi/enship. 

01    R     I  NT  K  RESTS     i  >  |{    JAP1 

.-.-•Minns  i lii-re  will  be  raided  at  once  the  objection  that  all  or  any 
1  will  hurt  Japan's  pride,  and  must  not  be  attempted, 
not  occur  to  me  any  other  objection  that  might  be  offered, 
•uld  not  hurt  Japan's  pride,  for  they  are  ha-ed  on  economic  and  not  on 
They  are  in  effect  the  .-ami-  I  which  she  enforces  against  the 

roans,  who  are.  too.  of  the  yellow  race,  and  for  precisely  simil. 

/ainst  Japan  by  Canada  and  Australia,  notwithstanding 

that  Cirent   I'ritnin    -  ally.     And  the  Paris  conference  declined  to  consider 

1  for  recognition  of  the  question  under  the  head  of  "Racial  difcrimi- 
.-  iroiisly  pro:o-ted.  and  becaupe  Japan's  claim  was 
:<!  untena' 

And  if   notwithstanding  all  this.  Japan  shall  insist  that  her  pride  will  be  hurt  if  we 

ea  in  the  TiianiT-r  indicated,  and  that  we  must  not  do  it.  then  it  would 

e  up  TO  the  American  Nation  to  say.  very  politely,  that,  much  as  it  pains 

P'ihilities  of  <>rr  good  friends  in  Japan,  orr  frst  care 

>r  the  perpetuiT  rican  institutions,  and  the  freedom  and  happiness 

iteration  of  Japan  must  be  for  her  own  people  and  their 

•nt  iv.   IV.  On:  JAPANESE  PROBLEM. 
THE  "GENTLEMEN'S  /LORI  AND  THE  PERCENTAGE  RE-IKKTION  PLAN*— GROSS 

REEMENT — THE    PROPOSED    PLAN    WILL    LARGELY    INC!: 

THE  PRESENT  ILLEGAL  IMMIGRATION — EITHER  PLAN  IN  TIME  WILL  MAKE  A  JAPANESE 
THIS    COUNTRY  —A    MATHEMATICAL    DEMONSTRATI 

[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  July  29,  1919.] 

The  Saturday  Evening  Post  is  the  first  American  magazine  of  large  circulation 
published  in  an  Atlantic  environment  to  give  a  fair,  intelligent,  statesmanlike,  and 
American  presentation  of  the  vexed  subject  of  Japanese  immigration. 

i  >ne  in  a  lengthy  article  by  Herbert  Quick  under  the  title  i; Seventeen 

Year  People."  published  in  the  issue  of  June  28th,  and  devoted  to  a  consideration 

'le.  damaging,  and  locust-like  elements  which  descend  upon  American 

through  the  open  immigration  gates,  and  from  which  we  must  be  pro- 

an  institution-  are  to  be  preserved. 

<  OUNTRY. 

Mr  kta  the  matter  fairly  when  he  says  in  effect  that  this  is  our  country 

;irit  any  foreigner;  that  we  should  tactfully 

but  firmly  let  the  world  know  that  we  claim  the  right  to  exclude  anyone  we  wish 

•;iis  democracy  depends  upon  the  sort  of  immigrants 

admitted;  that  the  <;  immigration  problems  should  be  oncour- 

and  not  frowned  upon;  that  there  is  nothing  discreditable  to  ihe  Japanese  in 

our  attitude  on  that  we  will  not  admit  them  because  they  do  not  and 

'•nomic  competition,  they  drive  our  people 
admit  immigration  freely  under  such  conditions  from 
hat  the  consideration  offered  or  th  ^nces  involved; 

and  1 1  right  to  make  such  a  decision  and  the  power  to  enforce  it. 

WHY    Wl  IT   JAPAN  I 

Ib  -.,me  unfitted  for  competition  with  such  i  ipan- 

ese.     It  is  because  they  know  the  i  city  to  us  in  industrial  competition  that, 

they  di  -iiV-h  "f  them  a 

They  come  to  underlive  us  and  drive  us  to  the  wall  \u-.'. 

Mipetition.     They  can  pay  more  for  land  than  an  American  can  pay,  and 
.nd  this  means  that  they  have  the  power  to  establish  a 
'e  of  actual  wa;.' 


116  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 


NEVER    AGAIN. 

And  again  he  says:  "One  of  our  most  insoluble  troubles  as  a  Nation  rises  from 
the  existence  among  us  of  a  colored  race;  and,  make  no  mistake,  we  shall  never  allow 
another  similar  problem  to  grow  up  among  us." 

MAY    THE    EAST    SEE    THE    LIGHT. 

The  principles  outlined  by  the  Saturday  Evening  Post  author  are  precisely  the 
principles  for  which  the  Pacific  coast  has  contended  for  many  years;  they  are  the 
principles  for  which  California  contended  when  she  attempted  to  protect  her  little 
girls  by  compelling  grown  Japanese  youths  to  attend  separate  schools,  and  when 
she  attempted  to  protect  her  agricultural  population  by  passing  an  alien  land  law; 
they  are  the  principles  which  up  to  this  time  it  has  been  difficult  for  a  man  east  of  the 
Rockies  to  appreciate  or  understand,  while  he  insisted  that  the  Pacific  coast  attitude 
is  simply  a  manifestation  of  racial  prejudice  against  a  friendly  nation. 

AN    ECONOMIC    ONE. 

The  question  is  an  economic  rather  than  a  racial  one,  and  where  the  element  of 
race  enters  as  a  factor  there  is  no  question  of  inferiority  involved.  It  has  been  suf- 
ficiently demonstrated  that  the  Japanese  can  not  be  transformed  in  the  melting  pot 
into  desirable  material  for  citizenship,  as  can  most  Europeans;  and  that  in  the  attempt 
to  so  transform  him  the  white  people  of  this  Republic  must  go  to  the  wall. 

ENOUGH    REASON. 

That  is  sufficient  reason  for  refusing  to  permit  the  entrance  of  Japanese;  and  when 
Japan  insists  that  such  refusal  is  humiliating  to  her  pride  she  is  indulging  in  diplo- 
matic camouflage  in  order  to  win  her  point.  She  will  follow  that  policy  a?  long  as 
it  promises  success. 

QUICK    MISLED. 

While  the  author  of  the  Saturday  Evening  Post  article  has  admirably  outlined  the 
principles  upon  which  the  great  problem  must  be  solved  for  the  permanent  protec- 
tion of  the  American  Republic,  he  has  been  misled  in  two  important  matters  con- 
cerning existing  conditions  and  the  imminence  of  the  danger. 

GENTLEMEN'S  AGREEMENT  AND  GULICK  PLAN. 

He  says,  for  instance,  concerning  the  present  arrangement,  that  "Japan  and  the 
United  States  are  working  under  a  gentlemen's  agreement  under  which  Japanese 
laborers  do  not  come  to  the  United  States.  It  is  a  gentlemen's  agreement,  which 
is  kept  in  a  gentlemanly  manner;"  and  again  that  " Japan  keeps  her  agreement 
faithfully,  but  she  is  not  satisfied." 

VIOLATES    IT. 

The  fact  is  that  there  could  not  be  more  flagrant  violation  of  a  gentlemen's  agree- 
ment than  Japan  has  been  guilty  of  in  this  case. 

She  boasts  that  she  always  keeps  her  agreements,  and  through  skillful  propaganda 
some  Americans  have  commenced  to  believe  so.  Her  bad  faith  is  boldly  placarded 
on  her  record  in  China,  in  Korea,  in  Manchuria,  in  Siberia,  in  Shantung,  where  those 
who  have  had  relations  with  her  have  experienced  it,  and  where  the  student  and 
investigator  may  readily  read  it.  In  this  immigration  matter  the  record,  as  will  be 
shown,  is  unmistakable. 

MISLED    BY    GULICK. 

Herbert  Quick  has  been  misled  again  into  believing,  on  the  authority  of  Sidney  L. 
Gulick,  that  the  bill  proposed  by  Gulick  in  the  name  of  the  League  for  Constructive 
Immigration  Legislation,  restricting  immigration  to  a  percentage  basis,  would  per- 
manently "confine  oriental  immigration  to  limits  of  absolute  harmlessness,''  and 
that  it  would  therefore  satisfactorily  solve  the  Japanese  problem. 

On  the  contrary,  the  Gulick  plan  would  insure  a  greater  immigration  from  Japan 
than  is  now  coming  to  us,  and  by  which  in  time  the  Pacific  coast,  and  ultimately 
the  Nation,  would  be  submerged. 


JAPANESE    1M.MIC.KATION    AXI>    < '<  >L<  >X  I/ATIoN  .  117 

JAPAN'S  VIOLATION  OF  AGREEMENT. 

.  .rreement    provides  a  miaranty  on    Japan'-;  part    tliat   she  will 

rinit  Japan^e  laborers  to  come  to  this  country.     But  every  year  a  number  of 

Japanese,  iruarantced  by  Japan  under  the  agreement,  are  turned"  bark  at  our  entry 

;>y  United  States  customs  officials  because  of  indisputable  evidence  that  these 

HER    EXPLANATION    A    JOKE. 

Japan's  explanation  is  that  it  is  not  practicable  for  her  to  avoid  being  made  the 
victim  of  deception  at  times  by  those  seeking  to  come  to  the  United  States. 

The  statement  that  the  Government  of  Japan  would  not  know,  or  could  not  readily 
M-eupation  and  intimate  personal  history  of  any  one  of  her  subjects 
will  be  hailed  as  a  joke  by  anyone  familiar  with  the  German-like  intelligence  system 
maintained  by  that  Government. 

12.000   COMING. 

ui  sent  us  last  year  over  10,000  immigrants.     This  year  there  will  be  12,000. 
•iini:  to  l>r.  Gulick.     Each  immigrant  comes  bearing  Japan's  passport  and  her 
word  as  a  gentleman  that  the  newcomer  is  not  a  laborer. 

•  of  them  will  be  found  at  labor,  skilled  and  unskilled,  within  a  few  weeks 
after  they  step  ashore. 

Japan  may  class  them  as  dilettanti  for  passport  purposes,  but  they  are  laborers 
in  fact  or  intent  before  they  start,  because  of  the  chance  of  earning  here  from  five  to 
ten  times  what  they  can  in  Japan.  Our  officials  admit  them  presumably  because 
there  is  no  evidence  to  disprove  Japan's  assurance. 

50,000  "NONLABORERS." 

Since  Japan  passed  her  word  as  a  gentleman  in  this  matter  in  1907  there  have  set- 
tled in  California  alone  about  50,000  Japanese,  duly  certified  as  nonlaborers. 

The  number  is  ascertained  by  comparing  California's  Japanese  population  in  1907 
and  191s.  and  making  allowance  for  the  recorded  births  and  deaths  in  that  interval. 

It  is  comparatively  easy  for  any  investigator  to  satisfy  himself  that  most  of  these 
immigrants  secured  places  at  once  as  laborers,  and,  with  exception  of  those  who  grad- 
:  into  bosses,  have  been  laborers  since. 

Of  those  who  did  not  labor  the  greater  part  went  into  gainful  occupations  that, 
directly  or  indirectly,  displaced  white  residents  and  American  citizens. 

PICTURE    BRIDES. 

In  less  than  five  years  past  Japan  has  sent  over  20,323  "picture  brides."  of  which 
number  all  but  6,864  came  to  the  mainland.  Most  of  these  picture  brides  are  laborers, 
doing  a  man's  work  in  field  or  shop,  and  incidentally  bearing  children,  frequently 
at  the  rate  of  one  per  year. 

ALL    VIOLATIONS. 

Every  Japanese  who  came  to  this  country  since  the  date  of  the  agreement  in  1907, 
and  who  has  earned  his  livelihood  by  labor  since,  scores  a  violation  of  the  agreement 
and  of  Japan's  word;  and  anyone  familiar  with  the  situation  knows  that  these  viola- 
tions are  already  numbered  by  the  tens  of  thousands. 

Japan's  bad  faith  and'Uncle  Sam's  blind  complaisance  have  made  a  scrap 
of  paper  of  the  gentlemen's  agreement. 

If  Japan  is  to  be  permitted  to  continue  sending  these  people  in  at  the  rate  of  12,000 
r  throiiirh  the  immigration  office,  and  unnumbered  others  across  the  border, 
let  us  at  least  cease  to  fool  ourselves  as  to  what  is  occurring  and  who  is  responsible 
therefor. 

WORSE    STILL. 

Xow.  as  to  the  remedy,  enticingly  offered  by  Sidney  Gulick  and  his  League  for 

ructive  Immigration  Legislation  in  his  proposed  percentage  plan  for  restri 
immigration.     Dr.  (iulick  explains — and  Herbert  Quick  accepts  the  explanation — 
that  as  Japan  is  faithfully  keeping  the  gentlemen's  agreement,  the  percentage  immi- 
gration plan  is  a  desirable  thing  because  the  Japanese  immigration  under  it  will  be 
less  than  under  the  present  agreement. 


118  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

A    PARALLEL. 

Assuming — for  the  moment  only — that  Japanese  immigration  under  the  Gulick 
plan  would  be  less,  the  plea  to  adopt  the  plan  is  a  piece  of  quiet  and  of  course  unin- 
tentional humor.  The  case  is  parallel  with  that  of  the  highway  robber  who,  having 
exacted  annual  tribute  of  $10,000  to  $12,000  in  violation  of  his  word  "as  a  gentleman," 
makes  a  proposition  to  his  victim  that  for  certain  valuable  concessions  and  considera- 
tions he  will  inaugurate  a  plan  under  which  he  claims  the  tribute  shall  be  much  less, 
though  it  will  really  be  more  in  a  short  while. 

WILL   JAPANIZE    US. 

In  the  present  case  the  consideration  demanded  is  the  permanent  acceptance  of 
the  Japanese  as  immigrants  and  citizens. 

The  plan  proposed,  too,  while  it  is  guaranteed  to  decrease  Japanese  immigration, 
\as  now  sent  in  violation  of  the  gentlemen's  agreement,  will  really  increase  it. 

THE  GULICK  TABLE  OF  RESULTS. 

The  Gulick  plan  proposes  to  restrict  the  immigration  from  any  race  in  any  year  to 
a  percentage,  say  10,  of  (or)  the  American-born  children  of  that  race,  according  to  the 
census  of  1920  when  the  figures  are  available,  and,  until  then,  according  to  the  census 
of  1910;  plus  (6)  the  naturalized  members  of  the  race  according  to  the  last  census; 
plus  ((?)  the  members  naturalized  since  such  census  (and  the  Bureau  of  Naturalization 
is  instructed  to  compile  and  furnish  such  data  annually). 

Tables  are  offered  in  support  of  the  contention  that  the  percentage  plan  would  per- 
mit less  Japanese  immigration  than  the  present  arrangement  with  Japan.  But  these 
tables  deal  only  with  the  past,  showing  that  if  the  proposed  measure  had  been  adopted 
in  1910  the  highest  annual  "allotment"  to  Japan  between  1910  and  1918  would  have 
been  5,800,  while  the  average  immigration  was  greater,  being  10,000  in  1918. 

In  addition.  Dr.  Gulick  in  the  New  York  Independent  of  May  10,  1919,  claimed  that 
the  Japanese  immigration  under  his  plan  would  be  40  per  cent  less  in  1935  than  had 
entered  the  United^  States  in  1917,  i.e.,  40  per  cent  less  than  8,991.  say  5,400. 

Gulick's  tables,  however,  avoid  showing  results  under  the  plan  in  future  years; 
and  no  mention  is  made  of  the  fact  that  the  bill  provides  for  admissions  outside  the 
"allotment,"  which  would  multiple  that  allotment  several  fold. 

WHAT   WILL    REALLY   HAPPEN', 

Let  us  assume  that  the  bill  will  be  passed  by  Congress  this  year,  and  see  what  the 
future  would  have  in  store  for  us.  The  Japanese  allotment  for  "each  of  the  years  1919, 
1920,  and  1921  would  be,  in  rough  numbers,  2,500,  being  10  per  cent  of  the  native- 
born  Japanese,  according  to  the  census  of  1910. 

In  1922  the  figures  for  the  census  ef  1920  would  be  available,  and  based  on  a  native- 
born  population  in  1920  of  75,000  (easily  demonstrable  by  statistics  and  the  birth  rate), 
the  Japanese  allotment  would  jump  at  once  to  7,500. 

In  1923  the  allotment  would  receive  its  first  addition  from  the  naturalized  element, 
as  it  would  take  five  years  for  aliens  to  receive  final  papers.  If  it  be  assumed  that 
50  per  cent  of  the  acfult  Japanese  now  under  the  American  flag  could  and  would 
qualify  for  citizenship,  this  factor  would  be  100,000,  and  10,000  would  be  added  to 
the  annual  allotment,  making  it  17,500. 

If  it  be  assumed  that  only  20  to  25  per  cent  would  qualify,  the  factor  would  be  50,000, 
and  5,000  would  be  added  to  the  allotment,  making  the  total  12,500.  Even  in  this 
case  the  allotment  would  be  in  excess  of  the  high  mark  of  actual  immigration  for  1918, 
or  of  that  estimated  for  1919. 

It  may  be  said  in  passing,  however,  that  a  race  demanding  American  citizenship, 
which  fails  to  qualify  at  least  50  per  cent  of  those  here,  after,  five  years'  residence,  is 
not  good  material  for  citizenship;  they  are  here  for  their  profit,  and  not  for  our  benefit; 
and  if  they  will  not  make  good  citizens,  they  are  undesirable  as  immigrants  and  per- 
manent residents. 

"ALLOTMENT"  ONLY  A  PART  OF  IMMIGRATION. 

But  the  allotment  is  only  a  small  measure  of  the  immigration  which  must  be  ad- 
mitted under  the  provisions  of  the  Gulick  bill.  Every  immigrant  who  comes  in  and 
every  one  now  here  is  entitled  to  bring,  or  send  for, 'a  wife  (and  "picture  brides" 
are  wives  under  Japan's  procedure)  and  certain  relatives;  and  "students,"  who 
may  turn  at  once  to  labor,  and  those  who  claim  to  be  objects  of  religious  persecution 
must  be  admitted,  without  limit  or  restriction. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  119 

•aai  tin-  "allotment"  may  be  only  one-half,  or  one-quarter,  or  i-\»-u  a  smaller 
rtion  of  the  actual  immigration  for  the  year,  and  tin.-  Japam-s"  inundation  in 
miirht  br  anywhere  between  :-.n.O<»)  and  75.000. 

>leadinur  Tabl.-~  and  .~'a'<-iiH  n:-  ciaiinii:Lr  !<•>>  immigration  under  the  per- 
.un  than  und<-r  th<  "111.  have  been  published  for  two 

h;le  the  authori/t  d  \rrsions  of  the  proposed  bill  given  out  at  the  sum- 
time  contained  tlie  provisions  above  noted  and  others.     Within  the  past  few  v 
under  public  criticism,  modification  of  some  of  these  provisions  has  been  made,  but 
their  in  the  original  bill  sufficiently  indicates  the  intent  of  the  authors 

thei 

THE    GREAT   MENACE — NONASSIMILATION    AND    BIRTH    RATE. 

The  real  menace  in  Japanese  immigration  is  found  in  three  elements.     The  Japanese 
do  not  intermarry  with  the  whites  and  are  never  assimilated;  they  have  a  birth  rate 
greatly  in  excess  "of  the  average  in  this  country;  and  the  white  race  can  not  face  them 
uomic  competition. 

The  Japanese  birth  rate  per  thousand  in  Sacramento  City  and  elsewhere  in  * 
fornia  where  opportunity  for  comparison  exists  is  five  time's  as  great  as  that  of  the 
white  population,  as  shown  by  State  board  of  health  records. 

In  Los  Angeles  County,  the 'most  populous  county  in  the  State,  the  Japanese  births 
for  the  month  of  May,  1919,  outside  of  the  incorporated  cities,  were  one-third  as  many 
as  the  white  births  in  those  districts.  (Los  Angeles  Times,  June  30,  1919.)  The 
suburban  and  county  population  of  Los  '>>unty  is  large. 

In  San  Joaquin  County  during  the  six  months  endi'ns  July  1,  1919,  there  were 

rths.     Of  this  number  113  were  to  native-born  American  parents,  104  were  to 

•rnaining  65  to  European  foreigners.     There  were  178  white  births 

and  245  deaths:  and  104  Japanese  births  and  only  17  deaths,  i.  e.,  the  deaths  among 

the  v.  !  the  births  by  -10  per  cent;  the  deaths  among  the  Japanese  were 

only  one-sixth  of  the  births.     (Stockton  Record,  July  19,  1919.) 

The  actual  nu  Japanese  immigrants  therefore  does  not  afford  an  adequate 

idea  of  the  danger  that  their  comiii.  for  this  country.     The  number,  however 

small,  concentrates  in  a  ulities,  thus  making  their  numbers  and  their 

racial  <  ha:  :i«-mic  competition  they  displace  the  whites. 

f  their  race  come  in,  other  localities  are  selected  and  the  same  plan  fol- 
lowed. 

Europeans,  even  of  objectionable  peoples,  would  intermarry  and  in  time  be  assimi- 
lated, but  the  Japanese,  never. 

It  is  evident  with  these  racial  characteristics  and  economic  advantages,  and  their 
overwhelming  birth  rate,  it  would  require  only  time  for  a  few  hundred  thousand 
Japanese  t  millions  of  Americans.  Even  the  handicap  of  a  small  naturalized 

population  at  first  would  only  delay  the  inevitable  result  under  the  percentage  im- 
.tion  plan,  while  the  advocate's  of  that  plan  insist  it  would  keep  the  Japanese 
proportion  down  permanently. 

Make  a  table  showing  the  ••allotments"  and  birth  and  population  statistics  for  20 
-  under  the  percentage  plan,  for  the  Japanese  and  any  other  race,  conceding 
that  the  Japanese  at  the  start  have  only  one-twentieth  as  many  naturalized  citizens 
other  race,  but  their  birth  rate  is  five  times  as  great. 

In  20  years,  the  Japanese  annual  births  will  equal  their  annual  immigration  allot- 
ment, and  that  20-to-l  proportion,  notwithstanding  the  comparatively  small  Jap- 
anese allotment,  will  show  each  five  years  a  slow  decrease  as  to  immigrants,  and  a 
rapid  decrease  as  to  total  population. 

WHAT    WILL    HAPPEN    IN    25    YEARS. 

L'nder  the  Gulick  plan  the  Japanese  will  steadily  gain  on  any  and  all  races  which 
send  over  im.ru  ~e  the  allotment  factor  of  their  native  born  under 

the  1920  census  will  represent  a  greater  proportion  of  their  naturalized  citizens  than 
will  be  the  case  with  any  other  race:  and,  second,  because  those  who  find  admission 
will  reproduce  much  more  rapidly  than  the  immigrants  of  any  other  race. 

To  demonstrate  mathematically  that  the  percentage  plan  will  materially  increase 
even  the  present  Japanese  immigration  unfairly  sent  to  us  under  violation  ot  the 
"gentlemen's  agreement,"  I  have  prepared  a  table  along  the  lines  followed  by  Or. 
Gulick,  but  showing  what  he  does  not  show — the  results  of  the  next  2">  years,  i 
gress  should  adopt  the  plan  this  year. 

That  the  plan  might  have  every  reasonable  chance  consistent  with  the  facts,  to 
make  a  good  showing,  the  table  is  based  on  the  following  assumptions:  That  all  pro- 


120  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

visions  allowing  immigration  in  excess  of  the  annual  "allotment,"  will  be  stricken 
from  the  bill;  that  only  50,000  Japanese  will  qualify  for  citizenship  five  years  hence; 
that  of  the  new  immigrants  coming  in  each  year,  two-fifths  only  will  qualify  at  the 
end  of  five  years'  residence;  that  the  native-born  Japanese  under  the  census  of  1920 
will  number  75,000;  that  the  total  Japanese  population  in  the  United  States  in  1923 
will  be  only  300,000,  and  that  the  annual  increase  in  population  due  to  excess  of 
births  over  deaths,  will  be  2  per  cent  (the  present  record  in  California  is  nearly  4  per 
cent). 

And  this  is  what  the  table  shows.  The  total  Japanese  immigration  admitted  under 
the  allotment  for  each  of  the  years  1919,  1920,  and  1921,  will  be  only  2,500.  In  1922 
there  will  be  7,500;  in  1923,  12,600  (7,500  plus  5,100);  in  1933,  16,316  (7,500  plus 
8,816);  in  1943,  22,987  (7,500  plus  15,487). 

The  partial  increase  of  population  measured  by  births  less  deaths  will  be,  in  1923, 
6,000;  in  1933,  9,800;  in  1943,  16,100. 

The  total  annual  net  increase  in  population,  measured  by  the  last  two  factors,  will 
be  18,600  in  1923  and  39,000  in  1943. 

The  total  Japanese  population  of  the  United  States  will  be — at  the  end  of  1923 — 
318,600;  at  the  end  of  1933,  542,000;  at  the  end  of  1943,  875,000. 

Present  conditions  justify  the  prediction  that  most  of  this  population  will  be  cen- 
tered in  the  Pacific  Coast  States,  and  that  one-half  to  two-thirds  will  be  in  Cali- 
fornia. That  number  of  Japanese  will  go  far  toward  owning  those  States,  economi- 
cally speaking,  and  Japanese  immigration  in  the  years  following  can  take  possession 
in  turn  of  the  more  favored  of  the  remaining  States,  until  all  that  seem  worth  while 
to  discriminating  Japanese  taste  have  been  fully  colonized. 

LOOKING    AHEAD   100   YEARS. 

But  let  us  look  still  further  ahead  into  the  future.  Twenty-five  years  should  be 
but  as  a  month  in  the  life  of  a  great  nation  like  ours.  Under  the  percentage  plan  for 
restricting  immigration,  our  Japanese  population  will  have  increased  nearly  three- 
fold in  20  years  from  1923.  To  be  exact,  the  increase  is  266  percent,  the  native-born 
under  the  1920  census,  a  fixed  annual  amount,  contributing  50  per  cent,  and  the 
other  216  per  cent  being  composed  of  the  naturalized  element  of  the  annual  allotment, 
plus  the  annual  births,  and  less  the  deaths — a  constantly  increasing  amount. 

At  that  same  rate  in  40  years  from  1923,  the  Japanese  population  of  the  United 
States  under  operation  of  the  Gulick  plan  would  be,  in  round  figures,  2,000,000;  in 
80  years,  10,000,000;  in  140  years,  100,000,000;  in  160  years,  216,000,000. 

Long  before  then  the  white  race  would  have  succumbed  in  the  economic  compe- 
tition and  the  world's  glorious  Republic  would  have  become  a  Province  of  Japan. 

The  objection  will  be  made  to  these  tables  that  the  ratio  of  increase  used  in  pre- 
paring them  will  not  be  maintained;  that  if  it  were,  the  Japanese  population  of  the 
United  States  in  a  few  hundred  years  would  run  into  billions. 

It  is  undoubtedly  true  that  the  ratio  used  will  not  permanently  maintain.  Those 
who  have  made  close  study  of  this  subject  say  that  the  birth  rate  of  a  race  decreases 
with  higher  standards  of  living  and  adaptation  to  western  civilization;  but  they  also 
say  that  in  a  case  of  the  kind  under  consideration  the  invading  race  maintains  a 
superior  birth  rate  at  least  until  the  invaded  race  has  succumbed  through  economic 
competition  or  force  of  arms. 

In  my  tables  there  has  been  used  a  ratio  which  is  only  one-half  of  the  present  ratio 
of  natural  increase  of  the  Japanese  in  California.  The  ratio  in  Hawaii  is  about  the 
same  as  in  California.  That  half  ratio,  augmented  by  immigration,  doubles  the 
population  in  20  years.  In  Japan  at  present  the  population  without  immigration 
doubles  in  about  50  years  it  is  said. 

If  the  Japanese  continue  to  come  into  the  United  States  the  rate  of  increase  here 
will  not  drop  to  the  present  standard  of  Japan  for  many  generations  in  all  probability. 

The  reasons  are  that  90  per  cent  of  those  admitted  here  in  the  past  20  years  were 
between  14  and  44  years  of  age.  They  were  in  the  vigor  of  life  and,  with  imported 
"picture  bride,"  and  with  the  incentive  of  citizenship  for  native-born  children, 
established  a  high  birth  rate.  The  clearly  defined  policy  of  Japan  in  "peaceful 
penetration"  of  this  country  will  continue  to  send  over  the  same  class  of  immigrants 
who  will  rapidly  reproduce  and  conditions  here  as  to  land  ownership  and  control  will 
encoarage  such  increase.  The  continued  influx  of  this  vigorous  element  alone  would 
maintain  here  a  higher  birth  rate  than  in  Japan,  and  when  the  Japanese  birth  rate 
heve  drops  to  the  standard  in  Japan  or  even  lower  it  will  still  be  far  above  the  average 
T.nite  birth  rate  here. 

So  that  at  best  all  that  critics  of  these  figures  can  hope  for  is  that  the  final  collapse 
of  the  American  Republic  under  the  proposed  percentage  immigration  plan  may  be 
postponed  a  generation  or  two. 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND  COLONIZATION.  121 

•   the  genilemi-n's  agreement  as  now  operated  by  Japan  \\  ill  In- slower 
tit  luit  equally  certain  in  the  end. 
This  is  the  situation  which  we  face.     What  is  the  remedy? 

WK    HAVK    THKKK    A  I.T  K  U  N  ATI  VES. 

i.ert  Quick  lias  properly  sensed  the  importance  of  the  Japanese  problem  to  the 
i-Mii  people.  I',m  he  did  not,  apparently,  have  the  information  which  would 
-down  him  th«-  ravity  of  The  existing  situation  and  the  danger  tha 

either  in  a  continuance  of  present  conditions  or  in  the  adoption  of  the  plan  proposed 

r  Constructive  Immigration  legislation. 

.ire  made  plain  by  the  facts  and  figures  contained  in  this  article  and 
the  :  >'diug  ones  published  last  month. 

At   present,  apparently,  there  are  three  alternative  courses  open  to  the  United 

•his  matter.     It  may  either: 

1.  Continue  the  present  arrangement  and  permit  Japan  to  send  us  a  steady  and 
:n  of  Japanese  labor  under  cover  of  the  gentlemen's  agreement,  though 
in  tlairrant  violation  of  its  express  terms;  or, 

i  Replace  the  gentlemen's  agreement  by  the  Gulick  League  plan  for  restricting 
immigration  upon  a  percentage  basis  and  incidentally  insuring  Asiatics  admission  to 
the  country  as  immigrants  and  citizens  in  a  guaranteed  proportion;  or, 

3.  Cancel  the  gentlemen's  agreement  and  join  Canada  and  Australia  in  barring 
Japanese  and  all  undesirable  Asiatics  from  citizenship  or  permanent  residence  in  the 
country  as  a  measure  of  protection  for  the  white  race  and  American  institutions. 

OF   THE    PRESENT   PLAN. 

It  has  been  shown  that  under  the  present  plan  the  Japanese  population  in  this  coun 
try  has  multiplied  sixfold  since  1900,  while  the  Chinese  population  has  decreased  over 
one-half;  that  the  Japanese  births  in  California  multiplied  twentyfold  in  the  past  12 
that  the  Japanese  birth  rate  per  thousand  in  communities  in  that  State  is  five 
times  as  great  as  that  of  the  whites;  that  in  industries  and  entire  communities  whites 
have  been  displaced  by  Japanese,  who  by  concentration  make  their  numbers  count; 
that  California  sees  ahead  of  her  the  fate  of  Hawaii,  which  already  is  hopelessly 
Japanese;  that  the  Japanese  in  Hawaii  comprise  half  the  total  population  and  more 
than  four  times  that  of  any  other  race,  and  now  dominate  social  and  political  matt<  rs, 
while  in  a  comparatively  few  years  they  will  rule  the  territory  by  the  votes  of  native- 
born  Japanese  who  are  not  Americans  but  Japanese  in  sympathies,  ideals,  and  loyalt^: 
that  what  has  happened  in  Hawaii  and  is  steadily  progressing  in  California  will  be 
brought  about  inevitably  in  time  in  other  favored  portions  of  the  United  States  under 
continuance  of  existing  conditions  until  eventually  this  country  becomes  a  province 
of  Ja; 

coxs !•:«••  \DI:I:  (-UI.ICK  LEAGE  PLANS. 

So  far  as  concerns  the  second  alternative,  the  <  itilick  League  plan,  the  facts  presented 
show  that  it  promises  much  but  performs  little;  that  under  it  the  tide  of  Japanese 
immigration  coming  in  in  gross  violation  of  the  gentlemen's  agreement  would  not  be 
lessened  but  would  be  steadily  increased;  that  it  formally  indorses  as  desirable  immi- 
a  and  citizens  members  of  a  race  which  experience  has  shown  can  not  be  assimi- 
lated into  our  Nation  and  which  in  economic  com  petition  has  driven  the  white  race  to 
the  wall  wherever  the  two  have  met;  and  that  any  indorsement  of  the  plan  by  intelli- 
gent and  loyal  Americans  must  have  been  given  in  ignorance  of  these  facts  necessarily. 

THK  >N'    FLAX. 

The  plain  statement  of  the  case  should  remove  either  the  first  or  second  alternative 

-e  from  further  serious  consideration  by  the  country.     There  remains,  then,  the 

i  course — cancel  lat  ion  of  the  gentlemen's  agreement  and  absolute  exclusion  for  the 

future  of  Japanese  and  other  undesirable  or  economically  dangerous  Asiatics,  either 

as  immigrants  or  citizens. 

That  course  certainly  would  prevent  spread  of  the  evil,  so  far  as  spread  thereof  may 
be  legally  or  justly  |  I,  and  it  i-  .  as  shown  by  careful  consul- • 

of  the  situation,  the  onlv  method  by  which  any  adequate  remedy  may  be  applied.  ^ 
medy  will  fail  a  cure  in  Hawaii  for  many  generations,  if  it 

I  the  Paci  :iust  bear  t  the  burden 

placed  upon  them  by  the  bad  faith  of  Japan  and  the  blind  complaisance  of  Washington. 


122  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

As  Herbert  Quick  says,  this  Nation  has  the  right  and  power  to  protect  itself  in  this 
way.  There  are  only  two  arguments  that  have  been  or  can  be  oft ered  against  it,  and 
both  have  been  gently  urged  by  Dr.  Gulick  in  his  campaign  and  would  have  been 
pressed,  doubtless,  upon  the  House  Committee  on  Immigration  had  it,  in  compliance 
with  the  request  made,  held  executive  sessions  on  the  subject. 

THE    HURT  TO   JAPAN'S   PRIDE. 

One  argument  is  that  such  a  course  would  be  hurtful  to  the  pride  of  Japan,  a  friendly 
nation. 

Japan's  pride  can  be  hurt  only  if  it  insists  on  being  hurt  when  she  demands  and  is 
refused  an  unfair  and  unjust  thing  and  a  thing  which  she  in  turn  has  fairly  and  justly 
refused  to  other  nations  of  her  own  color — to  wit,  Korea  and  China. 

And  if  she  does  insist  on  feeling  humiliated,  or  so  declares,  shall  we  be  governed  in 
our  conduct  of  this  nation  by  the  false  pride,  even  of  a  friendly  power,  or  by  the 
unmistakable  requirements  of  our  own  safety? 

THE    MAILED    FIST. 

The  other  argument  is  that  if  Japan  resents  our  action  in  the  matter  the  peace  of 
the  world  may  be  disturbed,  meaning  that  the  United  States  may  have  to  go  to  war. 

Is  it  not  about  time  that  the  world,  and  particularly  the  United  States,  ceased  to 
accord  to  Japan  everything  she  demands,  just  or  unjust,  Bunder  the  threat,  sometimes 
veiled  and  sometimes  outspoken,  that  otherwise  she  will  not  play  in  our  back  yard 
and  may  even  throw  bricks  through  our  exposed  windows? 

What  kind  of  Americanism  is  it  that  demands  or  suggests  such  a  humiliating  national 
policy  whe.n  we  are  plainly  in  the  right  and  when  our  compliance  with  demands  or 
even  acceptance  of  existing  conditions  spells  certain  danger  and  possible  disaster  to 
the  American  home  and  American  institutions? 

Herbert  Quick  says,  referring  to  the  countries  of  Asia,  "We  simply  will  not  admit 
immigration  from  those  countries  freely,  no  matter  what  the  consequences." 

To  which  might  be  added:  "If  there  be  any  American  who,  after  careful  consider- 
ation of  the  facts  as  now  offered 'to  the  public,  favors  yielding  to  the  demands  or 
desires  of  Japan,  whether  presented  formally  through  her  own  representatives  or  in 
a  roundabout  way  through  some  of  our  misguided  or  misinformed  citizens,  let  him 
stand  up  and  be  counted." 

The  situation  calls  for  action — action  deliberate  and  tactful,  so  far  as  tact  does  not 
mean  delay  or  diversion  from  the  main  purpose— but,  above  all,  action  prompt  and 
decisive. 

JAPANESE  OR  AMERICANS? 

WHICH  SHALL  RULE  AND  OCCUPY  THE  UNITED  STATES  IN  YEARS  TO  COME? — A  COM- 
PENDIUM OF  FACTS  ALREADY  PUBLISHED. 

Under  the  title  of  "Indisputable  facts  and  figures  proving  California  will  become 
Japanized  unless  yellow  peril  stamped  out,"  the  December  number  of  the  Grizzly 
Bear,  official  organ  of  the  Native  Sons  and  Native  Daughters  of  the  Golden  West, 
publishes  the  following  article  by  V.  S.  McClatchy,  publisher  of  the  Bee: 

Position  and  privilege  carry  with  them  obligation  and  responsibility.  We,  who 
were  born  under  the  sunny  skies  of  California,  who  feel  and  profess  a  love  for  the 
glorious  State,  certainly  owe  her  support  and  protection  in  her  hour  of  need  and 
danger. 

The  Native  Sons  and  Native  Daughters  of  the  Golden  West,  who  have  sought  through 
their  organization  to  make  public  profession  of  the  love  and  fealty  that  is  in  them  can 
not  strive  in  a  better  cause  than  in  safeguarding  the  State's  future  freedom  from 
foreign  enslavement  and  in  insuring  to  their  children  and  to  their  children's  children 
the  enjoyment  of  California's  hills  and  valleys  in  the  glorious  years  to  come. 

And  when  the  same  danger  that  threatens  the  State  threatens  equally,  in  time,  the 
the  entire  Nation,  then  is  their  duty  as  Californians  reinforced  by  their  greater  duty 
as  Americans  to  meet  and  overcome  the  impending  peril. 

The  State  and  the  Nation  are  faced  now  by  such  a  danger.  It  has  already  developed 
within  our  State  and,  unless  opposed  and  conquered,  will  destroy  the  State  for  white 
occupation  within  a  comparatively  short  time  and  then  rapidly  extend  until  other 
States  and  all  States  eventually  succumb. 


JAPAN'KSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  123 

NOT   A    MATTER    OF    OPINION. 

n  under  existing  conditions  it  will  ho  a  matter  of  a  few  generations  only  before 
the  .1;  ill  have  so  increased  in  this  State  that,  with  the  advantages  possessed 

they  will  have  successfully  ousted  the  white  races 

from  desirable  indu.-tri' -s  and  from  all  desirable  localities,  as'has  been  done  already 
in  a  few  locations.  The  result  will  be  hastened  if  legislation  now  urged  in  Congress 
shall  be  passed. 

This  is  not  simply  the  expression  of  an  individual  opinion,  open  to  criticism  and 
possessing  no  weight  in  the  face  of  opposing  opinion;  it  is  the  statement  of  an  incontro- 
vertible fact,  mathematically  demonstrated  by  acknowledged  conditions  and  by 
ics  which  have  not  yet  been  contradicted  or  met,  though  they  were  first  pre- 
sented by  me  in  opposition  to  the  proposed  bill  of  Sidney  L.  Gulick  before  the  Con- 
gressional House  Immigration  Committee  in  June  of  this  year. 

It  is  a  so'irc.-  of  gratification,  therefore,  to  know  that  the  native  sons  and  native 
daughters  have  risen  already  to  the  occasion  and  launched  in  Los  Angeles  an  organiza- 
tion— the  Los  Angeles  County  Anti-Asiatic  Association — in  favor  of  Asiatic  exclusion, 
and  that  individual  parlors  of  these  orders  throughout  the  State  have  adopted  ringing 
resolution-  a-kinu:  their  congressional  Representatives  to  commence  remedial  measures. 

THE  REAL  ISSUE. 

The  brotherhood  of  man  and  the  golden  rule  are  appealed  to  by  those  who  would 
inun.l  dually  with  the  yellow  tide  from  Japan:  but  neither  principle  calls  for 

:rrender  by  the  white  race  of  their  favored  land  to  a  yellow  race  which  co~ 
because  it  offers  advantages  superior  to  those  which  can  be  found  elsewhere.     Remem- 
ber, always,  that  this  problem  in  its  final  analysis  is  simply.  "Shall  this  country  of 
ours  be  held  for  our  white  descendants,  or  shall  it  be  turned  over  to  the  Japanese,  that 
they  may  rule  those  descendants  as  they  rule  in  Korea  to-day?" 

Remember,  again,  that  there  is  involved  in  the  subject  no  question  as  to  racial 
equality,  no  reflection  upon  the  Japanese.     In  fact,  our  stand  upon  this  matter  in- 
cludes a  frank  admission  that  the  Japanese  are  so  much  our  superiors  in  certain  admira- 
•nomy.  indu-try,  and  discipline,  that,  coupled  with  their 
-  of  living,  they  would  drive  the  white  race  to  the  wall  in  open  economic 
com]-  ..I  that  this  di-a~ter  will  inevitably  follow  if  the  Japanese  are  admitted 

to  the  country,  or  to  certain  portions  thereof,  in  sufficient  numbers  to  make  their 
econ  'int. 

JAPAN"    MAKES    PRECEDENT. 

er,  too,  that  the  right  which  we  claim  of  protecting  our  people  and  our 
in-^tir  he  importation  of  cheap  labor  with  lower  standards  of  living  is  pre- 

the  right  claimed  and  exercised  by  Japan  herself,  not  withstanding  her  vociferous 
our  attitude  and  her  demand  for  "racial  equality."  as  a  ba«is  for 
free  ;'  -or  her  immigrants  to  the  United  States.  Canada,  and  Australia:  that 

under  Imperial  Ordinan<  •  Japan  does  not  admit,  and  never  has  admitted, 

the  che.ip  :  hina,  notwithstanding  it  is  also  yellow  in  color,  aii< ': 

publicly  that  r-he  excludes  the.^e  people  because  their  lower  standards  of  living  would 
make  their  competition  unfair  to  the  Japan ( 

It  i-  a-sumed  that  no  one  will  cuestion  the  propriety  of  the  principle?  outlined 
abov»  g  are  as  represented.  It  remains  only  to  present  tho<e 

Incidentally,  it  should  1  e  said  that  in  the  space  of  a  magazine  article  the  matter  can 
be  pr-  :  outline  only,  and  those  who  desire  fuller  explanations  and  details 

and  t  r-s  are  referred  to  statements  made  by  me  before  the  House  Immigra- 

nd   before  the   Senate   Immigration   Comn 

0,  of  this  year,  and  now  in  print:  or  to  my  published  articles  which  have 
•d  in  booklet  form. 

• ' TIIE  i . K NTI. i: \i K \ 's  AC, i; K E M EXT. " 

The  established  policy  of  the  United  Si  ainst  Asiatic  immigration,  l.e 

the  lower  standards  of  living  of  these  immigrants  and  their  possible  number  would 

ndanger  the  happiness  and  ]  of  our  people,  and  the  perpetuity 

of  our  institutions.     The  Chinese  are  kept  out  under  the  exclusion  act.     Japan  was 

touched  in  her  pride,  or  -aid  she  was.  by  having  her  laborers  excluded  by  law.  and 

offered  to  exclude  them  voluntarily  if  she  was  not  placed  in  the  same  category  with 

China.     Hence  the  "gentlemen's  agreement."  which  has  been  in  operation  since 

and  under  which  Japan,  it  was  understood,  would  restrict  immigration  of  Jap- 


124  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONISATION. 

anese  to  this  country  as  immigration  of  Chinese  was  restricted  by  law.  The  declared 
object  of  the  agreement  was  to  prevent  Japanese  laborers,  skilled  and  unskilled, 
coming  into  continental  United  States.  No  Japanese,  unless  born  under  the  American 
flag  in  Hawaii,  and  therefore  a  citizen,  may  enter  any  port  of  continental  United 
States  unless  he  carries  Japan's  passport,  which  is  in  effect  Japan's  word  as  a  "gentle- 
man "  that  the  immigrant  is  not  a  laborer,  and  does  not  come  to  labor. 

The  agreement  has  been  grossly  violated  by  Japan.  It  is  only  necessary  to  say  that 
the  Japanese  population  of  the  United  States  since  1900  has  increased  sixfold,  while 
the  Chinese  population  has  decreased  over  one-half;  and  Japan  was  to  have  secured 
under  the  agreement  results  as  to  the  Japanese  similar  to  those  secured  as  to  the 
Chinese  by  the  exclusion  act. 

So  that,  even  if  the  agreement  had  been  kept  in  good  faith,  it  has  failed  entirely  to 
accomplish  the  clearly  declared  purpose  for  which  it  was  entered  into,  and  should 
therefore  be  abrogated.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  could  have  accomplished  that  purpose 
had  Japan  acted  up  to  its  letter  and  its  spirit.  Under  that  agreement  as  now  operating 
it  would  require  only  a  few  generations  to  make  of  California  an  economic  principality 
of  Japan,  and  drive  Californians  to  other  States,  where,  in  time,  they  would  have  to 
succumb  to  the  ever-increasing  yellow  tide  from  Japan. 

MANY  JAPANESE    COMING. 

From  10,000  to  12,000  Japanese  immigrants  are  coming  in  each  year  under  this 
agreement;  and  most  of  them  are  at  labor  within  a  few  weeks  after  their  arrival,  while 
others  go  into  gainful  occupations  which  displace  whites. 

The  Japanese  population  of  California  by  immigration  has  increased  about  50,000 
since  1907,  when  the  agreement  was  made,  and  most  of  these  immigrants  are  laborers. 
Each  laborer  forms  a  separate  violation  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement." 

"Picture  brides"  have  been  imported  at  the  rate  of  over  4,000  a  year  for  the  past 
five  years,  most  of  them  being  laborers  and  performing  the  work  of  men  in  field  or 
shop,  in  addition  to  bearing  children,  at  the  rate  usually  of  one  a  year.  In  1918  the 
total  Japanese  immigration  was  10,168,  of  which  over  one-half,  5,347,  were  females. 
In  1900  in  the  United  States  there  were  25  male  Japanese  to  1  female.  In  1910  there 
were  7  males  to  1  female.  At  present  it  is  estimated  that  the  proportion  is  about 
3tol. 

" PICTURE  BRIDES"  AS  LABORERS. 

The  "picture  bride,"  when  she  is  a  laborer,  is  a  direct  violation  of  the  "gentlemen's 
agreement."  (As  a  mother,  she  is  a  cunning  subterfuge  for  evading  the  intent  of  the 
agreement  and  increasing  the  Japanese  population  of  the  United  States^)  Notwith- 
standing the  fact  that  the  Japanese  females  are  outnumbered  by  the  males  in  this 
country  about  3  to  1,  while  among  the  white  races  the  sexes  are  about  equal  in 
number,  the  biirth  rate  per  thousand  among  the  Japanese  in  Sacramento  and  other 
cities  in  California  is  five  times  as  great  as  among  the  white  population . 

In  the  10  years  following  the  adoption  of  the  agreement  Japanese  births  in  this 
State  multiplied  twentyfold.  Last  year  they  numbered  4,365.  The  Chinese  births 
in  California  are  less  than  one-tenth  of  the  Japanese,  and  their  death  rate  is  twice  as 
large  as  the  birth  rate.  The  Japanese  birth  rate  is  between  four  and  five  times  as 
great  as  their  death  rate. 

MANY  JAPANESE    ARE    NATIVES. 

There  are  in  California  about  25,000  Japanese  native  sons  and  daughters,  each  one 
claiming  the  right  to  hold  land  through  a  guardian,  and  many  of  them  utilized  for  that 
purpose. 

Los  Angeles  is  the  most  populous  county  in  the  State,  and  in  that  county  in  May, 
1919,  outside  of  incorporated  cities,  the  number  of  Japanese  births  was  one-third  of 
the  aggregate  births  among  all  white  races,  as  noted  in  the  Los  Angeles  Times  of  June 
30,  1919. 

In  Sacramento  County,  outside  of  Sacramento  city,  in  1918  the  Japanese  births  ex- 
ceeded the  white  births.  The  1910  census  showed  eight  times  as  many  whites  as 
Japanese  in  that  district. 

WHAT   JAPANESE    PRESS    URGES. 

Since  my  articles  have  called  attention  to  thsee  matters  there  has  been  continuous 
comment  in  the  Japanese  newspapers  of  the  State.  One  of  them  published  in  San 
Francisco  urged  the  Japanese  to  import  as  many  "picture  brides"  and  secure  as  much 
California  land  as  possible  before  restrictive  measures  are  adopted  by  the  State  or 
the  Nation. 


JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  125 

INCKK  \^i:  OK  j.\i  MM;  CONDITIONS. 

The  o'licial  ligme-:  presented  above  will  propa»v  the  reader  to  consider  seriously    and 

lit  th.>  astounding  statement  that  table-  can-fully  compiled,  show  that  under 

«-\isiiii-  COD  litione  'he  .Japanese  population  <-•!'  this  count  TV  will  increase  so  rapidly 

'i'i;is  thov  \\ill  drive  the  whites  out  of  California,  and  in  much 

uitod  States  as  a  principality  of  Japan,  the  .  \meii- 

ndants  outnumbered,  dtiven  to  the  wall  through  economic  com- 

p'-tiiion,  and  K 

GULICK    PLAN    MKANS    QBEAT    INFL1 

ler  the  (iulick  plan,  a«  urged  upon  Congress,  the  Japanese  immigration  would  be 

in  a  few  yea's  beyond  the  present   (inures.     Careful  tables  of  increase  of 

<  in  the  I'nited  ^t.-ies  under  that  plan,  and  assuming  that  the 

3  i'f  binh-  ::s  will  be  only  one-half  of  that  now  shown,  place  the  total  in 

;,000;  in  L943  at  S7r>,OOM:  in  1003  at  2,000,000;  in  2003  at 

,000. 

Examination  "t  results  secured  by  Japanese  colonization  in  Hawaii  and  California 

\M!!  oor.vinee  anyone  that  los  'lie  last   date  named  the  whites  would  have 

driven  to  the  w.ill  either  bv  ec- ononiic  competition  or  by  force  of  arms,  and  that 

'iiblie  would  h-.ive  become  an  appendage  of  Japan.     T'nder 

..-ill  lemon's  agreement,"  as  now  working,  the  result  would  be 

e<|uallv  certain,  but  it  might  take  a  little  longer. 

.-nieiit  would  have  been  laughed  at.     Remember,  today,  that  the 

••.rures  upon  which  it  is  based  have  been  before  the  American  public  and  be- 

'•10  House  ( 'or.n.iittee  on  Immigration  since  June  of  this  year  and  neither  Sidney 

Hc'v  nor  any  other  champion  of  the  Japanese,  or  of  the  policy  of  opening  our  ports 

.".'Hpt-d  to  disprove  their  corrects 

A    NONASSIMILABLE    RACE. 

The  numbers  of  the  Japanese  and  the  manner  in  which  they  will  inevitablv  increase 
in  this  country  form  but  one  factor,  however,  in  the  menace  which  they  offer. 

They  do  n^j,  assimilate.     The  melting  pot  does  not  affect  them  as  it  does  in  time  the 

refract(^Lof  the  European  races.     They  remain  always  Japanese.     They  main- 

t-.iin  their  racwl purity  more  jealously  than  any  other  race  Vhich  comes  to  our  shores. 

rve  their  ideals,  their  customs,  their  language,  their  loyalty  to  Japan,  even 

i)  --I1  here,  pirtly  because  Japan  never  ceases  to  hold  them  as  Japanese  citizens, 

and  partly  bora  use  they  are  taught  in  Japanese  schools  by  Japanese  teachers  who 

frequently  speak  no  English,  and  have  no  sympathy  with  American  ideals.     It  is  a 

dangerous  experiment  to  attempt  to  make  good  American  citizens  of  such  material. 

ILLUSTRATKD    IN     HAWAII. 

The  nature  of  this  problem  is  well  illustrated  in  Hawaii.     Concerning  the  lesson 
idney  L.  Gulick  himself  declared  in  1914,  in  his  pamphlet  "Hawaii's 
lean-Japanese  problem": 

"If.  as  Asiatics, they  maintain  their  traditional  conceptions  of  God,  nature,  and  man; 
le  and  female;  of  husband  and  wife;  of  parent  and  child;  of  ruler  and  ruled;  of 
,'nd  the  individual,  the  permanent  maintenance  in  Hawaii  of  American 
d"  Qocracy,  American  homes,  and  American  liberty  is  impossible." 

The  standards  of  living  of  the  Japanese  are  much  lower  than  ours.     Unless  we  are 

willii  IS  hours  a  day,  to  foiogo  recreation  and  pleasure,  and  the 

:  American  homos,  and  to  fur  <•  our  women  slave  in  the  fields,  and  inci- 

"•n  it  is  hopeless  for  us  to  attempt  economic  competition 

with  the  Japanese.     Iu  -^uch  a  competition  in  this  country  the  white  race,  even  the 
indu-itri.iii  kinurim!  Europe,  must  inevitablv  go  to  the  wall. 

CONTKNTKATK    TUKIH     XI" MI',! 

The  Japanese  do  not  distribute  tl  throughout  the  country  so  as  to  make  a 

weak  solution  of  Japanese  in  a  great  reservoir  e,f  Americans.  They  concentrate  their 
numbers  in  those  localities  and  industries  where  most  profit  can  be  secured  with 
"ffort  and  least  discomfort,  and  have  &  cooperation  which  is  more  effective  than 
that  shown  by  any  American  labor  union.  In  this  State,  for  instance,  there  are,  say, 
100,000  Japanese  'in  a  total  population  of  3,600,000,  but  three-quarters  of  that  100,000 


126  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND   COLONIZATION. 

are  found  in  7  of  our  58  counties,  and  concentrated  generally  in  a  few  favored  localities 
in  those  counties. 

Under  such  policy,  and  with  their  economic  advantages  and  the  assistance  received 
from  their  Government  through  banks  and  commissions,  it  is  comparatively  easy  to 
conquer  one  district,  drive  the  whites  therefrom,  and  let  newcomers  concentrate  in 
other  localities.  So,  in  time,  the  favored  spots  of  the  State  must  succumb — and, 
unless  the  remedy  is  applied,  the  favored  spots  of  other  States. 

THREE    ELEMENTS    OF    MENACE. 

Here  are  before  us,  then,  the  three  elements  which  make  Japanese  immigration 
such  a  grave  danger  to  the  country: 

First.  They  do  not,  and  perhaps  never  will,  assimilate. 

Second.  They  have  a  birth  rate  so  much  greater  than  the  whites  that  time  only 
would  be  necessary  for  them  to  outnumber  the  whites  in  communities  to  which  they 
are  admitted. 

Third.  Their  low  standards  of  living,  cooperation,  and  thrift  give  them  advantages 
in  economic  competition  against  which  it  is  hopeless  for  whites  to  compete. 

HAWAII   CONTROLLED    BY   JAPANESE. 

Let  us  glance,  now,  at  what  the  Japanese,  because  of  the  factors  named,  have 
already  accomplished  under  the  American  flag.  A  brief  outline  of  the  facts,  coupled 
with  the  undisputed  figures  as  to  the  rate  at  which  their  numbers  will  increase  under 
existing  conditions,  furnishes  conclusive  reply  to  those  who  insist  that  the  danger  is 
a  fancied  and  not  a  real  one,  and  that  we  can  afford  to  wait  until  it  matures  further. 

Hawaii  is  under  the  American  flag,  but  it  has  been  practically  conquered  by  the 
Japanese.  Half  the  entire  population  of  the  Territory  is  now  Japanese,  and  they 
number  four  times  as  many  as  those  of  any  other  race.  They  boast  in  their  news- 
papers that  by  the  votes  of  native-born  Japanese  they  will  hold  the  balance  of  power 
as  between  Republicans  and  Democrats  before  1933,  and  it  is  equally  certain  that 
within  a  generation  they  will  outvote  a  combination  of  all  other  races  in* the  Territory. 
Their  influence  is  already  so  great,  in  advance  of  the  actual  voting  strength,  that  they 
defeated  a  bill  before  the  Territorial  legislature  in  June  of  this  year  which  would  have 
forced  teachers  in  Japanese  and  other  foreign-language  schools  to  know  enough  of  the 
English  language  and  American  civics  and  history  to  teach  the  young  American 
citizens  some  of  their  duties  and  obligations.  The  Japanese  teachers  do  not  fulfill 
these  requirements. 

The  Japanese  naturally  control  a  number  of  industries  in  Hawaii,  in  which  white 
or  native  labor  was  formerly  employed. 

CALIFORNIA   FOLLOWING   HAWAII. 

What  has  already  happened  in  Hawaii  is  now  in  progress  in  California.  Look  at 
Florin  and  Walnut  Grove,  in  Sacramento  County,  and  various  communities  in  the 
Sacramento  and  San  Joaquin  Valleys,  where  the  white  population  has  already  been 
displaced.  Look  at  the  orchard  districts  now  largely  dominated  by  Japanese,  at 
blocks  of  thousands  of  acres  now  being  colonized  by  them;  note  their  increased  owner- 
ship of  land  through  dummy  corporations  and  native-born  Japanese  under  guardians; 
see  their  increased  control  of  the  rice  fields;  consider  the  Imperial  Valley;  recall  en- 
tire districts  in  the  fine  residence  portion  of  San  Francisco  and  other  cities  from  which 
the  whites  have  been  driven.  Will  we  heed  the  lesson? 

In  Oregon  a  large  tract  of  11,000  acres  has  just  been  purchased  by  Japanese,  on 
which  these  people  will  concentrate  for  growth  of  garden  truck,  largely  potatoes. 

A    NATIONAL    PROBLEM. 

In  Seattle,  47  per  cent  of  all  hotels  and  lodging  houses,  including  the  big,  preten- 
tious hotels,  are  owned  by  the  Japanese,  and  a  corresponding  number  of  restaurants, 
garages,  commission  houses,  and  small  business  enterprises. 

In  the  Hood  River  apple  district  of  Oregon  they  have  already  secured  control  of  a 
large  percentage  of  the  orchards.  In  Colorado  they  own  practically  the  Rocky  Ford 
melon  business,  with  control  of  85  per  cent  of  the  district  and  the  crop. 

It  should  be  apparent  to  the  intelligent  investigator  that  what  has  already  happened 
in  Hawaii  is  now  taking  place  in  California;  that  unless  drastic  remedies  are  at  once 
applied  existing  conditions  will  in  a  comparatively  short  time  produce  here  such 
results  as  are  noted  there;  that  other  favored  sections  of  the  Pacific  Coast  States  will 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  127 

suffer  in  turn;  and  gradually,  as  the  incoming  yellow  fide  increases,  first  the  most 
favored  di-  tlu-r  Stato  must  succumb,  and  ultimately  all  desirable  portions 

of  all  Sia 

Tin-  problem,  therefore,  is  not  a  California  problem,  or  even  a  Pacific  coast  problem, 
but  a  national  problem.     Adequate  relief  can  come  only  from  the  1'cderal  Govern- 
ment, which  has.  unwittingly,  imposed  the  burden  upon  us  and  blindly  permitted 
grow. 

PROPA<;AM>A    KOI:   IXCHKASK  or  TIIK    i 

:»roof  of  the  necessity  for  immediate  action  and  continued  vigilance  in  the 
matter,  it  should  be  remembered  that  for  over  five  years  Japan  conducted  a  wonder- 
ful propaganda  in  the  United  Stales,  through  Sidney  L.  Gulick,  for  the  purpose  of 
•  •I'  all  Asiatics  to  tins  country  as  immigrants  and  citizens  on  the 
i'.uropraiis.  and  taking  away  from  the  States  any  authority  in  handling 
matters  in  connection  with  the  rights  of  aliens. 

Git'  lent  of  that  policy  from  the  Federal  Council  of  the  Churches 

of  Christ  in  America,  the  most  powerful  church  federation  in  the  country,  comprising 
over  100. 000  ehurehe-  and  17. 000. 000  members,  and  was  employed  by  the  council 
under  salary  w!  :  due  ted  his  propaganda. 

;ir  or  more  ago.  the  League  for  Constructive  Immigration  Legisla- 
tion, for  the  ostensible  purpose  of  pro-  morican  citizenship  by  restricting 
undesirable  immigration,  and  secured  the  names  of  nearly  1.000  prominent  Americans 
in  the  various  iie  1'nion  as  sponsors  for  the  league.  He  formulated  a  bill 
which  he  pie.-eiited  in  the  name  of  the  league  to  the  House  Committee  on  Immigration 
in  June  of  this  year,  which  bill  proposed  to  safeguard  immigration  by  limiting  it  to  a 
percentage  of  those  various  races  who  now  claim,  or  may  hereafter  claim,  American 
citizenship. 

HOU  -  ;,    WORK. 

Incidentally,  however,  that  bill  was  a  framework  in  which  reposed  his  main  objec- 
tive— throwing  open  our  ports  to  the  admission  of  Asiatics  as  immigrants  and  citizens. 
As  before  stated,  the  bill  would  permit  the  admission  of  more  Japanese  than  now  come 
in  under  the  violations  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreement."  And  under  its  provisions, 
too,  we  could  not  admit  one  Belgian,  Spaniard,  or  Portuguese  unless  we  admitted 
from  1:  nor  1  Chinaman  unless  we  admitted  10  Japanese. 

It  i  know  that  most  of  Gulick's  committee  of  1,000,  on  learning  the 

facts,  have  repudiated  the  league;  and  that  his  measure  is  dead  in  Congress  because 
he  could  not  make  reply  to  those  facts,  a  few  of  which  are  herein  quoted. 

But  Senator  Dillinghain,  of  Vermont,  has  introduced  in  the  Senate,  and  had  referred 
to  the  Senate  Committee  of  Immigration,  a  similar  bill,  which,  while  it  does  not  admit 
Asiatics  to  citizenship,  would  enormously  increase  the  number  of  Japanese  who  could 
come  in  as  immigrants,  not  only  above  the  number  now  coming,  but  even  above  the 
number  which  could  come  under  the  Gulick  plan. 

THE    OBVIOUS    REMEDIES. 

Through  lack  of  understanding  of  the  subject,  and  the  impression  that  the  Cali- 

fornians  are  influenced  in  this  matter  simply  by  race  prejudice,  Congress  and  the 

East !  dined  in  to  consider  the  menace  of  Japanese  immigra- 

tuii'-r  and  Siberia  have  given  these  doubters  cause  for  thought  as 

to  Japan,  and  they  are  now  in  B  "od.     It  is  the  psychological  moment  for 

spreading  the  IL-ht  of  facts  throughout  the  Nation,  and  creating  a  mental  impr< 
which  will  tinst  Japanese  propaganda  in  the  future,  and  afford  substantial 

basis  for  remedial  action  by  ( 'ongress. 

It  is  through  the  weak  complaisance  and  the  blindness  of  our  Federal  Government, 

and  the  bad  faith  of  Japan,  that  the  burden  has  been  placed  upon  us.     It  is  only 

through  Federal  action  that  adequate  remedies  can  be  applied.     And  concerted  effort 

should  be  made  to  se'  ure  remedial  legislation  before  the  menace  has  become  too 

intrenched.     The  rem<  h  I  have  are: 

.mediation  of  the  "gentlemen's  agreeme 
nd.  Exclusion  of  "picture  bri 

Third.  Absolute  exclusion  of  Japanese,  with  other  Asiatics,  as  immigrants. 
Fourth.  Confirmation  and  legalization  of  the  prii  -hall  be  forever 

barred  fro  1 1  i.ip. 

Fifth.  Amendment  of  section  1  of  Article  XIV  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  provid- 
it  no  child  born  in  the  United  States  of  foreign  parents  shall  be  eligible  to  Amer- 
ican citizenship  unle.s*  both  parents  are  eligible  to  such  citizenship. 


128  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

TIME    TO    FIGHT    "PEACEFUL  PENETRATION." 

The  facts  properly  marshaled  and  considered  in  their  relation  to  each  other  furnish 
striking  evidence  of  the  undoubted  policy  of  Japan  to  secure,  by  "peaceful  penetra- 
tion," a  place  in  this  favored  land  for  an  unlimited  number  of  her  people,  and  ulti- 
mately to  obtain  through  them  absolute  control  of  the  country.  In  this  matter  eco- 
nomic conquest  would  be  quite  as  effective  as  conquest  by  force  of  arms. 

The  facts,  too,  show  that  we  have  to  deal  with  a  cunning,  persistent,  and  implacable 
antagonist,  much  our  superior  in  adroitness  and  in  the  use  of  diplomatic  subterfuges; 
and  that  the  Nation  can  not  be  saved  without  the  creation  of  a  public  sentiment 
which  will  put  backbone  into  the  Federal  administration,  which  in  the  past  has 
permitted  Japan  to  cajole  and  bluff  it  on  any  and  all  issues. 

Japan  and  her  friends  have  intimated  that  there  will  be  a  serious  break,  and  possi- 
bly war,  between  the  two  nations  if  we  insist  on  protecting  our  people  and  the  future 
of  the  Republic  by  any  such  restrictive  measures  as  are  herein  suggested — 'the  only 
ones  which  will  prove  effective.  That  has  ever  been  the  insidious  suggestion  from 
Japan,  supplementing  her  plea  that  the  pride  of  her  people  must  be  respected. 

IF   JAPAN    FAIR,    NO    WAR. 

If  Japan  is  fair  in  this  matter,  there  will  be  no  war,  for  our  position  is  not  only  just 
and  similar  to  that  of  Japan  in  Asia,  but  is  necessary  for  our  future  welfare.  If  Japan 
insists  on  being  unreasonable,  is  it  not  about  time  that  Americans  should  demand 
that  the  Federal  administration  govern  this  country  for  the  benefit,  present  and 
future,  of  Americans,  and  not  in  accordance  with  the  request  or  threat  of  a  foreign 
nation? 

Our  present  problem  has  been  created  by  our  weak  yielding  to  such  demands,  or 
threats,  in  the  past.  Japan  does  not  attempt  such  tactics  with  Canada  or  Australia, 
which  rigorously  exclude  Japanese  under  the  same  laws  as  govern  the  immigration 
into  those  countries  of  other  Asiatics. 

This  is  our  country.  It  rests  with  us  to  say  whether  we  shall  share  it  with  the 
yellow  races  or  not.  It  is  time  that  we  spoke  in  unmistakable  terms  to  the  world  on 
this  subject,  and  that  we  back  up  our  announced  policy  in  anyway  necessary  for  its 
maintenance. 

EXHIBIT  17. 

Exhibit  17:  Conditions  in  Hawaii,  report  Survey  Commission,  National  Depart- 
ment Education,  Bulletin  No.  16,  1920. 


EXHIBIT  18. 

FEDERAL    CENSUS    MISSES   JAPANESE    POPULATION    IN    STATE    BY    ABOUT   30.000. 
[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  June  23,  1921.] 

WASHINGTON,  Jun< 

California's  Japanese  population  in  1920  was  71,952,  as  against  41,356  in  1910. 
This  is  according  to  census  figures  made  public  to-day. 

The  State  also  contained  38, 763  Negroes,  17,360  Indians,  28,812  Chinese,  and  5.263 
other  races  in  that  year,  in  addition  to  its  3,264,711  white. 

During  the  preceding  decade  the  white  population  increased  44.5  per  cent,  the 
Negro  population  79.1.  The  foreign-born  white  population  dropped  from  21.8  per 
cent  of  the  total  1910  to  19.9  per  cent  in  1920,  while  during  the  decade  the  ratio  of 
males  to  females  changed  from  125.5  to  100  in  1910  to  112.4  to  100  in  1920. 

FIGURES    INACCURATE. 

The  above  figures  on  Japanese  population  are  inaccurate.  The  conditions  under 
which  the  Japanese  population,  as  well  as  the  white,  were  enumerated  admitted  of 
many  inaccuracies,  and  particularly  in  the  case  of  the  Japanese,  who  were  anxious 
to  conceal  their  real  numbers,  the  method  employed  made  it  quite  probable  that  a 
large  number  of  them  would  not  be  counted. 

One  of  the  proofs  of  the  inaccuracy  of  the  1920  census  is  found  in  the  fact  that  the 
Japanese  census  of  1920  taken  by  the  Japanese  associations  under  the  order  of  the 
Imperial  Japanese  Government— and  which  they  admitted  was  incomplete  because 
of  the  difficulty  experienced  by  them  in  securing  full  returns  to  their  blanks — 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    A  M  >   CuLnN  I/ATI  UN.  129 

reported   78,000  Japanese   enumerated   in    California   i »).()()()  more   than    Undt 
could  find),  and  in  addition  thereto  5,000  California-born  Japanese  minors  attending 
school  hi  Japan,  who  will  return  to  the  v 

BOARD    OF   CONTROL    Fit .  I 

The  California  State  Hoard  of  Control  1  d  with  the  United  States 

census  of  1910  as  a  basis,  adding  thereto  official  figures  covering  immigrant  arrivals 
and  departures  and  births  since  that  time,  and  deducting  therefrom  immigrant 
departures  and  deaths — and  which  takes  no  account  of  those  who  have  entered 
surreptitiously — declare  the  present  Japanese  population  of  California  to  be  87,000. 

But  in  accepting  the  United  States  census  as  properly  indicating  the  number  of 
Japanese  in  California  in  1910,  41,356,  the  board  used  a  number  12,000  too  small. 
Officials  of  the  Japanese  Association  of  America  testified  before  the  House  Immi- 
inmittee  at  the  hearing  in  California  in  July.  1920,  that  there  were  in  the 
State  in  1910  over  53,000  Japanese — 25  per  cent  more 'than  counted  by  Uncle  Sam — 
as  demonstrated  by  a  Japanese  census  made  by  order  of  the  Imperial  Government. 

The  correct  estimate  of  the  board  of  control  would  be  99,000  for  that  portion  of 
the  present  Japanese  population  of  California  which  has  entered  the  State  legally. 

BOARD    OF    HEALTH    FIGURES. 

The  State  board  of  health,  in  making  its  estimates  of  birth  rate  for  the  year  1919. 
conservatively  figured  the  Japanese  population  of  California  which  has  entered  the 
State  legallv  at  96,000. 

In  1918  the  board  of  health  accepted  the  Japanese  estimate  of  Japanese  population, 
70,000.  and  accorded  the  Japanese,  in  consequence,  a  birth  rate  four  times  as  great 
as  that  of  the  whites.  In  1919  the  modified  estimate  for  Japanese  population  was 
used,  and  the  Japanese  birth  rate  was  quoted,  as  a  result,  at  three  times  that  of  the 
whi' 

June  24  I,.  K.  Ross,  registrar  of  the  bureau  of  vital  statistics  of  the  State  board 
of  health,  gave  out  a  statement  to  the  effect  that  his  estimate  of  the  Japanese  popu- 
lation of  the  State  of  California  is  108,906,  which  includes,  of  course,  surreptitious 
entries.  This  estimate  was  based  on  deductions  from  mortality  rates  and  their 
relation  to  population,  which  had  been  proven  by  rigid  tests  to  be  extremely  accurate. 
His  figures  based  on  these  estimates  for  the  population  of  other  races  in  California — 
Chinese,  Indian,  and  Negro— tallied  with  the  results  made  public  by  the  United 
States  census  officials,  and  failed  to  agree  only  in  the  case  of  the  Japanese. 

Concerning  this  divergence,  Ross  said: 

''The  probability  for  error  in  a  census  depends  upon  whether  people  desire  to  evade 

••nsus.     The  Japanese,  who  gained  surreptitious  entry  to  this  State,   naturally 

desired  to  evade  the  census  enumerators,  as  they  would  nave  been  unable  to  give 

any  authority  for  being  here.     Proof  of  the  fact  that  they  succeeded  in  evading  the 

Federal  agents  is  self-evident. 

to  my  system  of  arriving  at  the  number  of  Japanese  here.  When  people  die 
their  deaths  "are  recorded,  and  no  evasion  of  this  record  is  possible,  as  the  bodies  can 
not  be  buried  until  the  record  is  made.  Japanese  have  failed  to  evade  this  accounting, 
as  have  all  others,  and  by  so  doing  they  have  furnished  us  with  the  way  of  arriving 
at  the  Japanese  population. '' 

JAPANESE    NUMBER    100,000. 

From  the  above  facts  it  is  certain  that  the  United  States  census  1920  enumeration 
of  Japanese  in  California  is  far  too  low,  and  reasonably  certain  that  their  actual 
number  in  the  State  is  about  100,000,  and  probably  a  little  more— practically  two- 
thirds  of  the  Japanese  population  in  continental  United  St;i 

KXIJIBIT  19. 
PUBLISHER  TAKES  DIFFERENT  VIEW  OF  LASH  MEASURE. 

P.    IKISH    IS    BACKED   BY   LARGE    FUND    FURNISHED    BY  JAPANESE.    CALIFORNIA 
!'F.I:     MAN     STA'I  > 

John  P.  Irish,  who  recently  spoke  in  Boise  against  the  proposed  alien  land  laws, 
was  backed  during  the  California  campaign  for  the  initiative  alien  land  law,  by  a 
Japanese  fund  of  from  $100,000  to  $200,000,  according  to  V.  S.  M< •<  latchy,  publisher 
of  the  Sacramento  Bee. 

Doc.  55,  67-1 9 


130  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  AND  COLONIZATION. 

lie  has  made  the  following  statement: 

"Clippings  from  The  Statesman  have  reached  me  showing  that  Col.  John  P.  Irish 
is  busily  assuring  the  people  of  Idaho,  particularly  the  church  congregations,  that 
California  has  acted  most  unjustly  and  illegally  with  regard  to  the  Japanese  and 
urging  that  Idaho  do  not  follow  in  California's  footsteps.  In  substantiation  of  his 
statements,  he  has  apparently  presented  a  mass  of  alleged  statistics,  which  on  their 
face,  and  to  those  unfamiliar  with  the  colonel's  temperamental  repugnance  to  accept- 
ance of  unpleasant  facts,  must  be  quite  convincing. 

"Col.  Irish  made  the  same  statements  and  arguments  throughout  California.  Here, 
however,  the  colonel  has  an  established  reputation  and  while  he  was  backed  by  a 
Japanese  fund  of  between  $100,000  and  $200,000  and  a  sympathetic  brotherhood-of- 
man-regardless-of-results-to-ourselves  sentiment,  the  State  having  intimate  knowledge 
of  conditions,  voted  three  to  one  at  the  November  election  for  the  initiative  alien  land 
law  and  against  the  colonel's  viewpoint. 

"The  California  Legislature,  by  unanimous  vote  in  both  houses,  early  in  January, 
passed  resolutions  as  to  facts  and  policies  which  antagonized  practically  all  the 
declarations  of  moment  made  by  Col.  Irish  in  Boise. 

NOT  "POLITICAL  AGITATION." 


Leac 

officers 

and  of  farm  bureaus;  of  the  Native  Sons  and  Daughters  of  the  Golden  West;  and  of 

various  civic  and  fraternal  organizations.     This  is  sufficient  answer  to  the  charge  that 

the  movement  is  due  to  political  agitation  or  prejudice. 

"Briefly,  this  is  California's  position:  She  does  not  claim  that  the  Japanese  are 
racially  inferior,  and  her  attitude  and  action  is  not  based  on  racial  prejudice.  The 
Japanese  as  a  race  have  many  qualities  which  the  whites  might  well  emulate.  It  is 
simply  a  question  as  to  whether  this  country  shall  be  preserved  for  the  white  race, 
or  shall  be  deliberately  given  over  to  the  Japanese.  The  whites  are  threatened,  under 
continuance  of  existing  conditions,  with  submersion,  first  through  economic  displace- 
ment, and  finally  through  sheer  force  of  numbers. 

' '  This  has  already  happened  in  Hawaii,  where  nearly  half  of  the  population,  and  more 
than  50  per  cent  of  the  births  and  new  school  registrations,  are  Japanese,  and  where, 
in  consequence,  instead  of  granting  Statehood,  we  shall  probably  be  forced  to  install 
a  commission  form  of  government.  Those  same  conditions  are  developing  in  Cali- 
fornia and  will  appear  in  all  rich  States  of  the  Union  unless  a  remedy  is  applied. 

'  •  The  Japanese  in  California  have  been  treated  neither  unfairly  nor  illegally  by  the 
new  law.  They  are  protected  fully  in  all  property  and  personal  rights,  save  only 
that  they  may  not  own  or  lease  agricultural  lands — a  right  which  is  specifically  with- 
held from  them  by  the  treaty  and  which  California  must  withhold  unless  she  is  "willing 
that  control  of  her  agricultural  lands,  with  control  of  produce  and  markets  and  economic 
development  shall  pass  into  the  hands  of  an  unassimilable  alien  race. 

AN    ECONOMIC   QUESTION. 

"The  question  to-day  is  an  economic  one,  but  unless  the  proper  remedy  be  applied 
that  problem  will  certainly  develop  into  a  racial  conflict,  since  the  whites  will  not 
tamely  submit  to  see  themselves  displaced  in  their  own  land. 

"Col.  Irish,  aside  from  other  motives  which  might  influence  him,  is  one  of  the  class 
of  large  landholders  who  finds  that  his  property  yields  greater  profit  if  leased  to  Japa- 
nese than  if  leased  to  whites,  because  the  Japanese,  with  their  low  standards  of  living, 
long  hours  of  labor,  and  greater  industry,  can  pay  higher  rent  and  still  make  more 
profit  than  the  whites. 

"A  few  of  Col.  Irish's  misstatements  and  bits  of  misinformation  are  herewith  cor- 
rected. The/  will  serve  as  indications  of  the  reliance  which  may  be  placed  upon 
his  other  statements  which  are  not  before  me. 

"He  charges  that  the  California  alien  land  law  violates  in  its  provisions  both  the 
Federal  Constitution  and  the  treaty  with  Japan.  The  most  conclusive  disproof  of  his 
statement  will  be  found  in  articles  by  recognized  Japanese  authorities  on  international 
law,  published  by  the  Japanese  Review  of  International  Law,  of  Tokyo,  in  its  issues 
of  March,  1919,  and  June,  1920.  Therein  it  is  explained  at  length  that  neither  the 
California  law  of  1913  nor  the  initiative  land  law  of  1920  violates  either  Constitution 
or  treaty;  that  in  consequence  Japan  can  accomplish  nothing  against  the  law  by 
invoking  the  courts  and  that  her  only  chance  to  score  is  by  diplomatic  methods  with 
the  Federal  Government. 


JAPAN  KSK    IMMIGRATION    AND    COLONIZATION.  131 


or  FARM   LANDS 

tya  thai  tin-  Japanese  r<mir*l  l»ul   I  :  of  the  farm  lands  of  the 

and  ot'fer  therefore  n-«  menace.     Thev  nnv  control  onlv  that  p<  .f  all 

arable  lands  in  the  Stite.  Inn  that  s.une  report  which  he  quotes  —  that  of  the 

•ntrol    -si  :he  Jap.uiese  have  se  -lire;!  control  of  one-eighth  of  all 

the  irrigate  1  lands  in  California;  the  very  richest  of  our  lands.     They  do  not  pi 

•r  lau  Is  or  undeveloped  district,  notwithstanding  the  claims  of  Col.  Irish  to  the 

iry*.      He  mentions  the  Florin  district,  for  instance,  as  a  waste  which  was  brought 

into  be.iring  by  the  Japanese.      Florin  is  in  Sacramento  County  and   was  a  garden 

•'smill  strawberry  firms  long  before  the  Japanese  came  and  displaced  the  whites. 

•ore  the  house  immigration  committee,  when  in  session  in  California,  evidence 

w  that  in  pra-ticallv  every  instance  the  claims  made  by  Japanese 

-  in  waste  lands  we-e  f  ilse.  and  that  in  Placer  County,  in  Tulare  County, 

:thern  California,  and  elsewhere,  where  such  claims  had  been  made  for  them, 

tint  tlie^-  in  I  1*0110  in  on  rich  lands  and  gradually  secured  possession  and  displaced 

the  white-*. 

Irish  says  that  the  Japanese  control  onlv  13  per  cent  of  our  general  farm  crops. 
That  may  he  true;  but  in  certain  crops,  berries,  garden  truck,  et  >ntrol  from 

60  to  90  per  cent,  as  indicated  in  published  reports  of  the  Japanese  Association  of 
America. 

"JAPANESE  BIRTH  RATE. 

i.  Irish  claims  that  there  can  be  but  little  danger  from  the  Japanese  birth  rate 
because  there  were  more  white  births  in  California  in  1919  than  Japanese  births  for  the 
preceding  L<>  years.  He  neglects  to  say,  however,  (1)  that  the  annual  Japanese  births 
at  the  enol  of  the  10-year  period  were  10  times  as  many  as  at  the  beginning;  (2)  that  the 
present  birth  rate  per  1  .000  of  Japanese  in  California,  according  to  the  State  board  of 
health,  is  three  times  as  great  as  that  of  the  whites,  though  the  Japanese  have  only 
about  1  adult  female  to  4  males,  while  the  proportion  among  the  whites  is  1  to  1;  (3) 
that  the  Japanese  births  in  Los  Angeles  <  'ounty  the  most  populous  county  of  the  State) 
outside  of  the  incorporated  cities  total  one-third  as  many  as  the  white  births:  (4)  that 
there  were  more  Japanese  births  in  Sacramento  County,  'outside  of  Sacramento  City  in 
1918  and  1919  than  white  births,  though  the  whites  outnumbered  the  Japanese  10  to  1  ; 

(5)  that  tables  based  on  the  present  'restricted'  immigration  of  Japanese  and  a  birth  rate 
much  less  than  the  existing  one  would  give  a  total  Japanese  population  in  the  United 

in  40  years  of  2.000.000:  in  80  years  of  10,000,000,  and  in  140  years  of  100,000,000; 

(6)  that  J.  L.  Pomeroy.  health  officer  of  Los  Angeles  County,  has  estimated  that  if  there 
were  no  further  immigration  of  any  kind  into  California  the  Japanese  at  their  present 
rate  of  increase  would  outnumber  the  whites  in  100  years. 

is  true  there  are  only  100,000  Japanese  in  California  in  a  total  population  of 
3,400,000,  but  Col.  Irish  did  not  divulge  the  fact  that  such  number  instead  of  being 
1  over  the  State,  have  concentrated  in  industries  and  localities  where  their 
methods  would  most  readily  give  them  control  with  least  effort  and  greatest  profit. 
Incidentally,  of  course,  whites  were  supplanted.     Seventy-live  per  cent  of  this  Jap- 
:anese  population  is  found  in  7  of  our  58  counties,  and  comparatively  few  are  found 
ide  of  the  richer  agricultural  counties. 

"INCREASE  IN  20  YEARS. 

"Col.  Irish  did  not  tell  his  hearers  that  notwithstanding  the  alleged  restricting  pro- 
:.s  of  the  gentleman's  agreement,  the  Japanese  population  of  California  has  mul- 
tiplied tenfold  and  that  of  continental  United  States  sixfold  in  the  past  20  years,  while 
our  Chinese  population,  under  the  exclusion  act,  has  decreased  over  50  per  cent. 

''The  space  which  the  Statesman  can,  with  justice  to  its  readers,  give  to  a  com- 

munication of  this  kind,  does  not  permit  more  than  a  glance  at  the  facts  and  the  mis- 

leading statements  of  Col.  Irish  in  connection  therewith.     It  would  be  a  pleasure  to 

me  to  send  data  fully  confirming  any  statement  herein  made  by  me  to  anyone  who  will 

:or  it. 

remembered  that  California  knows  more  about  the  Japanese  problem 
than  any  other  State  in  the  Union,  because  there  are  within  her  borders  twice  as  many 
Japanese  as  are  found  in  all  the  other  47  States  combined:  that  she  has  carefully 
studied  the  situation,  and  during  the  past  year  and  a  half  there  has  been  general 
public,  discussion  of  the  points  involved  by  the  ablest  representatives  on  both  sides 
prese  -  and  arguments.  As  a  result,  California  is  practically  a  unit  in  de- 

claring that  the  win"  .  not  com;  •  :  the  Japanese,  and  that  unless  we 

are  willing  that  the  country  should  be  surrendered  to  the  Japanese,  the  Nation  must 
adopt  the  policies  recommended  by  <  'alifornia  and  now  under  consideration  by  other 
States." 


132  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

EXHIBIT  20. 

THE  JAPANESE  IMMIGRATION  PROBLEM. 
HOW  IT  CONCERNS  LABOR  THROUGHOUT  THE  UNION. 

[By  V.  S.  McClatchy,  publisher  Sacramento  Bee.    From  Organized  Labor,  San  Francisco,  Sept.  0, 1920. 

When  the  House  Immigration  Committee  was  in  the  State  of  Washington  in  July 
and  early  August  investigating  the  Japanese  immigration  problem,  it  invited  organ- 
ized labor,  at  both  Seattle  and  Tacoma,  to  express  itself  on  the  subject.  There  seems 
to  have  been  no  authorized  or  formal  response  to  that  request.  One  member  of 
organized  labor,  however,  who  was  before  the  committee,  in  reply  to  a  direct  question 
from  Congressman  Raker,  declared  that  organized  labor  in  Tacoma  and  Seattle  was 
not  interested  in  the  question  sufficiently  to  appear  before  the  committee,  because 
in  both  places  members  of  organized  labor  were  employed  by  the  Japanese  on  the 
docks  and  had  good  wages  and  good  treatment. 

From  others  the  intimation  came  that  years  ago,  when  organized  labor  in  the  Pacific- 
Northwest  had  been  eager  to  fight  Japanese  immigration,  it  had  been  given  no  support 
by  the  community  generally,  and  now  it  was  disposed  to  permit  the  fight  to  be  carried 
on  by  the  farming  and  commercial  interests  that  had  commenced  to  feel  the  pinch. 

Whether  either  or  both  of  these  expre&sions  supply  the  reason,  it  is  evident  that 
organized  labor  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  has  not  yet  given  formal  indie  ation  that  it 
recognizes  the  menar  e  of  Japanese  immigration  and  is  anxious  to  do  its  part  in  affording 
necessary  protection  to  the  Nation.  Its  attitude  in  this  matter  is  so  diametric  ally 
opposed  to  that  of  organized  labor  in  California  that  the  differenc  e  must  be  ascribed 
to  a  difference  in  local  conditions  which  in  one  case  has  encouraged  or  forced  a  thor- 
ough investigation  of  the  problem  and  in  the  other  has  hidden  from  those  most  vitally 
concerned  the  realization  of  the  grave  menace  involved. 

It  is  certain  that  organized  labor  is  no  less  patriotic  and  no  less  mindful  of  its  own 
interests  in  Washington  than  in  California;  it  will  not  knowingly  sell  its  birthright 
for  a  mess  of  pottage  served  on  the  Japanese  docks,  nor  will  it  deliberately  encourage* 
or  permit  conditions  which  must  lead  in  time  to  control  of  this  white  man's  country 
by  an  alien,  nonassimilable  race  of  yellow  people. 

CALIFORNIA'S  OPPORTUNITY  FOR  INVESTIGATION. 

Wherein  then  lies  the  difference  in  conditions  which  has  made  California  labor, 
as  well  as  California  farmers  and  business  men,  fraternal  organizations,  civic  bodies, 
women's  clubs,  and  unattached  individuals  practically  a  unit  in  fighting  this  evil 
with  all  the  State's  power,  and  demanding  of  the  Federal  Government  that  it  exert 
its  authority  to  put  an  end  to  it? 

California  has  better  opportunity  to  study  the  problem,  and  has  improved  that 
opportunity  during  the  past  year  to  the  limit.  In  this  State  reside  more  than  100,000 
Japanese,  two-thirds  of  all  those  in  continental  United  States,  twice  as  many  as  have 
located  in  the  47  other  States  combined,  and  in  this  State  the  100,000  have  con- 
centrated in  a  few  localities  where  their  plans  of  peaceful  penetration  can  secure  best 
results  with  least  eflort,  75  per  cent  being  found  in  7  of  our  58  counties. 

Then,  for  a  year  past,  California  has  cast  the  limelight  of  searching  investigation 
on  the  effects  of  Japanese  immigration  here,  and  the  efforts  to  deceive  the  American 
people  in  regard  thereto  through  clever  propaganda.  In  June,  1919,  the  writer's 
statement  before  the  House  Immigration  Committee  exposed  the  inevitable  effects 
which  must  follow  the  success  of  Sidney  Gulick's  plans  for  extending  privileges  as 
immigrants  and  citizens  to  Asiatics,  through  passage  of  his  percentage  immigration 
bill.  Hearings  before  both  House  and  Senate  Immigration  Committees  in  September 
and  October,  1919,  drew  still  further  attention  thereto.  The  American  Legion,  the 
Native  Sons  of  the  Golden  West,  organized  labor,  two  exclusion  leagues  (one  oper- 
ating above  the  Tehachapi  and  one  below),  and  other  instrumentalities  took  up  the 
fight  in  California,  and  as  a  result  we  will  vote  in  November  on  an  initiative  pro- 
tective measure.  In  Congress  Senator  Phelan  and  other  members  of  the  California 
delegation  were  most  active. 

Under  instructions  of  the  State  legislature,  the  State  Board  of  Control  made  an 
exhaustive  study  of  the  effects  of  Japanese  immigration  in  California,  and  presented 
the  result  thereof  in  an  admirable  and  convincing  report,  given  to  the  public  in 
August  of  this  year.  The  calm  and  deliberate  statement  of  facts  made  therein  will 
convince  any  intelligent  and  unprejudiced  American  investigator.  Upon  this  state- 
ment Gov.  Stephens  based  his  letter  to  the  State  Department  at  Washington, 
presenting  in  a  dignified  manner  the  reason  why  the  Federal  Government  should  at 


JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION.  133 

once  protect  the  States  of  the  Union,  including  California,  from  the  grave  menace 
threatening  them.     And  to  cap  all,  there  have  been  the  hearings  in  California  of  the 
ith  the  opportunity  to  present  the  various  findings  on  the  subject 
in  proper  shape  for  official  consideration. 

What.  then,  are  the  conclusions  drawn  from  this  assembling  of  facts  and  data, 
which  have  unified  the  State  on  this  issue?  And  particularly,  wherein  is  organized 
lalx.r  so  much  concerned  in  the  result? 

WHITE   LABOR   AND   THE    JAPANESE. 

What  the  Japanese  will  do  to  white  labor  whenever  the  opportunity  offers,  and 
whenever  the  rewards  are  sufficiently"  enticing,  is  well  demonstrated  by  the  recent 
incident  at  Turlock.  in  Stanislaus  County,  which  came  under  observation  of  the 
ressional  Committee,  and  was  given  wide  publicity  in  the  newspapers.  There, 
in  July  of  this  year,  1,000  Japanese  were  brought  in  to  take  the  handling  of  the  cante- 
loupe  crop  away  from  white  labor,  the  moving  reason  being  that  white  labor  was 
receiving  35  cents  a  crate  for  the  service,  while  the  Japanese  offered  to  do  it.  for 
26  cents.  As  a  result  600  white  laborers,  many  of  them  returned  soldiers,  were  thrown 
out  of  work  and  compelled  to  scatter,  thus  defeating  the  plans  of  the  Fruit  Workers' 
Association,  which  had  so  organized  its  white  labor,  in  an  effort  to  solve  the  migratory 
labor  problem,  that  such  labor  could  move  from  section  to  section  as  the  various 
crops  matured  and  had  to  be  handled.  Among  those  who  testified  before  the  Con- 
gressional Committee  on  the  subject  was  Charles  Perry  Taylor,  general  organizer  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  who  was  attempting  to  aid  the  white  workers  in 
their  defensive  fight  against  the  Japanese. 

If  the  whites  are  permanently  driven  out  of  the  labor  field  in  the  Turlock  canta- 
loupe district,  results  will  follow  there  similar  to  those  which  have  obtained  in  the 
Rocky  Ford  melon  district  in  Colorado,  and  which  have  been  noted  in  various  dis- 
tricts'in  California.  First,  Japanese  wages  will  rise  to  and  beyond  the  price  before 
asked  by  the  whites;  next,  the  Japanese  will  decline  to  handle  the  crop  as  wage 
earners  and  will  insist  on  leases,  or  crop  contracts;  and  finally,  they  will  secure  entire 
control  of  crop  and  district  through  lease  or  ownership,  or  both. 

Our  pro-Japanese  friends  insist  that  Japanese  do  not  compete  with  whites  because 
insist  on  high  wages.  They  do  demand  high  wages,  after  the  whites  are  driven 
out' of  business,  or  for  any  reason  are  not  available  as  competitors. 

And  so,  members  of  organized  labor,  now  complacently  enjoying  good  wages  and 
good  conditions  under  Japanese  employment  on  the  docks  of  Seattle  and  Tacoma, 
will  find  their  jobs  melt  away  when  the  Japanese  are  sufficiently  strong  to  supplant 
them  by  Nipponese.  How  many  white  men  are  now  employed  in  any  capacity 
whatever  on  the  big  Japanese  liners  traveling  between  San  Francisco  and  the  Orient? 
There  used  to  be  many. 

These,  however,  are  only  immediate  and  local  results  of  Japanese  immigration. 
Organized  labor  is  intelligent  enough  and  broad  enough  to  recognize  that  these  results, 
serious  as  they  may  be,  are  not  so  grave  as  the  general  results  to  the  white  community 
and  to  the  American  Nation  which  must  follow  fruition  of  Japan's  carefully  laid 
plans  to  colonize  the  richer  portions  of  the  United  States.  Labor,  which  is  dominant 
in  Australia,  has  been  far-sighted  in  entirely  excluding  the  Japanese,  with  other 
Asiatics,  from  that  land. 

SECURING   CONTROL   OF   DISTRICTS. 

I'nder  the  Japanese  plan  of  peaceful  penetration,  effort  is  concentrated  in  one  or 
a  few  localities  until  control  thereof  is  secured.     As  the  Japanese  increase  in  num- 
hrough  immigration  and  birth,  other  favored  localities  will  be  invaded  and  con- 
trol wrested  from  the  whites.     Turlock  provides  a  glimpse  of  the  initial  stage.     In 
in  the  Imperial  Valley,  Florin,  portions  of  Merced.  Los  Angeles.  Fresno, 
rnento.  Placer,  and  other  counties  are  seen  various  progressive  stages  leading 
up  to  absolute  control,  with  thinning  out  of  the  white  population. 

What  we  see  very  clearly  in  this  State  has  now  commenced  in  Seattle;  in  the 
Hood  River,  and  other  districts  of  Oregon;  in  Colorado  and  Nebraska;  in  western 
Texas  and  eastern  New  Mexico;  in  northern  Florida  and  notices  of  progress  made  and 
advantages  offered  in  these  various  localities,  as  published  in  the  Japanese  newspapers, 
encourage  migration  of  newly  arriving  or  unsettled  Japanese  to  these  growing  com- 
munities. 

rhat  what  has  already  happened  in  Hawaii,  where  more  than  half  of  the  total 
births  and  school  registrations  are  now  Japanese,  what  is  happening  in  California, 
and  what  has  commenced  in  a  few  other  States  is  simply  a  forecast  of  what  will  in- 


134  JAPANESE    IMMIGRATION    AND   COLONIZATION. 

evitably  take  place  in  every  State  in  the  Union  where  there  is  rich  agricultural  land 
unless  the  Japanese  immigration  movement  be  stopped. 

Remember  that  it  is  hopeless  for  the  white  race  to  meet  the  Japanese  in  economic 
competition;  not  even  the  thrifty  races  of  northern  Europe  can  do  that.  Their 
lower  standards  of  living,  their  willingness  to  work  long  hcrurs  (both  men  and  women), 
their  cooperation  and  concentration,  their  thrift  and  industry,  combine  to  make 
the  Japanese  easy  victors  in  such  a  competition. 

THE    JAPANESE    BIRTH    RATE. 

Their  birth  rate  is  another  factor  of  danger  pointing  inevitably  to  the  time  when 
they  will  conquer  this  country  by  sheer  force  of  numbers,  if  present  conditions  con- 
tinue. The  California  State  Board  of  Health  announces  that  for  1919  the  Japanese 
birth  rate  per  1,000  in  California  was  46.44,  and  that  of  all  other  races,  including 
whites,  only  16.59 — nearly  three  to  one.  This  in  face  of  the  fact  that  among  Japanese 
in  California  the  adult  males  outnumber  the  females  three  and  one-half  or  four  to 
one,  while  among  other  races  the  proportion  is  about  one  to  one. 

Give  the  Japanese  an  equal  proportion  of  females,  as  was  urged  before  the  Congres- 
sional Committee,  and  their  birth  rate  per  thousand  would  be  10  times  that  of  the 
whites.  Dr.  J.  L.  Pomeroy,  health  officer  of  Los  Angeles  County,  declares  that  on 
the  basis  of  the  established  birth  rates  the  Japanese  would  equal  the  whites  in  number 
in  California  in  100  years  if  no  further  immigration  of  any  kind  came  into  the  State. 
At  present  the  whites  outnumber  the  Japanese  about  30  to  1. 

AN    UNASSIMILABLE    RACE. 

What  adds  immeasurably  to  the  menace  is  that  the  Japanese,  with  their  over- 
whelming birth  rate  and  their  advantages  in  economic  competition,  are  unassimilable, 
and  if  they  increase  greatly  in  number  in  this  country,  or  in  any  section  of  it,  must 
create  another  race  problem.  For  biological  reasons,  the  races  differing  so  materi- 
ally, assimilation  by  intermarriage  is  impracticable,  and  probably  not  good  for  either 
race.  To  create  an  alien,  unassimilable  community  in  our  midst  is  certain  to  lead  to 
trouble.  When  that  community  is  composed  of  members  of  a  war-like  nation  like 
Japan  the  trouble  would  be  serious.  Similar  trouble  would  occur  if  100,000  Ameri- 
cans were  to  establish  themselves  in  Japan  on  agricultural  lands  and  in  business 
communities.  In  such  case  the  trouble  would  come  much  sooner,  because  the  Japa- 
nese would  be  less  tolerant. 

The  Japanese,  with  few  exceptions,  can  not  and  will  not  assimilate,  even  in  ideals 
and  socially,  because  of  national  inhibition  through  heredity  and  teaching,  because 
of  inclination  and  religion,  and  because  their  Government  insists  that  the  Japanese, 
even  when  born  under  our  flag,  is  a  Japanese  citizen,  owes  full  allegiance  as  such, 
and  must  be  educated  along  the  lines  of  a  true  subject  of  the  Mikado.  No  people 
who  believe  that  their  Mikado  is  the  living  God,  to  whom  all  subjects  owe  their  very 
existence,  and  who  hold  that,  because  of  superiority,  their  mission  is  ultimately  to 
conquer  or  lead  the  nations  of  the  earth,  as  do  the  Japanese,  can  be  counted  on  to 
furnish  good  material  for  our  brand  of  American  citizenship.  And  if  they  can  not 
make  good  citizens,  their  presence  in  large  numbers  is  a  menace. 

WHAT    CONTROL    OF   PRODUCTION    MEANS. 

It  is  evident  that  labor  and  all  other  interests  of  the  nation  are  dependent  upon 
production  in  the  agricultural  districts.  A  general  strike  among  the  farmers  of  the 
country  would  drive  the  city  workers  to  starvation.  It  is  equally  evident  that  no 
nation  can  afford  to  permit  control  of  its  agricultural  production  to  pass  into  the 
hands  of  an  alien,  virile,  unassimilable  race,  which  it  has  permitted  to  peacefully 
penetrate  the  country.  But  that  is  precisely  what  is  happening  in  certain  districts 
of  the  United  States,  notably  California,  where  the  Japanese  are  fast  securing  control 
of  the  rich  lands  through  ownership  and  lease. 

It  will  inevitably  happen  in  all  districts  of  the  nation  unless  the  necessary  remedy 
i$  speedily  applied.  In  some  of  our  counties,  orientals,  largely  Japanese,  already 
control  from  50  to  75  per  cent  of  the  rich  irrigated  lands. 

CALIFORNIA'S  DEFENSIVE  MEASURE. 

California's  citizenship,  including  labor  solidly  massed,  has  sprung  to  the  defense 

in  promoting  an  initiative  measure — No.   1  on  the  November  ballot — which  will 

prevent  for  the  future  either  lease  or  ownership  of  oar  agricultural  lands  by  aliens 

neligible  to  citizenship.     The  majority  rolled  up  for  that  measure  will  undoubtedly 


IMMICKATTON    AND    Cnl.oXIXATION.  135 

large  <mi-     but  let  it  be  reiiM-mb<-red  that  tin-  larger  the  majority  the  more 

uci'ng  will  be  tin-  demonstration  to  the  people  of  oil  who  have  not 

ur  opportunity  for  investigation  and  (Conclusion.     It  will  hear  witness  to  our 

i'-ti<>n  ilr.u  .Japanese  immigration  is  a  most  serious  national  problem,  grave 

ad  calling  for  i  in  mediate  action:  that  it  menaces  lahor.  and  all 

n  alike,  and  that  the  Federal  Government,  in  protection  of  other 

States,  as  well  a<  California,  should  act  al  on 

That  initiative  measure,  to  which  Japan  is  offering  strenuous  diplomatic  objection 
at  Washii..  -vds  to  Japanese  in  this  State  all  rights  as  to  agricultural  lands 

which  an  American  may  enjoy  in  Japan — it  insures  to  the  Japanese  all  rights  con- 
:  by  treaty,  hut  specifically  withholds  rights  not  so  granted,  where  they  concern 
agricultural  lands.     Its  various  provisions  are  designed  to  put  a  stop  to  the  deliberate 
violation  of  the  intent  of  the  alien  land  law  of  1913. 

what  right  do  Japan  and  the  pro-Japanese  Americans  demand  that  we  shall 
grant— to  our  ultimate  undoing — rights  to  Japanese  in  California  which  Japan  wisely 
forbids  to  Americans  in  Japan? 

Let  every  red-blooded  Californian  remember  that  the  Japanese  deliberately  and 

frankly  announce  their  intention  of  colonizing  this  country,  whether  we  like  it  or 

not      The  following  are  from  an  editorial  published  in  October,  1919,  in 

Shin  S"kai.  the  X,-\v  World,  a  leading  Japanese  newspaper  of  San  Francisco,  and  trans- 

«r  the  Sacramento  Bee: 

us  consider  the  land  law.     Supposing    :  that  we  Japanese  were  pro- 

hibited from  owning  or  cultivating  land    '  *.     If  we  can  not  conveniently  do 

so  in  California  we  shall  go  to  other  States  and  devise  some  plan.     Even  the  laws  of 
California  are  not  forever  unchangeable. " 

"The  day  will  come  when  the  real  strength  of  the  Japanese  will  make  a  clean  sweep 
of  all  laws."" 

n  the  Kaiser's  Empire  was  destroyed  when  its  time  came. " 

''What  can  Phelan  and  Inman    *  do  to  stop  the  forward  movement  of  our 

Yam  at  o  n: 

( 'alifornians  in  this  trying  situation,  owe  it  to  themselves  and  to  the  cause  to  counte- 
nance no  overt  or  unfriendly  act  against  the  Japanese,  but  to  express  themselves 
unmistakably  at  the  polls  and  by  other  legal  methods,  to  the  end  that  the  necessary 
remedies  may  be  applied  by  State  and  Nation.  Any  less  decided  course  must  earn 
for  us  the  contempt  of  those*  familiar  with  the  facts. 


EXHIBIT  21. 
WHITE  GIRLS  DISCHARGED  AND  REPLACED  BY  JAPANESE. 

•••rday  the  Bee  published  a  special  from  Auburn  giving  authentic  particulars 
of  the  dismissal  from  employment  by  the  Placer  Packing  Association  of  eight  or  nine 
white  girls  and  the  hiring  of  six  Japanese  men  to  take  their  places. 

Manager  Culper  of  the  Association  was  quoted  as  saying  that  it  was  more  than  satis" 

.  ith  the  change;  that  the  white  girls  had  worked  only  8  hours  a  day,  while  the 

Japanese  were  willing  to  work  15  hours,  or  even  more,  on  a  pinch,  and  were  packing 

or  two  and  a  half  times  as  many  boxes  in  a  day  as  the  girls  had  done. 

only  excuse     if  it  be  an  excuse- -was  that  the  packing  plant  was  too  small  to 

it  of  hiring  as  many  girls  as  would  be  needed  to  handle  all  the  fruit  coming  in, 

said  that  if  there  were  more  room  no  Japanese  would  have  been  employed. 
Thi-  highly  illustrative  of  the  evil  and  danger  of  Japanese  immigration,  and 

of  the  impossibility  of  white  competition  with  Japanese  or  other  oriental  labor  without 

iation  to  low  Asiatic  standards  of  living. 

With  Japanese  willing  to  work  15  hours  or  even  more  a  day,  what  show  has  white 
labor  to  compete  with  them? 

California  has  laws  to  protect  Urirls  and  women  from  being  obliged  to  work  top  many 
hours  a  day,  but  there  is  no  protection  against  such  health-wrecking  competition  as 

•.vhere  Japanese  or  other  oriental  laborers  are  to  be  had,  there  is  nothing 
but  public  sentiment  to  prevent  their  getting  jobs  away  from  white  girls  and  women, 
as  in  this  1  lacer  County  instance. 

icking  Association,  in  displacing  white  girls  by  Japanese  men,  has  not 

Q  public  estimation. 

But  it  has  at  least  furnished  a  striking  and  historic  example  of  the  need  of  the  Oriental 
Exclusion  League  and  of  all  such  measures  of  self-protection  as  California  has  taken  or 
is  seeking  in  this  regard. 


136  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION  AND   COLONIZATION. 

WHITE  GIRLS  ARE  REPLACED  BY  JAPANESE. 

AUBURN  PACKING  PLANT  DISMISSES  AMERICAN  HELP;  MANAGER  PRAISES  OUTPUT  OF 

THE  ORIENTALS. 

AUBURNJ  PLACER  COUNTY,  June  28. 

Eight  or  nine  white  girls  employed  in  the  plant  of  the  Placer  Packing  Association 
here  have  been  dismissed  and  Japanese  laborers  taken  on  to  fill  their  places. 

The  association,  of  which  F.  Culper  is  manager,  and  which  includes  in  its  member- 
ship J.  A.  Teagarden,  A.  Ammon  and  other  prominent  fruit  growers,  is  more  than 
satisfied  with  the  results  of  the  change.  This  is  according  to  Culper. 

TURN    OUT   MORE    FRUIT. 

Culper  stated  to-day  that  the  girls  only  turned  out  from  200  to  250  packages  of  fruit 
a  day,  while  the  six  orientals  who  took  their  places  are  packing  from  400  to  500  pack- 
ages a  day. 

Culper  declared  that  this  was  possible  because  the  white  girls  could  work  only  8 
hours  a  day  while  the  Japanese  work  15  hours  a  day  and  more  in  a  pinch. 

"  It  was  simply  a  case  of  moving  the  fruit, "  Culper  said. 

ONLY   10   STALLS. 

Culper  stated  that  the  plant  is  a  small  one  with  only  10  stalls  at  most  for  the  fruit 
packers. 

• ;  We  simply  did  not  have  the  room  to  employ  enough  white  help  to  pack  the  fruit 
as  it  came  in,  "was  his  explanation.  "If  we  had  room  for  30  people  to  work  in  the  pack- 
ing house,  no  Japanese  would  be  employed." 


EXHIBIT  22. 

HIGHER  BIRTH  RATE  URGED  FOR  JAPANESE. 
"BEGET"  is  THE  MOTTO  FOR  ESTABLISHMENT  OF  THE  YAMATO  RACE  IN 

UNITED    STATES. 
[From  Sacramento  Bee,  Oct.  24, 1919.J 

Abolishment  of  birth  control,  and  immediate  population  of  America  with  Japanese, 
is  the  principal  step  looking  toward  the  solution  of  the  so-called  Japanese-American 
problem,  according  to  a  writer  signing  himself  Kochiku  Higashi,  in  Nichi-Bei,  the 
Japanese  American,  a  San  Francisco  Japanese  newspaper.  The  writer,  who  by  his 
use  of  language  shows  himself  to  be  highly  educated,  stakes  everything  upon  the 
plan  to  crowd  this  country  with  Japanese. 

He  deals  at  length  with  the  glories  of  Japanese  civilization,  and  says  Americans 
have  suddenly  changed  their  admiration  of  Japan  to  fear  of  that  country. 

AMERICA'S  "VILLAINOUS  PLOT." 

"They  wish  to  kick  Japan  down  to  international  isolation,  "  he  says,  "and  confine 
development  of  her  people  to  one  small  island  country.  Truly  it  is  a  laughable  and 
villainous  plot. 

"Let  those  who  live  in  separate  houses  immediately  get  together  in  one  house. 
Let  newly  married  people  at  once  adopt  sons  and  have  them  registered.  Let  married 
people  without  children  adopt  sons  and  bring  them  immediately  a  lovely  bride. 
And  let  everyone  who  has  dependent  relatives  bring  them  here.  "  Awake — even  if 
we  can  not  expand  our  country's  borders  let  us  expand  with  all  speed  the  Yamato 
race  of  which  we  are  justly  proud. 

"Well,  as  I  am  about  to  leave  Los  Angeles  for  the  East  I  venture  earnestly  to  advise 
our  beloved  fellow  countrymen  on  this  coast  as  follows:  'Beget!  Beget!  Beget!'  I 
have  many  things  to  advise  our  good  countrymen,  more  than  could  be  counted  on 
my  10  fingers,  but  at  this  time  I  emphasize  this  one  thing,  leaving  the  others  for 
another  occasion. 

"What  I  mean  is  simply  this,  I  firmly  believe  it  is  only  by  the  propagation  of  our 
Yamato  race  by  every  good  Japanese  that  we  can  solve  the  anti-Japanese,  nay  the 
American -Japanese  problem.  And  this  is  the  conclusion  (without  giving  explanations 


JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION    AND   <  •<)!.< >NIZATION.  137 

-    to  which   I  luue  arrived  during  the  |  For  the  next   10. 

Children,  hoys  and  drls.  will  he  treasures  more 

valuable  i  ntrymen  than  hundreds  of  millions  of  «rold.     And  at  the  same 

•hey  are  the  SKMCIII  -  for  the  development  of  our  rv 

KXIIIHFI 

!  ARATION    OF   THE   JAPANESE    GOVERNMENT   ON   THE   SUBJECT   OF 
EXPATRIATION. 

[Correspondence  of  the  Associated  i  - 

TOKYO,  September  7-5. 

A  relatively  small  number  of  American-born  Japanese  have  applied  to  the  Japanese 
consulate  at  San  Francisco  for  expatriation,  or  removal  of  Japanese  citizenship,  but 
the  cases  of  refusal  of  expatriation  have  been  few  in  proportion  to  those  where  per- 
imission  has?  been  granted,  according  to  a  statement  to  the  Associated  Press  by  the 
Japanese  foreign  olHce. 

In  view  of  the  interest  surrounding  the  question  of  "dual  citizenship''  which  was 

Ibro light  up  at  the  recent  sessions  at  San  Francisco  of  the  Congressional  Committee  on 

alization  and  Immigration,  the  correspondent  requested  the  foreign  office  to 

iurnish  an  authentic  statement  explaining  the  Japanese  viewpoint  with  reference  to 

petitions  from  Japanese  in  California  and  Hawaii  for  release  from  their  Japanese 

enship. 

Y  Mais-ioka.  who  was  attached  to  the  Japanese  delegation  at  the  Paris  peace  con- 
ierence.  and  who  is  now  the  active  head  of  the  bureau  of  information,  acted  as  spokes- 
man for  the  foreign  office,  after  several  days  investigation  of  the  subject  at  issue. 

Taking  up  the  testimony  of  Rev.  Albert  \V.  Palmer,  of  Honolulu,  at  the  San  Francisco 
inquiry  that  several  thousand  Hawaiian-born  Japanese  had  signed  a  petition  asking 
Japan  to  release  them  from  Japanese  citizenship  so  that  they  might  be  privileged  to 
ill  American  citizenship  without  "dual  citizenship.  "Mr.  Matsuoka  said 
that  the  truth  is  that  the  Japanese  section  of  the  Legion  of  Honolulu  in  Hawaii  pre- 
sented, in  the  name  of  its  secretary,  a  petition  to  the  Japanese  Government  to  urge 
the  latter  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  modify  the  provisions  contained  in  the 
Japai.  ii  nationality,  so  that  they  might  not  have  dual  citizenship.  He 

added:  "This  petition  came  from  persons  above  the  age  of  17  years  and  from  men 
enrolled  in  the  American  army  under  the  selective  service  law  of  1917.  Let  me  say 
that  the  Japanese  Government  replied  to  this  petition  that  the  modification  of  the  law 
of  nationality  as  desired  by  the  petitioners  is  not  an  easy  matter  for  the  moment,  as  it 
requires  special  legislative  preparations. ''  Mr.  Matsuoka  said  that  the  Tokyo  govern- 
ment had  received  no  general  applications  from  Japanese  children  in  Hawaii,  but  if 
juch  arrived  each  case  would  be  treated  on  its  merits  in.  accordance  with  the  law. 

This  led  to  the  question  of  age  in  making  the  applications.  The  Japanese  law 
permit?  a  Japanese  boy  born  abroad  to  apply  for  expatriation  between  the  ages  of  15 
and  17.  A  San  Francisco  Japanese  newspaper  has  been  q noted  as  saying  that 
a  California-born  Japanese,  living  at  Port  Angeles,  Wash.,  had  been  r> 
patriation  because,  although  he  was  not  17  years  of  age  according  to  the  American 
method  of  computation,  he  was  a  little  over*17  according  to  the  Japanese  method 
h  counts  the  months  previous  to  birth. 

h  an  information  must  have  been  based  upon  a  misunderstanding,"  declared 
Mr.  Matsuoka.  "  It  is  true  that  Japanese  custom  at  home  gives  the  child  one  year  of 
•  the  moment  of  birth,  but  this  custom  is  not  followed  in  our  law  of  nationality. 
The  method  of  aure  computation  therein  fixed  and  followed  is  quite  similar  to  that 
of  the  American  law.  namely,  the  age  is  computed  by  the  number  of  months  after 
birth  and  one  year  of  age  is  a  full  12  months  of  earthly  existence." 

Mr.  Matsuoka  was  asked  about  a  statement  appearing  in  the  official  report  of  the 
rnia  Stale  Hoard  of  <',.mrol  on  Japanese  immigration  that  Mr.  Ishii,  the  Japa- 
nese vice  counsul  at  San  Francisco  said  that  not  over  a  dozen  American-born  children 
!  the  '•  Declaration  of  losing  nationality"  provided  by  the  Japanese  law 
and  pointing  out  that  so  far  as  could  be  learned  none  of  these  have  been  accepted 
by  th<  "rnment. 

Mr.  Matsuoka  thought  the  alleged  statement  of  Mr.  Ishii  should  be  interpreted,  as 
i  above,  that  only  a  small  number  of  Japanese  had  applied.     Some  of  them 
-were  refused,  he  explained,  for  reasons  specified  in  the  law  of  nationality,  but  he 
-added:  "Airainst  f',4    pen  _iveii.  there   are   only  9   <  ases   of   refusal    on   ap- 

plications of  expatriation  made  by  Japanese  in  the  United  S 

"Xow  to  tret  down  to  the  nationality  law  itself,''  Mr.  Matsuoka  went  on,  "let  us 
see  if  I  can  throw  any  light  on  this  complicated  question  of  dual  citizenship.  In  the 
first  place,  the  fundamental  of  our  law  known  as  No.  W,  which  was  promulgated  in 


138  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

May,  1899,  is  that  a  person  who  has  acquired  a  foreign  nationality  of  his  own  choice 
loses  Japanese  nationality.  The  law  then  proceeds  to  explain  under  what  conditions 
a  Japanese  may  be  permitted  from  our  standpoint  to  acquire  foreign  nationality, 
mentions  limitations  and  provides  processes.  Article  20  bis  stipulates  that  a  Japanese 
subject  acquiring  foreign  nationality  by  birth  abroad  may  be  expatriated  with  the 
permission  of  the  home  minister.  In  case  tTie  person  is  under  15  the  application  can 
be  made  by  a  legal  representative;  if  a  minor  above  15  the  application  can  be  made 
with  the  consent  of  his  legal  representative.  The  obligation  to  military  service 
undoubtedly  forms  a  basis  for  the  conditions.  Under  the  conscription  laws  of  Japan 
a  boy  of  17  is  liable  to  military  service.  Article  24  of  the  law  we  are  discussing 
is  designed  to  prevent  a  Japanese  subject  from  shirking  military  service  by  expatri- 
ation. It  declares  that  notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  the  preceding  articles,  a 
male  of  17  years  or  upward  does  not  lose  Japanese  nationality  unless  he  has  com- 
pleted active  service  in  the  army  or  navy,  or  he  is  under  no  obligation  to  enter  into 
it.  But  of  course  when  expatriation  is  granted  the  obligation  to  military  service 
ceases." 

Mr.  Matsuoka  continued:  "Now  if  may  not  be  useless  to  give  a  brief  explanation 
of  the  underlying  legal  principles  of  our  law,  because  they  are  entirely  different 
from  those  of  Anglo-Saxon  countries. 

"The  Japanese  law,  like  the  laws  of  continental  Europe  and  unlike  the  Anglo- 
American  system,  recognizes  allegiance  to  the  state  by  reason  of  blood-descent  and 
not  according  to  the  place  of  birth.  The  Japanese  law  adopts  the  so-called  jus  san- 
guinis  principle  on  the  question  of  nationality,  contrary  to  that  of  jus  soli  adopted  in 
the  American  jurisprudence.  A  Japanese  child  is  a  Japanese  if  his  or  her  father  is 
a  Japanese  at  the  time  of  his  or  her  birth,  regardless  of  whether  the  child  is  born  in 
Japan,  in  the  United  States,  or  in  Russia.  A  child  whose  father  is  not  known  or 
possesses  no  nationality  is  a  Japanese,  provided  that  his  or  her  mother  is  a  Japanese. 

"The  Japanese  law  does  not  follow  the  doctrine  of  perpetual  allegiance.  Article  20 
of  the  Law  of  Nationality  recognizes  the  right  of  expatriation. 

"To  remedy  the  difficulty  which  may  result  from  the  regulations  for  a  Japanese 
born  in  foreign  countries  where  jus  soli  is  adopted,  the  Japanese  Government  pre- 
sented in  1916  an  amendatory  law  to  the  Diet,  which  became  article  20  bis  of  the  Law 
of  Nationality.  The  object  of  this  amendment  is  to  open  the  way,  under  the  present 
law  of  conscription  of  expatriation  for  Japanese  boys  born  in  Hawaii  or  in  any  States 
of  the  American  Union.  Article  20  bis  provides  that  a  Japanese  boy  who  has  acquired 
a  foreign  nationality  by  reason  of  his  birth,  provided  he  has  domicile  in  that  country, 
may  divest  himself  of  the  Japanese  nationality,  if  his  father  or  other  parental  authority 
takes  the  necessary  step  for  him  before  he  is  15,  or,  if  he  has  attained  the  age  of  15,  he 
may  take  the  step  himself  with  the  consent  of  his  father  or  other  parental  authority 
before  he  attains  the  age  of  17. 

"This  amendment  is  a  concession  made  in  favor  of  the  Anglo-American  territorial 
principle  by  Japan,  whose  legislation  on  nationality  observes  strictly  the  principle 
of  personal  allegiance  jus  sanguinis. 

"The  aforementioned  points  may  be  summarized  in  a  few  words: 

"That  the  Japanese  legislation  adopts  in  the  matter  of  nationality  the  principle  of 
jus  sanguinis,  that  the  Japanese  laws  of  conscription  do  not  permit  the  expatriation 
of  a  soldier,  that  a  way  of  expatriation  is  opened  for  Japanese  under  full  17  years  of 
age,  and  that  this  measure  has  been  introduced  into  the  Japanese  law  in  order  to  avoid 
the  difficulties  which  may  result  from  the  difference  of  legal  principles  adopted  in 
different  countries  of  the  world. 

"The  dual  citizenship  of  a  Japanese  born  in  the  United  States  is  an  inevitable  con- 
sequence of  the  difference  of  legal  principles  adopted  by  Japan  and  the  United  States 
on  the  subject  of  nationality.  The  Japanese  legislation  has  given,  however,  a  reason- 
able facility  for  the  expatriation  of  Japanese  boys  born  in  foreign  countries,  including 
the  United  States." 

EXHIBIT  24. 
JAPAN  INSURES  CONTROL  OF  CALIFORNIA  JAPANESE. 

LOCAL  JAPANESE  ASSOCIATION  IS  REORGANIZED  UNDER  CONTROL  OF  JAPANESE  ASSO- 
CIATION OF  AMERICA,  WHICH  IN  TURN  IS  DOMINATED  1?Y  THE  CONSUL  GENERAL  FOR 
JAPANESE  GOVERNMENT. 

[The  Sacramento  Bee,  June  13,  1921.] 

In  a  statement  which  appaared  in  the  Sacramento  Bee  May  18,  concerning  per- 
sonnel of  the  so-called  American  League  (or  Committee)  of  Justice,  which  was  active 
during  the  initiative  campaign  last  year  in  favor  of  the  Japanese,  and  is  now  pursuing 
similar  activities  in  the  Eastern  States,  reference  was  made  to  Col.  John  P.  Irish  as  a 


.TAPAXKSK    IM.MK1HATION     A  X  I  >    ( •<>!.(  >X  I XATTON  .  139 

•.vas  made 

•lialf  of  the  .  Kxclusion  I.'-atjno  of  <  'alifornia  bv  \".  S.  Mn'luT.-hv.  wl: 

turned  from  Washington,  where  he  ha<! 

\\  FIAT    TAMM' 

ved  by  th  'tin  the  i  -in    F.  Takimoto.  Lvn»-ral 

.•iaiioii  of  Arneric  a.  explains  that  this  statement  as  to 

irnh  i-  in.-Mnv.-i  ai  ,  upon  misunderstanding;  that  the  reor- 

ganized Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of  California  has  affiliated,  but  not  <-i>n- 
•A'ith  the  n   of  America,  and  remains  an  independent 

and  that  the  only  purpose  of  affili  -f  in  carrying  out  a  program  of 

Itural  development  in  the  S1 

!.  John  I*.  lri-h  wa-  n:»mi  ••>•  Takimof)  explains,  "a--  an  adviser — 

r  or  attorney  -and  not  in  any  way  for  hire- -of  the  Agricultural  Asso- 
eiati 

FOR    "IiISTIX 

•  •I  the  agricultural  association,  he  says,  an-  m  be  those  who  have 

di*tinguished  service  for  the  a  -hievement<  of  the  association,  and  Americans 

••Hiding   or   education.     Under   the  by-laws,  these  ad- 

-  may  meet  several  times  a   year,   "to  promot"  fri"ndly  and  cooperative  rela- 

and  Japanese  in  agricultural  proc< 

Mr.  Takimoto  also  explains  that  "the  Jai  -Mciation  of  America  has  con- 

sidered plans  lor  the  creation  of  a  legal  aid  bureau,  but  the  agricultural  association 
has  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  such  plans." 

LEAGUE  REPRESENTATIVE  TALKS. 

Mr.  McChitclr-  stated  to  a  Bee  reporter  that  he  Mr.  Takimoto's  statement 

as  conclusive  that   Col.    Irish   is  an   unpaid   adviser  and   not  a  paid   counselor  or 

attorney  for  the  Jap  H.'ultural  As-o-iation.     Th°  assumption  that  Col.  Irish 

aid  for  hi-  Mr.  Mc«'latchy  says,  from  the  fact  that  the  Japanese 

rs  explained  the  close  relations  brought  about  in  reorganization  between  the 

Japa;  iation   of  America   and   the  Japaiv-s"   agricultural   associations,  the 

establishment  of  a  paid  legal  department  whose  services  are  to  be  available  for  the 

agriculture.!  associations,  and  a    failure    to    observe    the    distinction  in  translation 

11  advisers  and  counselors  or  attor 

WHAT    REORGANIZATION    MFA 

The  following  details  as  to  the  affiliation  between  the  A-arious  Japanese  organiza- 
tions of  the  State  and  activiti.-s  in  connection  therewith  are  gathered  from  translations 
of  items   which    appear  in   Xichi    Hei  and    Shin    Sekai.    the  two   daily  Ja; 
in  Francis  'O.  during  the  pa*t  three  months: 

It  i  :  first  that  the  Japan 

as  an  instrument  of  the  Japanese  (iovernment.  by  the  Japanese  consul 
Francisco.  That  i-  affirmed  by  Shin  Sekai.  th'"  Japanese  dailv  iv-v 
Francisco.  an«i  I  >r.  Yo<hi  Kuno,  Japan  --or  of  oriental  Ian-.: 

at  th  California.     l»r.   Kuno  lias  al-o  explained  in  published  ar 

how  the  individual  Japanes?  of  tl  to  control  of  the  various 

Japa::  i.einir  refus-d  consular  c  -rti'icat  -s  for  p.-rsonal  and  bn- 

matt  and  a  particular  Japanese  never  knows  how  soon  he 

may  be  in  serious  need  of  such  a  consular  certiluat  •. 

Under  r  i/.ation  th"  agri'.-ultural  association-  -n  placed  in  closer 

touch  with  and  und?r  more  direct  control  of  the  Japanese  Association  of  Ameri 
shown  by  the  plan  ad'>;.t  -d. 

OF    AGRICULTfRAL    ASSOCIATi' 

Thr-  Jap;  'ultural  Association  of  California,  of  which  Toyoji  Chiba  is^an- 

aging  director,  has  not  been  consolidated,  it  is  claimed,  with  the  Japanese  Association 
of  America,  but  remains  "an  independent  body."  It  has  certainly  been  made  in 
effect  a  department  of  the  Japanese  Association  of  America,  its  selected  officers  being 
subject  to  approval  by  the  latter  organization,  its  legal  affairs  being  cared  for  by,  and 
its  revenues  going  partially  to,  *T  associai 

instance,  at  a  'he  California  Agricultural  Association, 

May  5,  as  reported  in  Shin  Sekai.  May  <i.  appointments  were  made  of  new  directors 


140  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

to  fill  vacancies  at  Sacramento  and  Stockton,  and  also  of  an  assistant  manager,  Mr. 
Matsuoka,  all  "subject  to  approval  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Japanese  Associa- 
tion America."  It  was  decided  also  that  each  local  Japanese  association  is  to  choose 
its  committeemen  "after  consultation  with  the  board  of  directors  of  the  Japanese 
Association  of  America."  Also  the  budget  of  the  agricultural  department  for  the 
current  year  was  fixed  at  about  $5,000,  "subject  to  approval  of  the  board  of  directors 
of  the  Japanese  Association  of  America." 

REORGANIZATION    MEETING. 

On  April  5,  at  San  Francisco,  according  also  to  Shin  Sekai,  under  call  of  the 
Japanese  Association  of  America,  managing  directors  of  local  Japanese  organizations 
met  with  officers  of  the  parent  association  to  confer  on  various  matters,  including  the 
new  legal  department,  a  new  official  organ,  immigration,  and  expatriation.  The 
organizations  represented  included  those  of  Marysville,  Courtland,  Florin,  Watson- 
ville,  Walnut  Grove,  Fresno,  San  Benito,  Lodi,  Isleton,  Santa  Cruz,  Vacaville,  Kings 
County,  Intel-mountain  District,  Stanislaus,  Berkeley,  San  Mateo,  Northern  Cali- 
fornia, Palo  Alto,  Stockton,  Oakland,  and  San  Francisco. 

At  this  meeting  the  opening  address  was  made  by  Mr.  K.  Kanzaki,  then  secretary 
of  the  Japanese  Association  of  America.  He  explained  the  necessity  for  closer  Union 
between  that  organization  and  the  local  associations  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  prob- 
lems confronting  the  Japanese  in  California  are  no  longer  merely  local  but  common 
to  all.  There  must  be,  therefore,  cooperation  in  all  plans  and  purposes. 

THE    PLAN    ADOPTED. 

Plans  for  various  departments  were  discussed  and  elaborated,  the  agricultural 
department  to  include  all  agricultural  associations;  a  law  department  to  employ  and 
pay  white  attorneys,  the  expense  to  be  met  out  of  a  fund  secured  from  assessments  of 
local  organizations,  landholders,  and  leaseholders,  and  the  legal  expenses  of  all  local 
associations  to  be  paid  therefrom;  an  educational  department,  etc.  The  plan  very 
carefully  provided  for  control  of  all  local  associations  by  the  Japanese  Association  of 
America  through  a  veto  on  election  or  appointment  of  officers  of  such  associations 
and  through  control  of  their  legal  business  and  through  supervision  of  their  finances. 
These  measures  of  control  are  supplemented  by  the  power  of  the  consul  general  at 
San  Francisco,  as  representative  of  the  Japanese  Government,  in  extending  or  with- 
holding consular  certificates  necessary  for  business  and  personal  transactions  and  in 
making  trouble  for  the  individual  with  the  home  Government. 

OTHERS    NAMED    "ADVISERS." 

Later  announcements  mention,  in  addition  to  Col.  John  P.  Irish,  others  who  have 
been  named  as  "advisers"  either  for  the  Japanese  Association  of  America  or  for  the 
Japanese  Agricultural  Association  of  California.  These  advisers  seem  to  have  been 
taken  in  large  part  from  members  of  the  American  committee  of  justice,  which  was 
active  in  opposition  to  the  initiative  alien  land  law  during  the  campaign  last  fall. 
That  committee  included  Col.  Irish,  Guy  Calden,  leading  attorney  for  the  Japanese 
in  cases  involving  violation  of  law;  L.  M.  Landsborough,  who  held  land  for  Japanese 
in  violation  of  the  law;  missionaries,  coast  heads  of  Japanese  Sunday  schools,  large 
landowners  who  rent  to  Japanese  because  the  profits  are  greater;  and  others  actuated 
by  personal  feeling  or  interest  in  securing  for  the  Japanese  rights  in  opposition  to 
the  law. 

EXHIBIT  25. 
EXCLUSION  LEAGUE  PROTESTS  AGAINST  PROPOSED  TREATY. 

CHAMBERS    WIRES    SECRETARY   OF    STATE    NATION    SHOULD    NOT    SURRENDER   TO   JAPAN 
RIGHT   TO    DETERMINE    WHO    SHALL    ENTER. 

[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  Nov.  26,  1920.] 

A  telegraphic  protest  against  provisions  in  a  proposed  new  treaty  with  Japan  that 
would  grant  to  Japanese  in  California  privileges  forbidden  them  by  the  antialien 
land  law,  was  wired  last  night  to  Norman  H.  Davis,  Acting  Secretary  of  State,  by 
State  Controller  John  S.  Chambers  as  chairman  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
Japanese  Exclusion  League. 


JAPAN  KSK    IMMIGRATION    A  N  I »    COLONIZATION.  141 

CHAMMKKs's    TKI.KCKAM. 

The  telegram  follows: 
Tnti-  "in-  II.  l)in-\x.  Slut,   1  ••.    \Vnxltinfiftn,.  I).  ('.: 

A  asocial-  •  •le^ramsof  November  L3,  published  here  November  14,  referring 

"•MI  the   8  '.rtment  and    the  .Lipane-e  amba-ador.  say  it 

is  un  .  hat  the  manner  of  excluding  Japanese  lab  >r  from  the  Tniied  Slates — 

her  by  treaty  or  through  decree  promulgate  1   by  the  Japanese  Government — 
M  not  of  principle  hut  of  expediency. 

WAVT    EXPLICIT    PROVISI" 

The  Japanese  Exclusion  League  of  California  earnestly  protest?  against  the  adoption 
of  any  method  for  excluding  undesirable  alien  labor  which  is  not  direct  and  explicit, 
the  act  of  this  Government  to  he  enforced  under  its  own  legislation  or  under  treaty 
provision  and  by  it>  own  officials. 

•ily  is  a  matter  of  principle  for  this  country  not  to  surrender  to  any  foreign 
Government 'the  right  to  determine  and  declare  what  immigration  shall  enter  through 
our  ports:  such  surrender  is  apparently  contemplated  in  this  case  if  the  telegraphic 
i  referred  to  correctly  indicates  the  situation.  Such  right  was  surrendered  to 
Japan  under  the  existing  "gentlemen's  agreement,  "  with  the  result  that  the  Japanese 
population  of  continental  United  Stale-  increased  threefold  in  13  years  since  negotia- 
tion of  that  agreement,  while  the  Chinese  population  decreased  in  L'()  years,  under 
the  exclusion  act,  50  per  cent. 

SURRENDER    OF    RIGHTS. 

This  country  has  surrendered  to  no  other  nation  save  Japan  the  right  to  determine 
what  immigration  shall  enter  through  our  ports,  and  no  other  nation  in  the  world  has 
surrendered  to  a  foreign  power  its  similar  right. 

protest  earnestly  also  against  exclusive  concessions  to  the  Japanese  of  the  alien 
races  ineligible  to  citizenship  (in  contemplated  treaty  provisions  as  reported)  under 
which  the  California  law  forbidding  control  of  agricultural  lands  to  such  ineligibles 
shall  be  set  aside. 

RIGHTS    DEXIED    IX    JAPAN. 

We  respectfully  direct  your  attention  to  the  fact  that  it  is  thereby  proposed  to  con- 
cede to  the  Japanese  in  this  country  privileges  which,  aside  from  the  menace  offered 
to  American  citizens,  are  specifically  denied  to  Americans  and  all  foreigners  in  Japan. 
In  substantiation  of  that  statement  see  "Japan's  Foreign  Policy, ''  by  A.  M.  Pooley, 
and  editorial  article  in  Millard  's  Review  of  Shanghai,  October  9.  Please  note  also 
that  the  present  treaty  with  Japan  specifically  fails  to  accord  to  the  Japanese  in  this 
country  the  privileges*  forbidden  them  by  the*  California  law,  and  which  the  reported 
provisions  of  the  contemplated  new  treaty  would  confer  upon  them. 

JOHN  S.  CHAMBERS, 
Chairman  Executive  Committee  of  the  Japanese  Exclusion  League  of  California, 


EXHIBIT  26. 

TALIFORXIA  ANSWERS  AMBASSADOR  MORRIS. 

AMBASSADOR  TAKEN  TO  TASK  FOR  PRESENTING  TO  THE  PUBLIC  A  CONCEDED  ONE-SIDED 
STATEMENT   OF   THE   JAPANESE    QUESTI 

[From  the  Sacramento  Bee,  Jan.  25, 1921.] 

Recent  statements  of  Roland  S.  Morris,  American  ambassador  to  Japan,  regarding 
the  Japanese  issue  in  California,  are  vigorously  protested  by  executive  officers  of  the 
Japanese  Exclusion  League  of  this  State  and  hv  ( tov.  William  1  >.  Stephens  in  separate 
replies  issued  yesterday  afternoon. 

The  exceptions  and*  objections  of  the  Exclusion  League  are  put  squarely  before 
Morris  in  a  several  hundred  word  telegram  sent  to  Washington  over  the  signatures  of 
John  S.  Chambers,  State  controller  and  chairman  of  the  executive  committee  of  the 
league,  and  V.  S.  McClatchy,  publisher  of  the  Bee  and  official  representative  of  the 
league  in  conferences  held  in  the  National  Capital. 


142  JAPANESE   IMMIGRATION   AND   COLONIZATION. 

CAVE    JAPANESE    VIEWS. 

Morris's  definition  of  the  Japanese  question  is  declared  by  the  league  officers  to  be 
unfair,  not  onlv  to  California  but  to  the  American  public,  because  the  ambassador 
in  a  recent  address  gave  only  the  Japanese  views  of  the  situation. 

The  telegram  adds  that  the  public  wants  the  facts  "and  assumes  that  if  the  State 
Department  talks  at  all  it  will  not  give  only  so  much  of  the  facts  as  must  lead  to  wrong 
conclusions." 

The  league  officers  also  strongly  defend  the  right  of  California  as  a  unit  of  the  Amer- 
ican Nation  to  be  accorded  an  equal  privilege  with  the  Japanese  when  the  question 
of  exclusion  is  under  discussion  by  representatives  of  the  Government. 

STEPHENS'S    ANSWER. 

Gov.  Stephens,  in  his  answer  to  the  ambassador,  says  in  part: 

"Mr.  Morris  is  well  aware  that  personal  rights  of  Japanese  have  never  been  ques- 
tioned in  California  and  that  there  is  no  thought  of  so  doing;  and  if  he  felt  it  incumbent 
upon  himself  to  make  public  presentation  of  Japan's  fears  in  this  connection  he  might 
at  least,  as  an  American,  have  said  that  such  fears  are  apparently  unfounded." 

Another  portion  of  the  governor's  statement  reads: 

"Mr.  Morris  declared  that  the  Japanese  do  not  object  to  restriction  of  immigration 
or  citizenship  as  applied  to  their  nationals,  but  do  object  as  unjust  and  unfair  to  the 
policy  which  deprives  them,  as  aliens  ineligible  to  citizenship,  of  rights  which  are 
conceded  to  other  aliens. 

"Mr.  Morris  asks: 

"  'In  the  larger  view  of  our  relations  with  the  Orient  is  it  wise  to  thus  classify  aliens 
on  the  basis  of  their  eligibility  to  citizenship? ' 

"It  certainly  would  seem  most  wise  to  do  so.  If  certain  races  have  been  made 
ineligible  to  American  citizenship  because  they  are  unassimilable  and  dangerous  to 
our  social  and  economic  life,  it  is  certainly  most  unwise  to  permit  them  to  secure, 
through  ownership  of  the  soil  control  of  our  agricultural  products  and  markets,  which 
would  give  them  in  time  economic  control  of  the  country." 

TELEGRAM    FROM    LEAGUE. 

The  Exclusion  League's  telegram  to  Morris  follows: 

Hon.  ROLAND  S.  MORRIS, 

State  Department,  Washington,  D.  C.: 

We  respectfully  but  earnestly  protest  against  the  statement  of  what  you  term  the 
California  issue,  made  by  you  before  the  University  Club  at  New  York,  January  21, 
and  given  to  the  public,  because  it  is  ex  parte,  and  unfair,  therefore,  not  only  to  Cali- 
fornia but  to  the  American  public,  which  wants  facts  and  assumes  that  if  the  State 
Department  talks  at  all  it  will  not  give  only  so  much  of  the  facts  as  must  lead  to  wrong 
conclusion. 

You  said  you  presented  the  Japanese  point  of  view  and  that  the  issue  must  be  clearly 
before  us  that  we  may  determine  it  in  light  of  facts.  But  did  you  realize  you  were 
only  beclouding  that  issue  by  presenting  the  Japanese  statement  thereof  and  omitting 
so  much  of  the  facts  as  would  furnish  the  California  or  American  answer  thereto? 

ACTIONS    FAIR   IN    PAST. 

You  have  been  in  the  past  so  fair  in  considering  and  preparing  a  report  on  the  facts 
for  consideration  of  the  State  Department  that  we  feel  you  will  pardon  calling  your 
attention  to  omissions  in  your  public  statement  which  are  of  grave  moment  not  only 
to  the  Pacific  coast  but  to  the  American  Nation. 

For  instance,  when  you  said  that  California  in  1913  deprived  aliens  ineligible  to 
citizenship  of  the  right  to  own  agricultural  land,  you  failed  to  state  that  the  treaty 
with  Japan,  for  well  considered  reasons,  deliberately  refrained  from  granting  to 
Japanese  the  right  to  own  or  lease  agricultural  land  in  this  country,  and  that  Cali- 
fornia's law  imposing  these  restrictions  of  the  treaty  was  passed  because  of  threatened 
control  of  those  agricultural  lands,  with  attendant  control  of  products  and  markets 
by  the  Japanese,  an  unassimilable  race  whose  economic  advantages  enable  them  to 
displace  all  branches  of  the  white  race. 

MENACE    BECOMING    GREATER. 

When  you  said  that  California  amplified  this  law  in  1920,  by  initiative,  you  failed 
to  state  that,  with  exception  of  repeal  of  privilege  of  short  leases,  there  was  no  ampli- 
fication of  the  original  law  which  was  not  in  the  nature  of  protective  provision  to  close 


IMMIGRATION    AM.    COLONIZATION.  143 

certain  loopholes  of  which  th«  had  taken  advantage  to  defy  the  law,  and 

that  by  violation  of  its  letter  or  spirit  they  had  already  secured  control  of  one-eighth 
of  all  irrigated  lands  in  tin-  State,  the  very  richest  of  bur  agricultural  lam 

SHORT    I.KASKS    RKI  1 

You  failed  to  state  that  California,  in  the  1920  law,  refused  even  short  leases  to 
ineligible  aliens  because  short  leases  were  found  in  practice  to  become  long  leases 
through  renewal,  and  long  leases  give  the  same  control  as  ownership;  and  also  that 
the  original  act  of  1!H:>.  as  formulated  by  Attorney  Ceneral  Webb  at  the  request  of 
'ohnson  and  a<  a  substitute  for  numerous  bills  on  the  subject,  did  not 

permit  even  short  leases:  and  that  the  provision  as  to  short  leases  was  subsequently 
inserted  on  the  plea  that  adjustment  to  the  new  conditions  would  require  a  few  year's 
and  that  this  pr<>\  ision  could  then  be  repealed. 

PERSONAL   RIGHTS    PROTECTED. 

You  said  that  oth-  re  considering  legislation  similar  to  that  of  California 

and  that  the  Japanese  are  fearful  lest  this  method  may  be  used  not  only  in  property 

-  but  also  in  personal  rights;  but  you  might  have  added  the  fact  within  your 

ledge  that  California  has  not  considered  the  deprivation  of  personal  rights  even 

if  such  course  could  be  taken  legally,  and  the  leaders  of  the  exclusion  movement 

have  explicitly  declared,  and  have  proved  in  practice,  that  their  intention  is  to 

protect  the  Japanese  in  all  personal  and  property  rights  sa~ve  only  the  right  of  owning 

or  leasing  agricultural  land,  a  right  which  is  not  granted  them  by  treaty. 

You  say  that  the  Japanese  do  not  complain  because  their  nationals  are  ineligible 
to  citizenship,  nor  object  to  exclusion  of  Japanese  immigration;  but  that  the  real 
complaint  of  the  Japanese  is  that,  in  the  matter  of  land  ownership  and  lease  in  Cali- 
fornia, a  distinction  is  drawn  between  them, -because  of  their  ineligibility  to  citizen- 
ship, and  other  aliens. 

CITIZENSHIP    IS    WANTED. 

You  know  if  the  Japanese  make  that  plea  now  it  is  not  frank,  and  the  American 
public  ought  not  to  be  deceived  by  a  half  fact.  Senator  Hiram  Johnson  is  authority 
for  the  statement,  published  here  January-  4  and  not  since  denied,  that  the  Japanese 
complained  originally  as  to  alleged  discrimination  in  the  California  law;  that  when 
it  was  suggested  that  such  discrimination  might  be  removed  by  the  passage  by  the 
California  Legislature  of  an  act  placing  the  same  restrictions  on  all  aliens  as  are  now 
placed  upon  those  ineligible  to  citizenship,  the  Japanese  promptly  protested  such 
course  would  not  be  satisfactory.  They  declared  that  even  if  given  by  treaty  the 
same  rights  as  other  nationals  in  holding  property  they  would  still  insist  upon  the 
right  of  citizenship,  since  other  nationals  can  secure  citizenship,  and  thereby  enjoy 
the  right  to  own  land.  And  expressions  of  the  Japanese  press  on  the  Pacific  coast 
and  of  prominent  Japanese  in  public  meetings  in  Tokyo  confirm  that  stand. 

PEOPLE    ARE    DECEIVED. 

In  the  past,  insidious  propaganda  has  given  the  American  public  an  entirely 
erroneous  impression  as  to  the  factors  of  this  serious  problem;  and  only  within  the 
past  year  or  more  has  California  been  able  to  secure  a  nearing  for  well  authenticated 
It  asks  no  more.     California  has  not  asked  the  State  Department  to  present 
le  to  the  American  public,  but  if  the  department  is  presenting  the  Japanese 
side  California  submits  with  deference,  that  as  a  State  unit  of  the  Nation  it  should 
be  accorded  a  similar  privilege.     Particularly  is  this  so  when  those  who  have  given 
most  exhaustive  investigation  to  the  subject  concede  that  the  question  is  not  a  Cali- 
fornia question  but  a  national  one,  in  which  California's  experience  only  points  to 
what  will  be  the  experience  of  other  States  if  existing  conditions  continue. 

With  appreciation  of  the  ability  and  open-mindedness  with  which  you  have  made 
your  investigations. 

JAPAN  EXCLUSION  LEAGUE  OF  CALIFORNIA, 
J.  S.  CHAMHKRS. 

f  'hairman  Executive  Committee. 
-      McCLATCHT, 

Representative  at  Washington. 
'//. 

o 


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